RAS突变型转移性结直肠癌的精准治疗

转移性结直肠癌(mCRC)是一种异质性疾病,临床表现和分子分型差异大.目前,mCRC在治疗前需要常规行大鼠肉瘤病毒(RAS)基因检测.RAS突变状态与患者预后显著相关并能预测抗表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)治疗的疗效,然而仍缺乏针对RAS靶点的特异性治疗手段.既往研究表明直接抑制RAS蛋白带来的临床获益非常有限,最近报道...     

结直肠外科术式历程——从经典到创新的演变

结直肠手术起源于早期文明,其演变遵循一定的规律,大多数外科技术都有其历史基础,从未脱离社会、手术平台和外科理念的进步。由于结直肠外科的发展与外科手术平台及手术理念的发展相互促进,本文对结直肠相关的历史资料进行收集,结合外科手术平台和理念的发展,从古埃及文化到现代文明对结直肠外科进行了历史回顾,阐述了结直肠外科手术演变。理解过去才能看到未来,对于结直肠外科医生尤其如是,正确认识结直肠手术演变是了解结直肠术式发展的最佳方式。     

精准医学时代的肺癌外科治疗走向

精准医学是根据每个人从宏观到微观层面的个体差异,制定最为合适的个性化治疗方案。基因组、蛋白组、代谢组等海量生物学数据及大数据分析方法是精准医学模式的精髓。精准医学为人类攻克肿瘤带来了希望。肺癌是对人类危害最大的肿瘤。本文就肺癌的外科治疗在精准医学时代发展的方向进行了综述。     

COVID-19 and the Global Impact on Colorectal Practice and Surgery

BackgroundThe novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus that emerged in December 2019 causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to the sudden national reorganization of health care systems and changes in the delivery of health care globally. The purpose of our study was to use a survey to assess the global effects of COVID-19 on colorectal practice and surgery.Materials and MethodsA panel of International Society of University Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ISUCRS) selected 22 questions, which were included in the questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed electronically to ISUCRS fellows and other surgeons included in the ISUCRS database and was advertised on social media sites. The questionnaire remained open from April 16 to 28, 2020.ResultsA total of 287 surgeons completed the survey. Of the 287 respondents, 90% were colorectal specialists or general surgeons with an interest in colorectal disease. COVID-19 had affected the practice of 96% of the surgeons, and 52% were now using telemedicine. Also, 66% reported that elective colorectal cancer surgery could proceed but with perioperative precautions. Of the 287 respondents, 19.5% reported that the use of personal protective equipment was the most important perioperative precaution. However, personal protective equipment was only provided by 9.1% of hospitals. In addition, 64% of surgeons were offering minimally invasive surgery. However, 44% reported that enough information was not available regarding the safety of the loss of intra-abdominal carbon dioxide gas during the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, 61% of the surgeons were prepared to defer elective colorectal cancer surgery, with 29% willing to defer for ≤ 8 weeks.ConclusionThe results from our survey have demonstrated that, globally, COVID-19 has affected the ability of colorectal surgeons to offer care to their patients. We have also discussed suggestions for various practical adaptation strategies for use during the recovery period.     

Precision medicine for gastrointestinal cancer: Recent progress and future perspective

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer has a high tumor incidence and mortality rate worldwide. Despite significant improvements in radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy for GI cancer over the last decade, GI cancer is characterized by high recurrence rates and a dismal prognosis. There is an urgent need for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Recent technological advances and the accumulation of clinical data are moving toward the use of precision medicine in GI cancer. Here we review the application and status of precision medicine in GI cancer. Analyses of liquid biopsy specimens provide comprehensive real-time data of the tumor-associated changes in an individual GI cancer patient with malignancy. With the introduction of gene panels including next-generation sequencing, it has become possible to identify a variety of mutations and genetic biomarkers in GI cancer. Although the genomic aberration of GI cancer is apparently less actionable compared to other solid tumors, novel informative analyses derived from comprehensive gene profiling may lead to the discovery of precise molecular targeted drugs. These progressions will make it feasible to incorporate clinical, genome-based, and phenotype-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and apply them to individual GI cancer patients for precision medicine.     

