彩色多普勒超声在腹主动脉瘤破裂诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在腹主动脉瘤破裂诊治中的价值。方法回顾性分析14例腹主动脉瘤破裂患者的灰阶和彩色多普勒超声图像,从腹主动脉瘤发生部位、瘤体大小、瘤壁厚度、瘤体破裂部位、瘤体破裂时血管内异常回声、血管周边形成血肿、出现腹腔游离液及瘤体内彩色多普勒表现等方面进行分析,并与手术结果、CT血管成像或磁共振检查结果进行对比。结果腹主动脉瘤超声检出率100%,肾上型2例,肾下型12例,瘤体最大直径6.1～1 3.2 cm,超声诊断腹主动脉瘤壁破裂处显示率14.3%,腹主动脉瘤旁腹腔血肿显示率66.7%,腹腔积液显示率80.0%,腹膜后血肿显示率12.5%。结论超声作为可移动简便无损伤的检查方法 ,可以快速的对腹主动脉瘤破裂和其他腹腔器官肿物引起的急腹症进行鉴别,在腹主动脉瘤的发现、随访监测、腹主动脉瘤破裂急诊入院有较高的临床应用价值。     

彩色多普勒超声对主动脉瘤的诊断价值

目的 探讨彩色多普勒技术对主动脉瘤的诊断价值。方法 应用彩色多普勒技术分析临床证实为主动脉瘤的12例病人的超声图像,包括瘤体大小、形态、内部回声、血流方向、血流速度等。结果 彩色多普勒均能显示动脉瘤体大小、范围、动脉管壁情况及瘤腔内的血流信号,其中5例主动脉夹层可显示真、假腔及破口的血流频谱信号。有硬化斑及血栓者可见血流充盈缺损。结论 彩色多普勒超声对诊断主动脉瘤有较高的价值。     

彩色多普勒超声对老年人医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤的诊断及治疗价值

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声对行经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术(PTCA)后并发股动脉假性动脉瘤老年患者的诊断及治疗价值. 方法 应用彩色多普勒超声诊断35例老年PTCA术后穿刺部位发现肿块或听诊有血管杂音的医源性假性动脉瘤患者,并在超声引导下探头垂直加压假性动脉瘤通道或破口直至内无血流通过,压迫失败患者再在超声引导下瘤腔内注射血凝酶(立止血)治疗.结果 35例老年患者PTCA术后假性动脉瘤彩色多普勒超声诊断与临床符合率100.0％(35/35),彩色多普勒超声引导下单纯压迫治愈31例,3例经瘤腔内注入血凝酶加压治愈,总治愈率为97.2％(34/35),1例治疗失败而行外科手术. 结论 彩色多普勒超声对老年人PTCA术后股动脉假性动脉瘤的诊断准确、治疗有效,可作为老年人PTCA术后股动脉假性动脉瘤诊断和治疗的首选方法.     

彩色多普勒超声在诊断主动脉窦瘤破裂中的应用

目的:探讨经胸及经食道彩色多普勒超声心动图在诊断主动脉窦瘤破裂的应用价值。方法:用彩色多普勒超声心动图检查有级以上心脏杂音,诊断为主动脉窦瘤破裂合并室间隔缺损(VSD)及主动脉瓣关闭不全的患者,共16例。结果:16例主动脉窦瘤破裂患者中,右冠窦瘤破裂13例,无冠窦瘤破裂3例,合并室间隔缺损9例,合并主动脉瓣脱垂3例,合并肺动脉瓣狭窄及动脉导管未闭各1例。结论:彩色多普勒超声心动图可以直观地显示主动脉窦瘤的有无及其破裂口的大小和数目,还可以对主动脉窦瘤破裂合并心脏畸形的类型作出诊断,很有意义。     

超声在腹主动脉瘤诊治中的应用

腹主动脉瘤是腹主动脉局限性退化扩张,因其发病率和瘤体破裂后的死亡率不断增高而受临床外科医生的重视.超声作为一种无创性的检查,具有价格低廉、准确性高和重复性好等优势,在腹主动脉瘤筛选、诊断和治疗方面有极其重要的价值.本文对超声在腹主动脉瘤诊断、治疗中的应用情况作一综述.     

