Simultaneous strain and temperature measurements in composites using extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometric and intrinsic rare-earth doped fiber sensors

This paper reports on a novel optical fiber-based sensing system for conducting simultaneous strain and temperature measurements. The sensor design involves the use for the first time of an extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometric (EFPI) strain sensor in conjunction with a rare-earth doped fiber fluorescence decay-time based temperature sensor. The combined sensors were embedded in a carbon fiber reinforced composite system and evaluated. The feasibility of using this type of embedded sensor configuration for simultaneous strain and temperature measurements was demonstrated.     

Gas sensitivity of Zn doped α-Fe2O3(SO4, Sn, Zn) to carbon monoxide

It is shown that the doping of Zn and Sn can improve the gas sensitivity of α-Fe₂O₃-based sensing material to CO. X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy analysis suggests that this is mainly due to the fact that the simultaneous doping of Zn and Sn can increase the S and hence SO₄²⁻ contents in the α-Fe₂O₃(SO₄²⁻, Sn, Zn) sensing material. The results also suggest that under a given condition, the gas sensitivity of α-Fe₂O₃(SO₄²⁻, Sn, Zn) to CO can be optimised by properly adjusting the doped Zn content.     

Solidification structure of CaO–SiO2–MgO–Al2O3 (–CaF2) systems and computational phase equilibria: Crystallization of MgAl2O4 spinel

The solidification behaviour of the CaO–SiO₂–Al₂O₃–CaF₂–10% MgO system, which is similar to the inclusion compositions in the stainless steel and the crystallization of spinel have been investigated using XRD, SEM-EDS, and an image analyser. The solidification mode and the phase equilibria were computed by employing thermochemical software. The liquidus temperature of the oxides containing 5% CaF₂ increases with increasing alumina content from 10% to 30%, while the solidus temperature has little dependence on alumina content. The size of spinel crystals in the final microstructure increases on increasing the content of alumina, resulting from that the oxides spending more time at higher temperatures below the liquidus temperature, where crystal growth is generally faster than nucleation, during slow cooling. The liquidus temperature of the oxides containing 30% Al₂O₃ is scarcely varied, while the solidus temperature decreases by increasing the content of CaF₂ to 10%. The size of spinel crystals decreases as the content of CaF₂ increases, resulting from the fact that the oxides could spend more time at relatively lower temperatures, where nucleation is faster than growth, during the cooling process.     

Pyroelectric and dielectric properties of sol–gel derived barium–strontium–titanate (Ba0.64Sr0.36TiO3) thin films

The barium–strontium–titanate (BST, Ba_0.64Sr_0.36TiO₃) thin films have been prepared by the sol–gel method on a platinum-coated silicon substrate. The resulting thin films show very good dielectric and pyroelectric properties. The dielectric constant and dissipation factor for Ba_0.64Sr_0.36TiO₃ thin film at a frequency of 200 Hz were 592 and 0.028, respectively. The dependence of the capacitance as a function of the voltage shows a strongly non-linear character, and two peaks characterizing spontaneous polarization switching can be clearly seen in this curve, indicating that the films have a ferroelectric nature. The capacitance changed from 495 to 1108 pF with the applied voltage in the −5 to +5 V range at a frequency of 100 kHz. The peak pyroelectric coefficient at 30 °C is 1080 μC/m² K. The pyroelectric coefficient at room temperature (25 °C) is 1860 μC/m² K, and the figure-of-merit of this film is 37.4 μC/m³ K. The high pyroelectric coefficients and the greater figures-of-merit of Ba_0.64Sr_0.36TiO₃ thin films make it possible to be used for thermal infrared detection and imaging.     

轮回选择对玉米沈综（C0、FC2）群体的产量组成性状的遗传改良效果研究

对玉米(ZeamaysL.)沈综基础群体和FC2 实施了轮回选择遗传改良 ,第一轮以半姊妹选择方案完成 ,获得了沈综(330)C1 群体 ,而后对它进行两轮全姊妹轮回选择改良 ,选择性状主要以籽粒产量为主 ,兼顾抗病性和部分植株性状 ,然后将得到的FC2、FC3 群体和C0、CK置于同一环境种植 ,根据调查和考种结果对各群体产量性状进行分析。结果表明 :群体产量获得了7.5 %的遗传增益。穗行数、行粒数、百粒重和单穗粒重得到明显的改良。群体中优良个体频率增加 ,与产量相关性状的变异系数下降。相关分析和通径分析表明 :不同群体的农艺性状与单株产量的相关程度有差异 ,群体产量的提高是由于农艺性状得到了改善和性状之间的关系得到了协调发展的结果     

Vertex results for parametric H∞ problems of weighted interval feedback systems

This paper deals with the parametric H_∞ problems of weighted interval feedback systems. It will be shown, by an example, that the maximal H_∞ norm of the first-order weighted sensitivity function does not enjoy the extremality property generally, but it is achieved at one of the 16 edge plants and this result can be generalized to the case of some high-order weighting functions. The conditions under which vertex results hold will be investigated finally.     