新辅助化疗联合全直肠系膜切除术治疗直肠癌的效果分析

目的 对直肠癌患者采取术前新辅助化疗联合全直肠系膜切除术治疗,分析其治疗效果.方法 实验组采取术前新辅助FOLFOX4方案化疗联合全直肠系膜切除术,对照组仅行全直肠系膜切除术.比较2组患者手术的基本情况;实验组患者治疗前后TNM分期的变化;实验组患者治疗前后癌胚抗原(CEA)及糖链抗原(CA19-9、CA242、CA724)等肿瘤标志物水平的变化;2组患者的治疗效果及并发症的发生.结果 实验组与对照组在手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、肿瘤直径、总体费用等方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).与治疗前比较,实验组治疗后分期有所降低,肿瘤标志物CEA、CA19-9、CA242、CA724均下降(P<0.05).实验组患者根治率、保肛率、生存率均较对照组明显升高,复发率低于对照组(P<0.05);实验组患者并发症发生率低于对照组(P<0.05).结论 对直肠癌患者采取术前新辅助化疗联合手术治疗,能够降低临床分期,降低肿瘤标志物水平,提高根治率、保肛率、生存率,降低复发率及并发症发生率.     

腹腔镜结直肠癌手术与开放性手术的疗效及安全性分析

目的 对比腹腔镜手术与开腹手术对结直肠癌患者的疗效及安全性.方法 选取了361例结直肠癌患者,按随机数字表法分为2组.观察组(180例)行腹腔镜切除,对照组(181例)行传统开腹手术治疗.观察并记录患者近远期疗效、围手术期血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和白细胞介素-6(IL-8)水平、及随访3年期间并发症发生情况,以评价腹腔镜手术与开腹手术对结直肠癌患者的疗效及安全性.结果 2组在下床时间、排气时间、进半流食时间、排便时间上相比,差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组患者住院时间明显短于对照组(P<0.05).随访3年期间,2组在局部复发率、远处转移率及2年、3年生存率上相比,差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05).术后1 d,3 d 2组患者血清IL-6和IL-8水平均明显升高,但观察组患者血清IL-6和IL-8水平明显低于对照组.随访3年期间,观察组并发症共计11例,对照组19例,差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 采用腹腔镜手术治疗结直肠癌,近远期疗效与开腹手术相当,能减轻手术创伤引起的炎症反应,术后并发症少,手术安全性较传统开腹手术高,值得临床推广使用.     

Pattern,Stage, and Time of Recurrent Colorectal Cancer After Curative Surgery

Surgery remains the mainstay of curative treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC). Despite curative surgery, some patients experience cancer recurrence. However, the pattern, stage, and time of recurrent disease (RD) remain unknown. We aimed to determine the pattern and stage of RD after curative open and laparoscopic surgery for CRC. Databases were searched using selected keywords for clinical studies that analyzed the pattern, stage, and time of RD from CRC. A systematic protocol was used for data extraction, data synthesis, and interpretation of results. Of 455 publications retrieved from databases, 9 clinical studies were selected for this systematic review. There is substantial evidence that pulmonary recurrence is most commonly associated with rectal tumors, and multisite RD appears more frequently with right-sided CRC. RD from colon cancers predominantly appears early in liver, while recurrences from rectal cancer appear late in lungs. Approximately 30% to 50% of RD after curative resection of CRC occurs within the first 2 years; however, median time to recurrence is gradually increasing, particularly for patients with rectal cancers. Advanced primary CRC is significantly correlated with more locoregional and distant RD, with worse disease-free survival. There is a decrease in the 5-year incidence of RD that is associated with prolongation of time of RD for both locoregional and metastatic disease. The duration and design of postoperative follow-up protocols for recurrences from CRC should be tailored to site and stage of primary tumor, as rectal cancers demand longer surveillance times than colon cancer.     

