单侧完全性唇腭裂术后反前方牵引治疗对上气道的影响

目的 探讨上颌前方牵引治疗对唇腭裂患者上气道的影响.方法 21名上颌发育不足的唇腭裂术后的单侧完全性唇腭裂（unilateral cleft lip and palate,UCLP）患者进行前方牵引治疗,并于治疗前后拍摄头颅侧位片;21名相同年龄分布的暂时不能进行前方牵引治疗的UCLP患者做为对照,分别于首诊及一年后拍摄头颅侧位片.通过21个项目的头影测量比较两组患者经过治疗或观察后颅面形态与上气道的变化,并探讨变化的影响因素.结果 两组患者治疗前年龄、治疗或观察时间无统计学差异.两组患者治疗前颅面形态与上气道宽度均无统计学差异.前方牵引治疗组患者在治疗后SNA、A-TFH、OJ、A-Pg增大,SNB、P-TFH减小、下颌平面角增大,差异有统计学意义.治疗组患者经过前方牵引上气道鼻咽宽度增大（PNS-Ad1,PNS-Ad2,OAW1）分别为（1.79±0.89）mm,（1.76±0.94）mm和（1.79±0.69）mm而上气道中段和下段宽度变化无统计学意义.未发现患者气道的变化与上下颌骨的变化相关.结论 前方牵引治疗后唇腭裂患者上气道上段宽度增加,前方牵引对唇腭裂患者上气道宽度产生影响.     

前方牵引治疗单侧完全性唇腭裂患者术后前牙反[牙合]畸形的研究

目的探讨前方牵引治疗单侧完全性唇腭裂（UCLP）患者术后前牙反[牙合]畸形的效果。方法进行前瞻性临床研究设计,UCLP术后骨性前牙反[牙合]患者治疗组18例,年龄9．63±1．24岁,观察对照组14例,平均8．71±1．92岁,均处于生长发育高峰前期。使用前方牵引进行治疗,治疗或观察前后拍摄头颅侧位片并测量,进行成组设计和配对设计t检验。结果UCLP治疗组前方牵引后,上颌骨前移;下颌后移合并后下旋转;上下颌间关系和面型改善明显,上颌与下颌改变的比值为1：1．7。对照组上下颌不调、前牙反覆盖、凹面型加重。结论UCLP术后轻中度骨性前牙反[牙合]畸形,前方牵引能够促进上颌骨向前,改善上下颌骨关系和软组织面型,应该早期矫形治疗。     

前方牵引治疗唇腭裂术后与非唇腭裂前牙反(牙合)疗效的比较

目的探讨生长发育高峰前期单侧完全性唇腭裂(UCLP)术后前牙反与非唇腭裂前牙反患者对前方牵引治疗反应的异同,以利于UCLP前牙反的治疗。方法进行前瞻性临床研究设计,UCLP术后前牙反患者18例,年龄(9·6±1·2)岁;非唇腭裂前牙反患者18例,年龄(9·8±1·4)岁,均处于生长发育高峰前期。使用前方牵引进行治疗,治疗前后拍头颅侧位片并测量,进行成组设计和配对设计t检验。结果前方牵引治疗后UCLP组SNA增加1·45°,A-TFH增加2·19mm,非唇腭裂组SNA增加1·42°,A-TFH增加2·12mm,两组差异无统计学意义(P>0·05)。UCLP组SNB减小2·18°,ANB增加3·64°,MP/SN增加2·78°,LL-EP增加0·88mm;非唇腭裂组SNB减小1·32°,ANB增加2·68°,MP/SN增加1·47°,LL-EP减小1·37mm,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0·05)。结论通过前方牵引治疗,生长发育高峰前期UCLP术后轻中度骨性前牙反患者与非唇腭裂前牙反患者的上下颌骨关系、软组织面型得到改善。两组上颌骨对治疗的反应相似。UCLP组较非唇腭裂组颌间关系改变大,下颌向后向下旋转多;UCLP组患者治疗后下唇变化不如非唇腭裂组明显。     