Experimental study and thermodynamic modelling of the ZrO2–LaO1.5 system

Phase relations in the ZrO₂–LaO_1.5 system were studied experimentally in the temperature range from 1673 to 1973 K. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were employed to obtain the structural information and the compositions of the tetragonal and pyrochlore (La₂Zr₂O₇) phases. The solubility of LaO_1.5 in the tetragonal phase was determined to be very small. The homogeneity range of the pyrochlore phase is estimated to be less than 2 mol% at 1973 K, and less than 1 mol% at 1673 K according to the present work. Based on the experimental results obtained in this work, as well as the available phase diagram and thermodynamic data in literature, a self-consistent thermodynamic assessment was carried out by using the ionic sublattice solution model.     

Characterization of electrospun ZnO–SnO2 nanofibers for ethanol sensor

ZnO–SnO₂ nanofibers have been developed through in situ electrospinning technique and calcination. Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) is selected as fiber template. The composition of products can be controlled concisely by adjusting the compositions in their precursors. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the prepared product shows the desirable sensing characteristics towards ethanol gas at 300 °C, such as high response, excellent linearity in the range of 1–300 ppm, quick response time (5 s) and recovery time (6 s), good reproducibility, stability and selectivity.     

网络化多胞型系统的变增益H∞ 控制

研究参数变化速率有界的网络化多胞型系统的变增益H_∞ 控制问题. 采用时滞状态增广方法处理状态传输时延, 得到切换多胞型系统模型; 考虑参数变化速率约束与参数传输时延影响, 给出对当前参数、次刻参数和时滞参数三元组的多胞描述方法; 进而基于参数依赖切换Lyapunov 函数方法给出变增益H_∞ 控制器的LMI 设计准则. 该方法将已有结果推广至包含网络传输时延的情形, 具有较低的保守性. 仿真实例表明了所提出方法的有效性.     

A comparative study of the physical properties of CdS, Bi2S3 and composite CdS–Bi2S3 thin films for photosensor application

Thin films of CdS, Bi₂S₃ and composite CdS–Bi₂S₃ have been deposited using modified chemical bath deposition (M-CBD) technique. The various preparative parameters were optimized to obtain good quality thin films. The as-deposited films of CdS, Bi₂S₃ and composite were annealed in Ar gas at 573 K for 1 h. A comparative study was made for as-deposited and annealed CdS, Bi₂S₃ and composite thin films. Annealing showed no change in crystal structure of these as-deposited films. However, an enhancement in grain size was observed by AFM studies. In addition change in band gap with annealing was seen. A study of spectral response, photosensitivity showed that the films can be used as a photosensor.     

Systematic design of weighting matrices for the H∞ mixed sensitivity problem

A systematic design of weighting matrices for the H_∞ mixed sensitivity problem is presented in this paper. Once a nominal model has been chosen, an initial design of the weighting matrices based on the multiplicative output uncertainty is proposed. The final weighting matrices (which permit that an appropriate closed loop behavior is achieved)are obtained by tuning just one parameter for each output of the system. A multivariable control of two temperatures of a pilot plant (which constitutes a typical example of an industrial process) is included as an application where the validity of the proposed methodology has been tested.     

Design of a robust controller for a supersonic aircraft using H∞ approach

In this paper an H_∞ optimal, robust flight control system design for a supersonic aircraft has been described. Separate controllers are designed for longitudinal and lateral motions. A general two-degrees-of-freedom controller is proposed, where feedback control is designed for robust performance augmentation, while a series compensator is used to ensure that requisite handling qualities. Three alternative methods to achieve performance robustness have been discussed. The results obtained are very encouraging. It is hoped that this will equip the flight control engineers with an alternative to the conventional methods.     