彩色多普勒超声和多层螺旋CTA诊断下肢动脉硬化性闭塞症的临床价值

回顾性地分析21例下肢动脉硬化性栓塞病的彩色多普勒超声及多层螺旋CT血管成像(CTA)图像改变.结果下肢动脉硬化性闭塞症二维超声图像上表现为病变血管内中膜呈不规则增厚,局部呈强回声斑,并向血管腔内突起,血管腔内径呈不规则狭窄,病变段血管腔内可见实性低回声光团充填;彩色多普勒血流显像显示血管腔内无血流信号;多层螺旋CTA显示病变段血管区域无对比剂,同时显示侧支动脉的走行及起始部位.认为彩色多普勒超声及多层螺旋CTA对下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的诊断均有重要价值.     

经阴道彩超鉴别诊断子宫平滑肌瘤与子宫腺肌瘤39例分析

目的 探讨经阴道彩色多普勒超声技术对子宫平滑肌瘤与子宫腺肌瘤的鉴别诊断价值.方法 对39例患者进行术前经腹部彩色多普勒超声和经阴道彩色多普勒超声检查,并与术后病理结果对比分析.结果 39例患者经阴道彩色多普勒超声与术后对照,超声诊断符合率90%.超声特点子宫肌瘤瘤体有假包膜,边界清晰,瘤体假包膜血流成环状包绕,瘤体内血流呈条状、网状,频谱形态与子宫动脉略有不同,舒张期切迹模糊或消失,瘤体内阻力指数低于肌壁内子宫动脉的阻力指数.而子宫腺肌瘤无包膜,内部回声多是粗大颗粒状,后方常伴有放射状细淡声影,其内多见星点闪烁状彩色血流信号,频谱显示低速高阻动脉或静脉低速血流.结论 经阴道彩色多普勒超声能清晰地反映子宫腺肌瘤与子宫平滑肌瘤特征,在二者的鉴别上有较好的可比性.     

腹主动脉瘤110例临床特点及预后分析

目的 探讨腹主动脉瘤的临床特点及影响预后的可能因素.方法 回顾性分析我院确诊的110例腹主动脉瘤患者的临床资料,其中肾下型109例,肾上型1例.应用Cox比例风险回归模型分析各相关因素与预后的关系.结果 110例患者中,男性84例（76.4％）,女性26例（23.6％）,男女比例为3.23：1,中位年龄74岁.11例（10.0％）患者以腹主动脉瘤破裂作为首发症状,其中男性10例,女性1例,男性中破裂率（11.9％）高于女性（3.8％）.Cox比例风险回归模型分析显示瘤体直径大的患者预后较差,手术治疗可改善患者预后.结论 早期诊断、密切随访、及时手术可改善腹主动脉瘤患者预后.     

彩色多普勒超声在腓静脉及小腿肌肉内静脉血栓诊断中的价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声对腓静脉及小腿肌肉内静脉血栓形成的诊断价值。方法对48例临床高度疑似腓静脉及小腿肌肉内静脉血栓形成的患者进行彩色多普勒超声及磁共振血管成像检查,检查结果进行对比研究。结果48例患者中,彩色多普勒超声发现腓静脉血栓24例,小腿肌肉内静脉血栓17例,二者均有血栓11例,磁共振血管成像发现腓静脉血栓25例,小腿肌肉内静脉血栓19例,二者均有血栓12例,彩色多普勒超声和磁共振血管成像对小腿静脉血栓的诊断无明显统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论彩色多普勒超声是腓静脉及小腿肌肉内静脉血栓形成诊断及疗效观察的理想方法。     

彩色多普勒超声对颈动脉体瘤的诊断价值

本文对5例经手术病理证实的颈动脉体瘤的彩色多普勒超声表现进行报道,旨在探讨彩色多普勒超声对颈动脉体瘤的诊断价值.     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

A Call to Action to Enhance Filovirus Disease Outbreak Preparedness and Response

The frequency and magnitude of recognized and declared filovirus-disease outbreaks have increased in recent years, while pathogenic filoviruses are potentially ubiquitous throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, the efficiency and effectiveness of filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response efforts are currently limited by inherent challenges and persistent shortcomings. This paper delineates some of these challenges and shortcomings and provides a proposal for enhancing future filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response. The proposal serves as a call for prompt action by the organizations that comprise filovirus-disease outbreak response teams, namely, Ministries of Health of outbreak-prone countries, the World Health Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—Atlanta, and others.     

