乳腔镜辅助下行乳腺癌皮下腺体切除Ⅰ期假体植入术20例报告

目的:探讨乳腔镜辅助下行乳腺癌皮下腺体切除、Ⅰ期假体植入术的可行性.方法:2005年12月～2007年10月经TE或CEX方案新辅助化疗2～6周期后的乳腺癌患者20例,Ⅰ期8例,Ⅱ期10例,Ⅲ期2例,其中10例Ⅱ期患者4例降为Ⅰ期,2例Ⅲ期降为Ⅱ期.在乳腔镜辅助下行保留乳头乳晕区的皮下腺体切除,Ⅰ期将假体植入胸大肌、胸小肌之间.根据术中冰冻决定是否保留乳头乳晕复合体.结果:20例中1例行双侧乳腺皮下切除,19例行单侧乳腺皮下切除术,均保留乳头乳晕复合体,Ⅰ期假体植入.腋窝淋巴结清扫17例,9例行前哨淋巴结活检,保腋窝3例.17例患者效果满意,2例效果一般,1例感觉差.1例皮瓣坏死,2例发生皮下积液,1例乳头皮肤部分坏死.随访3～22.5个月,中位随访12.6个月,未见局部复发及远处转移.结论:应用乳腔镜辅助下行乳腺癌皮下腺体切除、Ⅰ期假体植入具有微创、美容效果.双侧乳房皮下腺体切除、Ⅰ期假体植入效果更佳.     

双侧乳腺切除加假体植入一期乳房重建治疗青年早期乳腺癌患者

目的探讨保留皮肤和乳头乳晕复合体的双侧乳腺切除及假体植入一期乳房重建在青年早期乳腺癌治疗中的临床应用。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2011年3月接受保留皮肤及乳头乳晕复合体双侧乳腺切除加假体植入一期乳房重建术的21例青年早期乳腺癌患者临床资料。结果21例患者手术成功,术后美容效果优良。随访12—72个月（中位随访期为34个月）,无局部复发和远处转移。结论对青年早期乳腺癌患者,在切除患乳同时预防性切除对侧乳房,即行保留皮肤和乳头乳晕复合体的双侧乳腺切除加一期假体植入重建乳房,美容效果好,临床疗效满意。     

保留乳头的乳腺癌改良根治术后Ⅰ期假体植入乳房重建术

目的探讨保留乳头的乳腺癌改良根治术Ⅰ期假体植入乳房重建的可行性。方法早期乳腺癌极少侵犯皮肤、乳头的特点,保留乳头行皮下切除 腋窝淋巴清扫,Ⅰ期假体植入乳房重建。结果对15例早期乳腺癌患者,行上述手术治疗,术后外观良好,双侧乳房对称。1例出现乳头坏死。术后随访10~41个月,所有病例均无局部复发或远处转移。结论对于早期乳腺癌,行保留乳头的乳腺癌改良根治术、Ⅰ期假体植入乳房重建,具有操作方便、效果明显,是安全可行的手术方法。     

皮下乳腺癌改良根治术后Ⅰ期假体乳房再造术的探讨

目的 探讨早期乳腺癌改良根治术后Ⅰ期假体乳房再造.方法 1998年3月至2005年9月,对26例早期乳腺癌在行保留乳头乳晕复合体的皮下乳腺癌改良根治术后以国产硅凝胶假体植入胸大肌后Ⅰ期进行乳房再造,术后常规综合治疗.结果 26例手术均获成功,但5例乳头乳晕部分皮肤发生缺血坏死,通过换药愈合,1例出现皮下积液,通畅引流后消除.随访1～90个月,无一例复发和远处转移.乳房美容效果良好占69.2%,一般占19.2%,较差占11.5%.结论 保留乳头乳晕复合体的皮下乳腺癌改良根治术后Ⅰ期假体乳房再造术,手术操作简单易行,创伤小,恢复快,美容效果满意,是适合早期乳腺癌患者的一种安全有效的手术方式.     

乳腺癌改良根治术同期假体植入重建乳房

目的探讨乳腺癌行改良根治术后，同期硅胶假体植入重建乳房的可行性。方法2005年6月至2006年9月，对20例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者行保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后，同期于胸大、小肌间植入硅胶假体重建乳房，并根据冰冻切片检查结果决定是否保留乳头乳晕复合体。结果20例患者客观评价效果优良和尚好者达95％，主观评价效果优良和尚好者达100％。其中有6例保留乳头乳晕复合体。术后随访3～18个月，所有病例均无局部复发和远处转移，无明显术后并发症。结论保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后用硅胶假体行一期乳房重建，能达到满意的乳房美容效果，是治疗早期乳腺癌安全可行的方法。     