以微创胸外科为中心的肺癌综合诊疗模式

当今可切除肺癌的治疗已发展成为以微创外科为中心的综合治疗。微创肺癌外科不光表现为切口的缩小,更表现在切口的个体化、精细化。同时,微创外科手术的其它一系列的微创化,如麻醉的微创化（如不插管）,又如裸眼3D胸腔镜为代表的手术器械的微创化、精细化与个体化等。即便是晚期肺癌的患者也因从手术中得到更多组织基因的信息而得到更精准的治疗。因此当今肺癌的治疗应该是微创胸外科为核心的综合治疗。     

腹腔镜手术对比开腹手术在结直肠癌根治术中的安全性及远期疗效评估

目的 探讨开腹手术与腹腔镜手术在结肠癌根治术中的安全性及远期疗效.方法 选取结直肠癌患者92例,将采用腹腔镜治疗的42例患者纳入研究组,将采用开腹手术治疗的50例患者纳入对照组.观察2组患者的手术时间,术中出血量,淋巴结清扫数目,腹腔引流量,肛门恢复排气时间,住院时间等疗效指标;观察2组患者术中术后并发症的发生情况;随访3年,对比2组患者的生存情况.结果 观察组患者术中出血量,肛门恢复排气时间和住院时间均显著小于对照组,差异有统计学意义,P＜0.05;观察组患者手术时间,淋巴结清扫数目,腹腔引流量与对照组相比差异无统计学意义,P ＞0.05.2组患者并发症发生率差异无统计学意义,P＞0.05.观察组患者术后1年、2年、3年生存率分别为100.00％,95.23％,88.09％;对照组患者术后1年、2年、3年生存率分别为96.00％,86.00％,74.00％.2组3年生存率差异有统计学意义,P＜0.05.结论 腹腔镜手术治疗结直肠癌可达到传统开腹手术相当的治疗效果,其远期生存率高于传统开腹手术.     

肿瘤标记物在FOLFIRI方案治疗晚期结直肠癌疗效评价中的意义

目的探讨血清肿瘤标记物在FOLFIRI方案治疗晚期结直肠癌患者疗效评价中的意义。方法对50例确诊的晚期结直肠癌患者,采用FOLFIRI方案治疗,观察治疗前后患者血清肿瘤标记物TPS、CEA、CA199和CA242的动态变化和近期疗效。结果血清肿瘤标记物CEA、CA242和TPS水平RR组(CR PR)化疗后显著减低(P<0.05),其中TPS降低最早,CEA则在治疗6～8周后才出现变化;4种肿瘤标记物评价与临床疗效评价的总一致性比较差异不显著(P>0.05);临床客观评价病情进展和有效率时(PD RR)符合率比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。联合检测TPS、CEA和CA2423个指标,则总符合率为85.9%。结论TPS、CEA和CA242联合检测,对采用FOLFIRI方案治疗晚期结直肠癌患者的疗效评价有重要意义。     

高龄大肠癌患者的外科治疗

为了探讨７０岁以上大肠癌患者手术治疗的意义，对１９８２年６月至１９９２年６月手术治疗的９２例大肠癌患者进行回顾性分析。伴有合并症患者４７例，占５１．１％。４１例伴心血管及呼吸系统疾病，部分患者伴有２种以上合并症。行根治性手术患者８７例。手术并发症１２例（１３．０％），手术死亡２例（２．２％）。３ａ生存率（６４．５５±４．９）％（寿命表法），５ａ生存率（４６．８±５．８）％。结果显示：高龄患者年龄因素不是手术禁忌证，患者虽然多伴有合并症，但加强围手术期处理，严密监护可降低手术死亡率。选择手术方式应根据全身情况在保证手术安全的情况下行根治性切除。     

开放手术与腹腔镜手术对大肠癌合并肠梗阻的安全性及近期疗效比较

目的 分析比较开放手术与腹腔镜在大肠癌并肠梗阻切除术中的安全性及近期疗效.方法 选取38例大肠癌并肠梗阻患者为研究对象,将患者随机分为对照组和实验组,每组各19例,对照组患者行开放手术治疗,实验组患者行腹腔镜手术治疗,比较两种治疗方式的安全性及随访情况.结果 与对照组相比,实验组患者的术中出血量、肠道功能恢复时间、患者下床活动时间与住院时间等指标均较短(P<0.05),实验组患者的临床治愈总有效率明显较高,术后并发症较少,随访患者复发率较低(P<0.05).结论 对于大肠癌合并肠梗阻患者临床给予腹腔镜手术治疗安全有效,同时还可减轻对患者的创伤,远期疗效较好,值得临床推广应用.