Portfolio Management in Double Unknown Situations: Technological Platforms and the Role of Cross‐Application Managers

This article investigates portfolio management in double unknown situations. Double unknown refers to a situation in which the level of uncertainty is high and both technology and markets are as yet unknown. This situation can be an opportunity for new discoveries, creation of new performance solutions and giving direction to portfolio structuring. The literature highlights that the double unknown situation is a prerequisite to designing generic technologies that are able to address many existing and emerging markets and create value across a broad range of applications. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the initial phases of generic technology governance and associated portfolio structuring in multi‐project firms. We studied three empirical contexts of portfolio structuring at the European semiconductor provider STMicroelectronics. The results demonstrate that (1) portfolio management for generic technologies is highly transversal and comprises creating both modules to address market complementarities and the core element of a technological system – the platform, and (2) the design of generic technologies requires ‘cross‐application’ managers who are able to supervise the interactions among innovative concepts developed in different business and research groups and who are responsible for structuring and managing technological and marketing exploration portfolios within the organizational structures of a company.     

Designing with programmable logic arrays

Programmable logic arrays (PLAs) are characterized by the ability to replace discrete logic components and their equivalent functions in a variety of system designs. With the advent of new technologies and computer software tools such as Amaze, the exercise of designing with PLAs has been simplified. This paper provides a tutorial overview of various aspects of designing with PLAs, and discusses their uses and basic variations to their structures. A design example involving a single-board computer is presented; the control logic in this design can easily be adapted to other single-board computers.     

Learn or Leverage? Strategic Diversification and Organizational Learning Through Corporate Ventures

In this paper we examine the corporate venturing process in fifteen UK-based firms, representing the experience of some sixty internal corporate ventures. We focus on the motivation, identification, assessment, structure, and impact on the core business, and identify two sets of motives for corporate venturing. The first, ‘leveraging’, in which firms seek to exploit existing competencies in new technologies or markets. Second, ‘learning’, in which firms seek to develop new competencies, often related to existing technologies or markets. Different organizational structures and management processes are appropriate to each case, and we illustrate a range of successful and less successful design choices from our sample of corporate ventures.     

多输出组合逻辑系统中软故障的分析

本文运用两变量沃尔什-阿达马变换分析了一般多输出组合逻辑系统因软故障引起的系 统错误概率,导出了计算某些特殊情况及常用的SUM-OF-PRODUCT和NAND-NAND系统错 误概率的简化公式和快速算法.利用计算机研究了几个实例,它们揭示了由软故障引起的系 统错误概率的特征,为设计多输入多输出组合逻辑系统,降低软故障对系统的影响,提供了有 益的启示.     

The adoption and design methodologies of component-based enterprise systems

One of the major investments of information technologies in large companies in the past decade has been the enterprise system. Although the enterprise system has the advantages of managing and integrating almost all of the business processes in the whole company, there have been strong criticisms that the enterprise system often imposes its own logic or business process on a company and lacks flexibility and adaptability in today's dynamic business environment. The goal of this paper is to outline a new approach in enterprise system development. We analyse the factors that affect the adoption of enterprise systems. Market and business changes, and advances in information technologies call for a more flexible, open, and scalable enterprise architecture. We describe the process that Dell Computer Corporation took in adopting its component-based enterprise system architecture. The Dell example has demonstrated the importance of fit between business information systems and fundamental organizational dimensions of the company including strategy, business environment, and organizational structure. We also discuss the design methodologies for component-based enterprise system design. We take a coordination perspective, both at the software level and the organizational level, in addressing the design methodologies for component-based enterprise system development.     