正畸结合上颌前部牵引成骨矫治严重骨性畸形唇腭裂患者

目的 探讨采用正畸结合部分上颌骨牵引成骨的方法,治疗上颌骨严重发育不足的唇腭裂患者.方法 使用正畸结合上颌骨部分牵引成骨的方法,首先进行上颌骨前部牵引成骨,增加上颌骨的骨量,再进行正畸治疗排齐牙齿,最终解决上颌骨发育不足和牙齿拥挤的问题.结果 患者矫治后ANB角增加9°,面型明显改善,(牙合)关系良好.结论 采用正畸结合上颌骨部分牵引成骨这一新技术,矫治上颌骨发育严重不足的唇腭裂患者能够获得良好的治疗效果.

Abstract：

Objective To treat cleft patient with maxillary deficiency by means of orthodontics and maxillary distraction osteogenesis. Method Maxillary distraction osteogenesis was performed to increase bone mass and orthodontic treatment was carried out after surgery. Results The cleft patient with maxillary deficiency was treated successfully, ANB was increased by 9° and good occlusal relationship was achieved. Conclusions The cleft patient with maxillary deficiency could be treated successfully with maxillary distraction osteogenesis and orthodontics.     

Impacted maxillary canine in unilateral cleft lip and palate: A literature review

Background

The incidence of canine impaction in unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) is increasing and in most cases is a part of a syndrome. The provision of different treatment modalities in these patients is a challenging and daunting task.

Rehabilitative treatment of cleft lip and palate: experience of the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies-USP (HRAC-USP)--part 2: pediatric dentistry and orthodontics

The aim of this article is to present the pediatric dentistry and orthodontic treatment protocol of rehabilitation of cleft lip and palate patients performed at the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies - University of São Paulo (HRAC-USP). Pediatric dentistry provides oral health information and should be able to follow the child with cleft lip and palate since the first months of life until establishment of the mixed dentition, craniofacial growth and dentition development. Orthodontic intervention starts in the mixed dentition, at 8-9 years of age, for preparing the maxillary arch for secondary bone graft procedure (SBGP). At this stage, rapid maxillary expansion is performed and a fixed palatal retainer is delivered before SBGP. When the permanent dentition is completed, comprehensive orthodontic treatment is initiated aiming tooth alignment and space closure. Maxillary permanent canines are commonly moved mesially in order to substitute absent maxillary lateral incisors. Patients with complete cleft lip and palate and poor midface growth will require orthognatic surgery for reaching adequate anteroposterior interarch relationship and good facial esthetics.     

Rapid maxillary expansion vs slow maxillary expansion in patients with cleft lip and/or palate: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectivesTo compare the dentoalveolar outcomes of slow maxillary expansion (SME) and rapid maxillary expansion (RME) used for maxillary expansion before secondary alveolar bone grafting in patients with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P). Secondarily, the advantages and disadvantages of SME vs RME were reviewed.Materials and MethodsA systematic search was conducted up to November 2021, including Medline (via PubMed), Embase (via Ovid), Web of Science, Cochrane Central, and Google Scholar. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. Risk-of-bias assessment was performed using the Risk of Bias (RoB 2.0) and Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS I) tool. Overall quality was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation tool.ResultsOf 4007 records, five studies met the inclusion criteria. The randomized control trial (RCT) had a low risk of bias, the non-RCTs presented with a moderate risk of bias. Arch width and perimeter increased significantly with both SME and RME treatments. No difference in the increase in palatal depth was found. The meta-analysis showed a greater anterior-to-posterior expansion ratio for the Quad Helix (QH) appliance. The results for dental tipping were not conclusive.ConclusionsSME and RME promote equal posterior expansion in cleft patients. The anterior differential expansion is greater with SME (QH appliance). No clear evidence exists concerning the amount of dental adverse effects of SME and RME in cleft patients.     