Electrical response characterization of PVA–P(AA/AMPS) IPN hydrogels in aqueous Na2SO4 solution

Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) hydrogels composed of poly(vinyl acohol) (PVA) and poly(acrylic acid-co-2-acrylamido-2-methyl propyl sulfonic acid) (P(AA/AMPS)) were synthesized by solution polymerization. The IPN hydrogels were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that strong hydrogen bond was formed between PVA and P(AA/AMPS), and the crystallinity of PVA in IPN hydrogels was declined significantly. The swelling/deswelling properties of IPN hydrogel in aqueous Na₂SO₄ solution were studied. When a sheet of water swollen IPN hydrogel (all the samples were swollen in deionized water) was placed in aqueous Na₂SO₄ solution, the IPN hydrogel shrunk. However, if a voltage was applied, the IPN hydrogel shrunk at high concentration of Na₂SO₄ solution, but swelled at low concentration. The results show that the critical concentration of Na₂SO₄ solution is about 0.005 mol/L. The stimuli response of the IPN hydrogel in electric field was also investigated. When water swollen samples were placed between a pair of electrodes in aqueous Na₂SO₄ solution, the IPN hydrogel showed significant bending behavior upon the application of an electric field. The bending direction of the IPN hydrogel depends on the concentration of Na₂SO₄ solution. At high concentration the IPN hydrogel bended toward anode, contrarily, at low concentration the IPN hydrogel bended toward cathode. The critical concentration of Na₂SO₄ solution is also about 0.005 mol/L. Further investigation showed that the gel component, concentration of aqueous Na₂SO₄ solution and the applied voltage influenced the bending speed of IPN hydrogel.     

Networked H∞ control of linear systems with state quantization

This paper addresses the problem of H_∞ controller design for linear systems over digital communication networks. A new model is proposed to describe both the network conditions and the state quantization of the networked control systems in a unified framework. From this model, a quantized state feedback strategy is developed for global and asymptotical stabilization of the networked control systems. The same H_∞ disturbance attenuation level as that in the case without quantization is achieved. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

LMI characterization of reduced-order H∞ controllers via invariant zero structure

In this paper, we clarify a new relationship between invariant zeros of a generalized plant and the order reduction of H_∞ controllers by using linear matrix inequalities in both continuous-time and discrete-time cases. In contrast with our recent paper, where a relationship between an unstable transmission-zero structure and the H_∞ controller order reduction is initiated in a fundamental manner, results obtained in this paper are more flexible in two senses: assumptions that are made for the generalized plant are relaxed, and stable as well as unstable invariant zeros are characterized to obtain a reduced-order H_∞ controller.     

Manufacture and characterization of sol–gel V1−x−yWxSiyO2 films for uncooled thermal detectors

V_1−x−yW_xSi_yO₂ films for uncooled thermal detectors were coated on sodium-free glass slides with sol–gel process, followed by the calcination under a reducing atmosphere (Ar/H₂ 5%). The V_1−x−yW_xSi_yO₂ films as prepared inherit various phase transition temperatures ranging from 20 to 70 °C depending on the dopant concentrations and the fabrication conditions. Compared to the hysteresis loop of plain VO₂ films, a rather steep loop was obtained with the addition of tungsten components, while a relaxed hysteresis loop with the tight bandwidth was contributed by Si dopants. Furthermore, the films with switching temperature close to room temperature were fabricated to one-element bolometers to characterize their figures of merit. Results showed that the V_0.905W_0.02Si_0.075O₂ film presented a satisfactory responsivity of 2600 V/W and detectivity of 9 × 10⁶ cm  Hz^1/2/W with chopper frequencies ranging from 30 to 60 Hz at room temperature. It was proposed that with appropriate amount of silicon and tungsten dopants mixed in the VO₂, the film would characterize both a relaxed hysteresis loop and a fair TCR value, which effectively reduced the magnitude of noise equivalent power without compromising its performance in detectivity and responsivity.     

Interaction of Langmuir–Blodgett and spin-coated films of μ-carbido-bridged ironphthalocyanine with NO2: Optical and conductimetric behaviour

The present study investigates the interaction of NO₂ gas and μ-carbido-bridged iron phthalocyanine (PcFeCFePc) films obtained by Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) and spin-coating (SC) techniques. The phthalocyanine bridged dimer under study belongs to the polynuclear unsubstituted phthalocyanines class and presents poor solubility: in contrast the corresponding N-base bis-adducts are soluble enough in organic solvents to be deposited by Langmuir–Blodgett and spin-coating techniques. The reaction with NO₂ is monitored by visible spectra variation that shows identical behaviour for both kinds of films, indicating that the chemical reaction between the gas and the films is independent of the deposition method. The electrical conductivity change as a function of time with NO₂ is instead dissimilar: for spin-coated films it shows a behaviour already observed for sandwich-type phthalocyanine whereas for LB films it resembles that of monomeric phthalocyanine. Such a response implies that the charges (holes) generated in the oxidation/reduction process are carried differently through the material, and we attempt to explain this behaviour taking into account the two different structural and morphological features induced by the two techniques.