全腔镜乳房皮下腺体切除术：附96例报告

目的 探讨全腔镜乳房皮下腺体切除的手术方法及治疗效果。方法 对2004年8月至2007年10月间共96例男性乳房发育患者和女性乳腺癌患者行全腔镜乳房皮下腺体切除手术。腔镜手术前对乳房皮下和乳房后间隙充分溶脂和吸脂，通过充气法建立操作空间，腔镜下只需切断乳房皮下和腺体间相连的纤维条索及乳房边缘腺体和周围筋膜附着处即可顺利完成腺体切除。并对乳腺癌患者行后续前哨淋巴结活检、腋窝淋巴结清扫及假体植入乳房重建手术，术后行常规辅助治疗。全部患者随访3个月至3年，观察手术安全性及美容效果。结果 96例共156侧乳房均顺利完成全腔镜皮下腺体切除；单纯腔镜皮下腺体切除的时间为35～125min，平均71min；术中出血量30～170ml，平均94ml。术后并发症发生率2．6％（4／156），其中单侧乳头部分坏死3例，局部皮下积液1例。术后美容效果良好，患者满意率97．9％（94／96）。随访3个月至3年均未出现疾病复发或转移。结论 全腔镜乳房皮下腺体切除手术并发症少，安全性高，美容效果好。     

即刻乳房再造在乳腺癌手术中的应用与探讨

目的探讨即刻乳房再造在乳腺癌手术中的应用价值。方法自2005年10月至2009年2月共完成了26例乳腺癌改良根治即刻乳房再造手术,其中10例为局部晚期乳腺癌。即刻腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术12例,背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术8例,保留乳头乳晕复合体皮下乳腺全切假体植入乳房再造术5例,保留乳头乳晕复合体皮下乳腺全切背阔肌肌皮瓣结合假体植入乳房再造术1例。结果全组手术切缘病理均达到阴性,皮瓣全部成活,无假体相关并发症,亦无腹壁疝发生。再造乳房形态满意,肌皮瓣再造乳房可以安全地耐受术后放疗,随访1～40个月无局部复发病例。结论即刻乳房再造手术从根本上改善了乳腺癌患者术后的生活质量,在局部晚期乳腺癌手术中,肌皮瓣乳房再造还可以为足够的切除范围提供安全保障,颇具临床应用价值。     

早期乳腺癌保留乳头乳晕复合体的改良根治术--Ⅰ期腹直肌肌皮瓣重建乳房

背景与目的：改良根治术目前已成为早期乳腺癌主要外科治疗方法之一,但术后如何重建乳房及保留乳头乳晕复合体一直是争论的焦点。本研究探讨早期乳腺癌保留乳头乳晕复合体的改良根治术——Ⅰ期腹直肌肌皮瓣重建乳房的方法及临床应用。方法：对早期乳腺癌患者行皮下乳腺切除,腋窝淋巴结清除,腹直肌肌皮瓣Ⅰ期乳房再造,最大限度地保留乳房皮肤以及乳头乳晕复合体。结果：应用该方法治疗10例早期乳腺癌,术后随访24～48个月,所有病例均无肿瘤局部复发及远处转移,重建乳房外形良好,乳头乳晕区皮肤无坏死,皮肤无明显萎缩、变硬,半年后乳头感觉恢复,供区无腹壁疝形成。结论：保留乳头乳晕复合体的乳腺癌改良根治术——Ⅰ期腹直肌肌皮瓣重建乳房,外形效果良好,对早期乳腺癌要求保持乳房外形的患者可能是一种较好的治疗方法;因本研究例数较少,该技术的疗效有必要行更大样本的研究来证实。     

乳头乳晕区乳腺癌术后即刻乳房重建的临床探讨

目的 探讨乳头乳晕区乳腺癌术后即刻乳房重建的方法及临床应用。方法 回顾性分析天津医科大学肿瘤医院乳腺一科2004年1月至2007年12月共15例乳头乳晕区乳腺癌患者，其中0期乳腺癌3例，Ⅰ期乳腺癌7例，Ⅱ期乳腺癌5例。15例患者中13例行乳头乳晕区圆形切ISI的保乳手术（标本切缘阴性）后即刻背阔肌皮瓣重建术，2例拟行乳头乳晕区圆形切口的保乳手术，因标本切缘阳性，改行仿根治术，术后行即刻背阔肌皮瓣加假体植入乳房重建术。15例患者中即刻乳头乳晕重建术9例，延期乳头乳晕重建术2例，拒绝乳头乳晕重建4例。结果 13例保乳加背阔肌皮瓣重建患者中12例外形满意，满意率为92．31％，1例缝合后中央区内陷，外形不满意，但大小与健侧对称。2例背阔肌皮瓣联合假体重建乳房外形满意。9例即刻重建乳头乳晕7例成活，2例发生重建乳头部分坏死；3例乳头位置略高于健侧。2例延期乳头乳晕重建均成活，且位置对称。15例中6例发生背部皮下积液，1例背部切口裂开。随访10～48个月，中位随访时间25个月，1例患者出现切口局部复发，复发率为7．69％，无远处转移发生。结论 对乳头乳晕中央区乳腺癌进行保乳手术加即刻背阔肌皮瓣重建术可以提高术后乳房外形满意率，且可行即刻乳头乳晕重建术。保乳手术后局部复发率和远处转移率与根治术无差异。     