单侧完全性唇腭裂植骨患者上颌前牵引矫治的有限元分析

目的:探讨唇腭裂患者牙槽突裂植骨前、后上颌骨前牵引的生物力学变化特点,研究植骨前、后以及植骨区吸收时前牵引对唇腭裂颅上颌复合体的影响,为临床上应用前牵引治疗唇腭裂患者上颌发育不足提供理论依据。方法:采用三维有限元方法,在已建立的唇腭裂上颌复合体有限元模型中模拟植骨及植骨吸收,利用Ansys12.0软件,分别对各个模型在双侧上颌尖牙牙槽骨处施加与平面呈30°的牵引力,大小为每侧5N(约500g),模拟临床上的上颌前牵引,分析其生物力学变化情况。结果:相同加载条件下,植骨前患侧的水平位移显著大于健侧,且患侧与健侧骨缝的应力分布不均匀。植骨后,患侧与健侧的位移差值减小,患侧与健侧骨缝的应力分布趋于更均匀。在所观察的骨缝中,应力最大值出现在翼腭缝,其次为颧颞缝、颧颌缝和颧额缝。结论:植骨前对上颌骨进行前牵引,裂隙有扩大化趋势;植骨有利于上颌前牵引矫治力分布更均匀,健、患侧位移变化趋于接近;且植骨不吸收时,上颌前牵引效果最佳。在模拟植骨发生吸收的几种情况中,植骨区上方发生吸收的上颌前牵引效果比植骨区下方发生吸收的前牵引效果差。     

BITE FORCE EVALUATION IN SUBJECTS WITH CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the masticatory function of subjects with cleft lip and palate by analyzing the bite force developed by these individuals. Bite force was evaluated in a group of 27 individuals with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (14 males and 13 females – aged 18-26 years) and compared to the data achieved from a group of 20 noncleft subjects (10 males and 10 females – aged 18-26 years). Measurement was achieved on three positions within the dental arch (incisors, right molars and left molars), three times at each position considering the highest value for each one. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and Mann-Whitney test (α = 5%). There was a significant deficit in bite force in male individuals with cleft lip and palate compared to the male control group (p=0.02, p=0.004, p=0.003 for incisors, right and left molars, respectively). For the female group, the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.79, p=0.06, p=0.47). In the group of individuals with clefts, 92.6% were under orthodontic treatment, which could be a reason for the present findings, since it can decrease the bite force more remarkably in males than in females. In conclusion, the bite force is significantly reduced in men when comparing the cleft group to the noncleft group. In females, this reduction was not significant in the same way. However, the main reason for this reduction and for the different behavior between genders should be further investigated.     

Three-dimensional nasal septum and maxillary changes following rapid maxillary expansion in patients with cleft lip and palate:: A case-series analysis

ObjectivesTo determine the three-dimensional changes of the nasal septum (NS), alveolar width, alveolar cleft volume, and maxillary basal bone following rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in consecutive patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP).Materials and MethodsA retrospective investigation was conducted based on the analysis of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data of 40 consecutive patients with UCLP (mean age 11.1 ± 2.2 years). Scans were acquired prior to RME (T0) and after removal of the expander (T1) before graft surgery. A three-dimensional analysis of the effects of RME on the nasal septum, alveolar width, alveolar cleft volume, and maxillary basal bone was performed.ResultsNo changes in the NS deviation were observed following RME (P > .05). Significant increases of the alveolar transverse dimension were found in the anterior (14.2%; P < .001) and posterior (7.7%; P < .001) regions as well as in the volume of the alveolar cleft (19.6%; P < .001). No changes in the basal bone dimensions and morphology were observed (P > .05).ConclusionsFollowing RME, no changes were observed in the NS and maxillary basal bones of patients with UCLP despite the significant gain in the anterior and posterior alveolar width and the increase of the alveolar cleft defect. Clinicians should be aware that maxillary changes following RME in patients with UCLP are restricted to the dentoalveolar region.     