Logic synthesis and testing techniques for switching nano-crossbar arrays

Beyond CMOS, new technologies are emerging to extend electronic systems with features unavailable to silicon-based devices. Emerging technologies provide new logic and interconnection structures for computation, storage and communication that may require new design paradigms, and therefore trigger the development of a new generation of design automation tools. In the last decade, several emerging technologies have been proposed and the time has come for studying new ad-hoc techniques and tools for logic synthesis, physical design and testing. The main goal of this project is developing a complete synthesis and optimization methodology for switching nano-crossbar arrays that leads to the design and construction of an emerging nanocomputer. New models for diode, FET, and four-terminal switch based nanoarrays are developed. The proposed methodology implements logic, arithmetic, and memory elements by considering performance parameters such as area, delay, power dissipation, and reliability. With combination of logic, arithmetic, and memory elements a synchronous state machine (SSM), representation of a computer, is realized. The proposed methodology targets variety of emerging technologies including nanowire/nanotube crossbar arrays, magnetic switch-based structures, and crossbar memories. The results of this project will be a foundation of nano-crossbar based circuit design techniques and greatly contribute to the construction of emerging computers beyond CMOS. The topic of this project can be considered under the research area of “Emerging Computing Models” or “Computational Nanoelectronics”, more specifically the design, modeling, and simulation of new nanoscale switches beyond CMOS.     

Fuzzy R&D portfolio selection of interdependent projects

Global competition of markets has forced firms to invest in targeted R&D projects so that resources can be focused on successful outcomes. A number of options are encountered to select the most appropriate projects in an R&D project portfolio selection problem. The selection is complicated by many factors, such as uncertainty, interdependences between projects, risk and long lead time, that are difficult to measure. Our main concern is how to deal with the uncertainty and interdependences in project portfolio selection when evaluating or estimating future cash flows. This paper presents a fuzzy multi-objective programming approach to facilitate decision making in the selection of R&D projects. Here, we present a fuzzy tri-objective R&D portfolio selection problem which maximizes the outcome and minimizes the cost and risk involved in the problem under the constraints on resources, budget, interdependences, outcome, projects occurring only once, and discuss how our methodology can be used to make decision support tools for optimal R&D project selection in a corporate environment. A case study is provided to illustrate the proposed method where the solution is done by genetic algorithm (GA) as well as by multiple objective genetic algorithm (MOGA).     

一种分析和设计认证协议的新逻辑

提出一种分析和设计认证协议的新逻辑,可以用来分析认证协议和设计认证协议。通过运用该逻辑,使认证协议的设计和分析可以在同一种逻辑中进行,也消除了用不同的方法来设计和分析认证协议的不一致性。在分析协议时,先用逻辑对协议进行形式化,再用推理规则对协议进行推理。如果不能推理出协议的最终目标,说明协议存在缺陷或者漏洞。在设计协议时,通过运用合成规则使协议设计者可用一种系统化的方法来构造满足需要的协议。用该逻辑对Needham-Schroeder私钥协议进行了分析,指出该协议不能满足协议目标,并重新设计了该协议。     

基于概率分布代表点的模型集合设计方法

对于估计、滤波和控制等问题, 多模型方法提供了一种非常优越的解决方案. 设计优良的模型集合是应用多模型方法的首要问题. 本文提出了一种基于概率分布代表点的模型集合设计方法. 在已知系统模式的概率分布条件下, 由数论方法获得代表其概率分布的F–偏差或伪F–偏差代表点和均方差代表点, 利用这些代表点构成覆盖系统模式空间的模型集合. 文中给出了一维和二维模型集合的具体设计. 仿真结果说明了所设计的模型集合的性能.     

Object Technologies of Designing Corporate Information Systems of Mass Medical Service

The paper deals with the fundamental issues of designing corporate mass medical service systems. Basic principles of design of infological models of object domains and potentialities of object technologies for structural analysis and logic design of distributed applications are considered.     