20例保留皮肤的乳腺癌全乳切除和即刻乳房再造

选择早期乳腺癌患者20例,行保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻植入假体(14例)或背阔肌肌皮瓣(2例),或联合乳房再造(4例),部分保留乳头乳晕复合体.20例患者中,保留乳房皮肤及部分保留乳头乳晕,均未见局部复发.再造效果优6例,良12例,尚可2例,无严重变形病例.无严重并发症,均按时进行辅助治疗.保留乳房皮肤及乳头乳晕的乳腺癌全乳切除术局部复发率低,术中即刻假体、背阔肌肌皮瓣或联合乳房再造手术效果好,并发症少.     

Esthetic evaluation of immediate breast reconstruction after nipple-sparing or skin-sparing mastectomy

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that immediate autologous tissue breast reconstruction after nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) or skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) is esthetically superior to autologous tissue reconstruction after conventional mastectomy (CM). We evaluated reconstructed breasts to determine whether these methods contribute to breast appearance other than skin texture. METHODS: Between April 1992 and September 2001, forty-two patients underwent immediate breast reconstruction using autologous tissue. Mastectomy options were NSM, SSM and CM. Postoperative photographs were evaluated using a subscale (volume, contour, placement, and inframammary fold) on a 0-2 point scale. Sternal notch to nipple distances of the affected and normal sides were measured with photographs to estimate nipple-areola complex (NAC) position. No corrective procedure was performed in a later phase before evaluation. RESULTS: NSM was performed in 22, SSM in 6 and CM in 14 cases. On esthetic evaluation, the NSM and SSM groups received 4.96 and the CM group received 4.63. There were no significant differences. In the NSM and SSM group, the NAC position rose in cases with partial necrosis or fat lysis compared with the no complication group (p = 0,004). CONCLUSIONS: Autologous tissue breast reconstruction after NSM or SSM is esthetically equal to autologous tissue reconstruction after CM with regard to parameters other than skin texture. Preserved or simultaneously reconstructed NAC sometimes emphasizes nipple-areola asymmetry when breast deformity has occurred.     

Skin sparing mastectomy: Technique and suggested methods of reconstruction

AimTo demonstrate the feasibility and accessibility of performing adequate mastectomy to extirpate the breast tissue, along with en-block formal axillary dissection performed from within the same incision. We also compared different methods of immediate breast reconstruction used to fill the skin envelope to achieve the best aesthetic results.Methods38 patients with breast cancer underwent skin-sparing mastectomy with formal axillary clearance, through a circum-areolar incision. Immediate breast reconstruction was performed using different techniques to fill in the skin envelope. Two reconstruction groups were assigned; group 1: Autologus tissue transfer only (n = 24), and group 2: implant augmentation (n = 14).Autologus tissue transferThe techniques used included filling in the skin envelope using Extended Latissimus Dorsi flap (18 patients) and Pedicled TRAM flap (6 patients).Augmentation with implantsSubpectoral implants(4 patients), a rounded implant placed under the pectoralis major muscle to augment an LD reconstructed breast. LD pocket (10 patients), an anatomical implant placed over the pectoralis major muscle within a pocket created by the LD flap. No contra-lateral procedure was performed in any of the cases to achieve symmetry.ResultsAll cases underwent adequate excision of the breast tissue along with en-block complete axillary clearance (when indicated), without the need for an additional axillary incision.Eighteen patients underwent reconstruction using extended LD flaps only, six had TRAM flaps, four had augmentation using implants placed below the pectoralis muscle along with LD flaps, and ten had implants placed within the LD pocket.Breast shape, volume and contour were successfully restored in all patients.Adequate degree of ptosis was achieved, to ensure maximal symmetry.ConclusionsSkin Sparing mastectomy through a circum-areolar incision has proven to be a safe and feasible option for the management of breast cancer in Egyptian women, offering them adequate oncologic control and optimum cosmetic outcome through preservation of the skin envelope of the breast when ever indicated. Our patients can benefit from safe surgery and have good cosmetic outcomeby applying different reconstructive techniques.     