新生儿完全性唇腭裂术前鼻撑和正畸治疗的临床观察

目的 观察新生儿完全性唇腭裂术前鼻撑和正畸治疗的效果。方法对38例完全性唇腭裂，通过模型测量矫治前后牙槽裂距的改变，观察治疗效果；用鼻外形的评价标准对术后患儿进行初步评价。结果经过108—152天的治疗，26例单侧完全性唇腭裂齿槽左右裂隙较矫治前平均缩小5．3mm，前后裂距较矫治前平均缩小3．5mm；鼻外形评价的优良率为76％。12例双侧完全性唇腭裂齿槽左侧裂隙平均缩小4．7mm，右侧裂隙平均缩小4．2mm，左右裂距平均扩大1．6mm，前后裂距平均缩小5．1mm，前牙槽突宽度平均增大1．2mm；鼻外形评价的优良率为66％。结论对完全性唇腭裂患者在新生儿期做术前鼻撑和正畸治疗，患儿易适应，有利鼻发育，可减小手术的难度，提高整复效果。     

唇腭裂患者牙槽嵴模型三维分析对比方法的初步探讨

目的建立三维数字化系列牙颌模型的对比方法，探讨各变化指标的意义。方法应用同一患者唇裂修复前后的上颌牙颌模型，在三维数字化模型建立的基础上，利用通用逆向工程软件Geomagic7．0进行牙槽嵴模型特征线提取、参考点定位。结果通过模型的参考点定位可建立基准坐标系及基准平面，利用逆向工程软件完成唇裂修复术前后三维数字化牙槽嵴模型的对比流程，包括距离和体积测量，提供了纵向牙槽嵴模型对比研究的可操作平台。结论通过建立三维数字化模型的基准坐标系及基准平面，进行各测量指标的对比，可系统地进行模型的纵向研究，观察其生长发育规律和趋势。     

2种前方牵引装置前牵引唇腭裂患者上颌骨的三维有限元分析

目的:建立含微钛板支抗和牙支持式前牵引装置的唇腭裂颅上颌复合体三维有限元模型,探讨其前牵引生物力学效应.方法:选取1例恒牙早期唇腭裂男性志愿者,进行锥形束CT(cone beam CT,CBCT)扫描,构建模型,模拟加力,分析位移变化及应力分布.结果:建立了含微钛板支抗和牙支持式前牵引装置的单、双侧唇腭裂颅上颌复合体三维有限元模型.前牵引时,上牙弓内缩;微钛板支抗模型上颌中上部位移量大于牙支持式模型,后者上颌前部及上尖牙位移量大于前者.微钛板支抗模型应力集中于上颌骨中上部,牙支持式模型的应力集中在上颌尖牙点,且前者应力值及分布范围均大于后者.双侧唇腭裂模型上前牙牙槽嵴处位移小于单侧唇腭裂模型,后者患侧位移和应力分布范围均大于健侧.结论:本研究构建的模型生物力学仿真性好,为唇腭裂上颌骨前牵引治疗的生物力学研究提供了良好的实验载体.微钛板支抗上颌骨前牵引以骨性作用为主,牙支持式上颌骨前牵引以牙性作用为主,前者更有利于效果稳定和侧貌改善.     

单侧完全性唇腭裂术后患者牙弓间宽度不调的矫治

目的　通过对单侧完全性唇腭裂术后患者上下颌间牙弓宽度不调的研究及对患者正畸治疗的临床观察 ,总结该类患者正畸治疗的特点。方法　对 4 8例单侧完全性唇腭裂术后患者进行临床检查 ,记录其上下牙弓间的宽度关系 ;根据患者错情况制定不同的治疗方案进行临床治疗。结果　 (1)单侧完全性唇腭裂术后患者中出现上下颌牙弓宽度不调的比率为 6 0 .4 % ,双侧后牙反为 33.3% ,单侧后牙反为 16 .7%。男女之间差异无显著性。 (2 )宽度不调以双尖牙区为重 ,上尖牙区是扩弓治疗的重点。 (3)磨牙区牙弓宽度的不协调常较轻微 ,一些患者甚至上颌最后磨牙区略宽 ,对 5例患者 (占 10 4 % )进行了上颌磨牙的腭向移动。结论　单侧完全性唇腭裂患者正畸治疗中上颌多需扩弓 ,且扩弓潜力较大。对于严重拥挤的患者 ,拔牙决定应在扩弓后作出。扩弓治疗应在牙槽突植骨前进行 ,扩弓后需延长保持时间     