Interplay between interferon-mediated innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. As a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type I IFNs and viral persistence for an extended period. For IFN production, RIG-I/MDA5 and JAK-STAT pathways are two major signaling pathways, and recent studies indicate that PRRS virus is armed to modulate type I IFN responses during infection. This review describes the viral strategies for modulation of type I IFN responses. At least three non-structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) and a structural protein (N nucleocapsid protein) have been identified and characterized to play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways. Nsp's are early proteins while N is a late protein, suggesting that additional signaling pathways may be involved in addition to the IFN pathway. The understanding of molecular bases for virus-mediated modulation of host innate immune signaling will help us design new generation vaccines and control PRRS.     

Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising From New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops

Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.     

Barrett's Esophagus: Where Do We Stand?

Barrett''s esophagus (BE) is a precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which has an increased incidence rate over the last few decades. Its importance stems from the poor five-year survival of esophageal adenocarcinoma and current data that suggest a survival benefit when surveillance programs are implemented. In this review, we will cover the pathophysiology and natural history of BE and the different endoscopic findings. The prevalence of BE in different geographic areas and the incidence of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in this patient population is reviewed. Recent recommendation for screening and surveillance of BE has been covered in this review as well as the efficacy of nonconventional imaging modalities and endoscopic ablation therapies.     

The Technology Transfer from Europe to China in the 17th–18th Centuries: Non-Invasive On-Site XRF and Raman Analyses of Chinese Qing Dynasty Enameled Masterpieces Made Using European Ingredients/Recipes

Two masterpieces of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE), one in gilded brass (incense burner) decorated with cloisonné enamels stylistically attributed to the end of the Kangxi Emperor’s reign, the other in gold (ewer offered by Napoleon III to the Empress as a birthday present), decorated with both cloisonné and painted enamels bearing the mark of the Qianlong Emperor, were non-invasively studied by optical microscopy, Raman microspectroscopy and X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy (point measurements and mapping) implemented on-site with mobile instruments. The elemental compositions of the metal substrates and enamels are compared. XRF point measurements and mappings support the identification of the coloring phases and elements obtained by Raman microspectroscopy. Attention was paid to the white (opacifier), blue, yellow, green, and red areas. The demonstration of arsenic-based phases (e.g., lead arsenate apatite) in the blue areas of the ewer, free of manganese, proves the use of cobalt imported from Europe. The high level of potassium confirms the use of smalt as the cobalt source. On the other hand, the significant manganese level indicates the use of Asian cobalt ores for the enamels of the incense burner. The very limited use of the lead pyrochlore pigment (European Naples yellow recipes) in the yellow and soft green cloisonné enamels of the Kangxi incense burner, as well as the use of traditional Chinese recipes for other colors (white, turquoise, dark green, red), reinforces the pioneering character of this object in technical terms at the 17th–18th century turn. The low level of lead in the cloisonné enamels of the incense burner may also be related to the use of European recipes. On the contrary, the Qianlong ewer displays all the enameling techniques imported from Europe to obtain a painted decoration of exceptional quality with the use of complex lead pyrochlore pigments, with or without addition of zinc, as well as cassiterite opacifier.     

Formoterol Delivered via the Dry Powder Aerolizer® Inhaler Versus Albuterol MDI and Placebo in Mild-to-Moderate Asthma: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy Trial

The objectives of this study were to compare the efficacy and tolerability of twice-daily formoterol dry powder 12 µg and 24 µg (Foradil) delivered via Aerolizer inhaler with four times daily albuterol (salbutamol) 180 µg delivered via metered dose inhaler (MDI) and placebo. A total of 554 adolescents and adults (ages 12-75 years) with mild-to-moderate asthma were randomized to this 12-week, multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Twelve-hour spirometry measurements were taken at weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12. A total of 484 patients completed the study (122, 116, 127, and 119 given formoterol 12 µg, formoterol 24 µg, albuterol, and placebo, respectively). For the primary efficacy variable, the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁), both formoterol 12 µg and 24 µg were statistically superior to placebo at all time points on all test days (p ≤ 0.017) and to albuterol at most time points on all test days (p ≤ 0.001). The onset of improvement in FEV₁ was rapid, with 15% increase within 5 min in 57%, 71%, and 65% of formoterol 12 µg, formoterol 24 µg, and albuterol patients, respectively. Formoterol was also superior to placebo and albuterol in terms of secondary efficacy variables: FEV₁ area under the curve, percentage of predicted FEV₁, forced vital capacity and forced expiratory flow, asthma symptom scores, and peak expiratory flows. In conclusion, both formoterol doses were superior to placebo in all lung function measurements. Overall, compared with albuterol, both formoterol doses produced superior bronchodilation. Formoterol and albuterol were safe and well-tolerated.