IBIZA: E-market Infrastructure for Custom-built Information Products

The merger of electronic commerce, intelligent agent and distributed computing technologies over TCP/IP-based platforms enables the creation of electronic markets in new types of products featuring both human and software agents as actors. One such example is a market in custom-built information products. These are information products that have been constructed to meet specific requirements provided by the consumer. Examples include custom research reports, analysis, and computational objects. How should these markets be designed? What are the market mechanisms that should be used to coordinate the interactions between the actors? What should be the decision strategies employed by the software agents that participate in the market? IBIZA is a computational workbench that enables designers to create and simulate electronic markets in information products. It provides a repository of software agents, bidding strategies, brokering strategies and market mechanisms. Using the repository, designers can instantiate particular designs of electronic markets and conduct experiments to study the impact of design decisions on desired objectives. In this paper, we focus on the key technical and economic issues encountered in the design of IBIZA. We illustrate using examples from our work on designing a software agent-based electronic market for automated model development.     

Designing information systems for nursing practice: data base and knowledge base requirements of different organizational technologies

One of the major causes of failure of information system design is the failure of developers to take into account the organizational environment, thereby leading to an unusable system. The first step in designing an effective system is to describe the user's view of the system, a view that incorporates how the system will help users to manage information in their particular organizational environment. For nurses involved in designing a nursing information system, a useful way of considering the organizational environment is provided by Perrow. The organizational technologies described by Perrow can be viewed as different models of nursing practice, each with particular requirements for a knowledge base and a data base. Nurses can identify the model that most closely corresponds to actual or desired nursing practice in their agencies and use the model's associated knowledge base and data base requirements as a guide to specifying the information system to be developed.     

The Search for Alternative Computational Paradigms

Nanometer processes are characterized by extremes of process variations, noise, soft errors, and other nonidealities, which threaten to nullify the intrinsic benefits of scaling. The resulting robustness and energy efficiency problem cannot be addressed in a cost-effective manner solely through advances in manufacturing. Alternative models of computation are needed that thrive in the presence of statistical variations in the underlying device and circuit fabric. This article explores communications-inspired models of computation supported by innovative robust circuit and logic fabric design approaches. These models share the common feature of leveraging dense networks with information exchange and coupling among nodes to enhance robustness without compromising energy efficiency. Promising post-silicon devices such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) offer an attractive platform on which to build such computational systems. This article identifies opportunities and challenges in designing robust and low-power SoCs in emerging nanoscale process technologies, employing radically new modes of computation.     

Fusion of preferences from different perspectives in a decision-making context

Solving a decision-making problem about a brand-new product might include preferences from a high number of potential customers (e.g., followers of a company on social media) and managerial constraints (or preferences) given by corporate managers with regard to different aspects (i.e., economical, technical, environmental, etc.) over multiple criteria (e.g., weight, capacity, color, or usefulness of a product). These give us some new insights on fusing preferences given by persons having different perspectives (e.g., economical, technical, environmental, etc.), including decision-makers, and aimed to be suitable for different organizational structures (e.g., multilevel structures). Herein, a proper representation is needed to merge preferences from each perspective, enabling their propagation, throughout an organizational structure until the level in which a decision is made. This representation is presented as a decision-making unit (DMU), and is used as the primary component of our decision-making model. In this paper, we propose a novel decision-making model that recursively merges the preferred criteria from different DMUs using the logic scoring of preference (LSP) method. An illustrative example demonstrating the applicability of the proposed model, in the context of a new product design, is included in the paper.     

On the soundness,completeness and applicability of the logic of knowledge and communicative commitments in multi-agent systems