The outcome of patients with breast cancer who underwent breast conserving treatment with or without immediate volume replacement with autogenous tissue

Background  Breast conserving treatment (BCT) is accepted as an appropriate therapy for most patients with stage I and stage II breast cancer. However, BCT is associated with a relatively high incidence of local recurrence, and aesthetically unacceptable results occur in some patients. A novel method of immediate volume replacement using autogenous tissue has been developed to strike a balance between adequate excision and cosmesis. We determined the oncological outcome in patients with breast cancer treated with wide excision, immediate volume replacement with autogenous tissue, and axillary dissection followed by radiotherapy. Methods  One hundred fifty-three patients with TIS, stage I, II, or III breast cancer underwent wide excision and axillary dissection. The surgical margin of excised breast tissue was examined histologically during surgery. If involved, the breast tissue adjacent to the primary site was excised. When the margin of re-excision was positive, patients underwent modified radical mastectomy with or without breast reconstruction. After wide excision, immediate volume replacement with autogenous tissue was performed, unless the deformity was corrected by undermining and conization of the residual breast tissue. Postoperatively, all patients received breast irradiation. Results  Eighteen patients underwent modified radical mastectomy. The surgical margin was negative in 132 of the 135 patients who underwent BCT. The crude local recurrence rate was 0.7% (1/135). Estimated overall and disease-free 5-year survival rates were 96% and 94%, respectively. Conclusions  Wide excision with tumor-free margins and axillary dissection followed by breast irradiation provides adequate local control in many patients with breast cancer. Immediate breast volume replacement with autogenous tissue may avoid some unpleasant cosmetic results associated with extensive local resection. Our technique eliminates the need for mastectomy in selected patients.     

保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即时乳房再造15例

目的探讨一种既达到肿瘤根治性切除,又保留乳房美观外形的乳房再造的手术方法。方法对早期乳腺癌,保留乳房皮肤,切除乳腺组织和腋窝淋巴结。应用下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣或扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣即时乳房再造。结果应用下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造10例,扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣再造5例。优11例（73．3％）,良4例（26．7％）。结论保留皮肤乳腺癌根治术后即时乳房再造,切口隐蔽,再造乳房形态效果好。对早期乳腺癌患者是一种安全可行的治疗方法。     

即时扩展型背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术常见失误及并发症探讨

目的探讨乳腺癌改良根治术后应用扩展型背阔肌肌皮瓣即时乳房再造的常见失误和并发症的处理。方法回顾41例行保留皮肤或保留乳头乳晕乳腺癌改良根治术后即时扩展型背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造病例,分析手术失误和并发症发生原因及预防处理措施。结果 41例乳房再造手术均获成功。术后情况:7例美容效果欠佳,18例血清肿,7例皮瓣坏死,3例干性皮肤坏死,2例翼状肩,2例乳头部分坏死,1例发生感染。结论乳腺癌术后应用扩展型背阔肌肌皮瓣即时乳房再造形态良好,并发症虽然较高,但严重并发症相对少,且可以有效预防或减少,适合中国女性,作为目前我国乳腺肿瘤治疗的一种有效补充手段,有一定临床应用价值。     

Immediate Reconstruction of Large Ptotic Breasts following Vertical Reduction Pattern Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy

PurposeWomen with large and/or ptotic breasts are generally not considered candidates for nipple-sparing mastectomy because of concerns regarding the high incidence of postoperative complications including ischemic complications. Therefore, we adopted a vertical skin resection technique for nipple-sparing mastectomy, and obtained satisfactory results following immediate autologous breast reconstruction. In this study, we aimed to describe our operative technique and review its outcomes.MethodsBetween January 2010 and March 2017, immediate autologous breast reconstructions were performed in 28 patients with moderate or large ptotic breasts after nipple-sparing mastectomy using the vertical reduction pattern. Grade II ptosis was observed in 12 patients, and 16 patients were classified as having grade III ptosis.ResultsOf the 28 patients, 21 received abdominal free flap reconstruction. In the remaining 7 patients, extended latissimus dorsi flaps were used in conjunction with anatomic implants. The mean weight of the excised breast tissue in the 2 groups was 575 g and 482 g, respectively. Satisfactory esthetic outcomes without major complications were achieved in all patients. Similar vertical reductions or mastopexies in the contralateral breast allowed better postoperative adjustment for symmetry. There was only 1 case of complete nipple necrosis; however, the problem was solved with “skin banking.” No local recurrences or distant metastases were detected at follow-up (mean 18 months, range 4 months to 6 years).ConclusionTo enhance cosmetic outcomes in patients with large and/or ptotic breasts, the vertical skin resection pattern for nipple-sparing mastectomy can be used to achieve better breast shape while preserving the nipple-areola complex. Moreover, it can improve the esthetic outcome without compromising oncologic safety.