唇腭裂患者牙槽嵴数字化模型建立及分析的初步探讨

目的 通过三维激光扫描建立唇腭裂患者牙槽嵴的数字化模型，为唇腭裂患者的模型分析建立科学方法。方法 唇裂修复术前于全麻状态下对1例右侧完全性唇腭裂患者的上颌无牙颌制取模型，用激光扫描仪扫描，通过计算机逆向工程软件进行模型重建。结果 此法可在重建模型上设定测量参考点9个，并可测出各标志点间的距离；模型可切割后测量和计算。结论 激光扫描三维分析方法是分析唇腭裂患者牙槽嵴形态及方向改变的一种理想方法，应用此模型可量化分析唇腭裂患者随生长发育而变化的上颌牙槽嵴形态。     

上颌前牵引联合扩弓对唇腭裂植骨患者上颌骨影响的有限元分析

目的:探讨唇腭裂患者牙槽突裂植骨前、后上颌对前牵引联合扩弓的生物力学变化特点,研究植骨前、后上颌前牵引联合扩弓对唇腭裂颅上颌复合体的影响,为临床上应用前牵引治疗唇腭裂患者上颌发育不足提供理论依据。方法:采用三维有限元方法,在已建立的完全性唇腭裂上颌复合体有限元模型中模拟植骨,用Ansys12.0软件,分别对植骨前后的模型在双侧上颌尖牙牙槽骨处施加与平面成30°的力,大小为5N/侧。同时,在双侧上颌第一前磨牙和第一磨牙上各加载5mm的横向水平位移,模拟临床上上颌前牵引方式以及扩弓器的作用对其进行前牵引联合扩弓,分析其生物力学变化。结果:在相同前牵引力作用下,植骨后,上颌复合体患侧、健侧的位移分布较植骨前均匀。无论是植骨前还是植骨后,在前牵引联合扩弓的作用下,患侧健侧各标志点的位移值较不扩弓时均增大,各骨缝的应力值显著大于前牵引力单独作用下骨缝的应力值。结论:对完全性唇腭裂患者而言,上颌前牵引联合上颌扩弓治疗,有利于获得更好的前牵引效果。若配合植骨术,则可使上颌前牵引矫治力分布趋于均匀。     

Upper airway assessment using four different maxillary expanders in cleft patients: A cone-beam computed tomography study

Objective:To evaluate the anterior and posterior maxillary width, the nasal passage volume, the oropharyngeal minimum axial area, and volume changes in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients treated with one of the following four expanders: Hyrax, Fan-Type, inverted mini-hyrax supported on the first permanent molars (iMini-M), or inverted mini-hyrax supported on the first premolars (iMini-B).Materials and Methods:A total of 40 patients with transverse maxillary deficiency who were submitted for rapid maxillary expansion were divided in four groups according to type of expander used. Cone-beam computed tomography images were taken before and 3 months after expansion. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the differences among the groups, and paired t-tests were used to evaluate the changes in each group.Results:All groups showed a significant increase in the anterior maxillary width, with no intergroup differences. The iMini-B was the only group that did not show a significant increase in the posterior maxillary width. The intergroup comparison demonstrated differences among all groups except between Hyrax and iMini-M, which showed the greatest posterior expansions. The intragroup analysis showed a significant increase in the nasal passage volume in hyrax and inverted mini-hyrax on the molar groups, but the intergroup comparison revealed a significant difference only between Fan-Type and inverted mini-hyrax on the molars. None of the expanders caused significant changes in the oropharyngeal measurements.Conclusions:Only the Hyrax and inverted mini-hyrax on the molar expanders effectively increased the nasal passage volume, and none of the expanders evaluated in this study modified the oropharyngeal airway.     

唇腭裂伴前颌骨缺损及牙列缺损1例报告

上颌发育不足是唇腭裂患者最常见的并发症,但合并重度牙列缺损者并不多见。此类患者除影响其口腔功能及面部美观外,也增加了其后续序列治疗的难度。本文报告1例该类患者,探索其上颌发育不足及牙列缺损的原因,提出该患者后续治疗的难度所在,提示先天因素和前期治疗的并发症对后续治疗的影响。