Benthem’s correspondence theory is one of the most important tools of the theory of modal logics developed in the last three decades. Correspondence theory, a subfield of the model theory, reflects a systematic study of relations between classes of frames and modal language. In this paper, we use correspondence theory for modal logics to solve a problem not addressed yet in the literature, namely the soundness and completeness of a logic combining two different, yet related modalities: agents’ knowledge and commitments. The paper proves the soundness and completeness of this logic called CTLKC⁺. This work is highly significant as it proves that combining the two agents’ modalities resulted in a consistent logic that can be used to design reliable systems. The methodology is as follows: we develop a set of reasoning postulates (axioms) that reflect the interaction between agents’ knowledge and social commitments in multi-agent system (MAS) using the CTLKC⁺ logic and correspond them to certain classes of frames. In particular, we first give a name, formalization and meaning for each postulate. Then, we correspond the postulates to certain classes of frames and provide the required proofs. Thereafter, we present a discussion that illustrates the importance of the proposed postulates in MASs using a concrete application example called the NetBill protocol taken from the business domain. Finally, we show how the postulates were addressed in the literature. The existence of such a correspondence allows us to prove that the logic generated by any subset of these postulates is sound and complete with respect to models that are based on the corresponding frames. The ultimate goal of this paper is to further assess the logic of knowledge and commitments (CTLKC⁺) from a new perspective (i.e., the soundness and completeness). Consequently, this work advances the literature of logics in MASs and closes a gap that has not been explored before.     

Digital workplace transformation: Subtraction logic as deinstitutionalising the taken-for-granted

Digital technology enables the transformation of work and workplaces. Previous digital workplace transformation (DWT) literature has shown how organisations add new digital technologies to create new workplace routines. However, such an emphasis on addition may hinder scholarship from recognising that some established workplace technologies and routines must disappear for new ones to emerge. Adopting the concept of deinstitutionalisation, we examine the rationale for and the process of how an organisation abandons workplace routines that conflict with its intended DWT. Referring to this as subtraction logic, we advance two contributions. First, we conceptualise how deinstitutionalisation of established workplace routines and technologies unfolds in DWT by outlining a process model that synthesises addition and subtraction. Second, we highlight the underlying rationales for DWT. With these insights, we shift the gaze from the dominant addition logic, which advocates for appropriating new digital technologies, to the equally important value of subtraction, i.e., removing existing workplace technologies (or inscribed institutional rules) to abandon workplace routines that conflict with the intended DWT. Hence, our study highlights the oft-ignored subtraction logic in DWT.     

基于NX二次开发的三维弹簧快速设计方法

本文以弹簧为研究对象,根据NX Open API的二次开发原理,论述了二次开发环境设置、二次开发窗体设计及二次开发程序调试等基本功能,在此基础上提出了三维弹簧快速设计方案,并就开发及实现过程中的关键技术,如程序结构、接口、逻辑流程图等分别进行了详细论述,设计结果满足理论计算要求,可以为基于NX的二次开发提供支撑。     

Wirability?Designing wiring Space for Chips and Chip Packages

Early estimation of the wiring space requirements for logic chips and chip-carrying packages is essential. The authors propose a way to do this by taking into account the average length of wiring connections, the number of logic units to be wired, and the average number of connections per logic unit. They show that the probability of automatic wiring success is a function of the number of wiring tracks per logic unit, and that logic changes during design and the use of multicell macros increase the required track count. Intentional depopulation of the image, on the other hand, and the use of multilevel metal wiring decrease the required track count and chip size, respectively, for fixed maximum circuit cell count and fixed probability of automatic wiring success.     

基于DNA的分布式物流管理信息系统

物流系统现代化是企业获得利润的“第三源泉”。文章首先分析了传统的两层客户机/服务器结构在物流管理信息系统设计中的缺点,然后结合对雪莲公司物流系统的分析,介绍了基于WindowsDNA结构的物流管理信息系统的系统开发及其优点。     

基于跨域协同的网络空间威胁预警模式

网络空间威胁发展呈现出主动性、隐蔽性、泛在性的特点,向传统被动式、局域性、孤立化的网络防御模式提出了严峻挑战。针对大数据、人工智能与网络安全融合的新趋势,提出一种跨域协同的威胁预警模式,为网络空间安全防护赋能增效。首先,该模式从网络空间结构出发,通过划分安全威胁域、解析系统功能、设计共享机制,构建具有合纵连横作用的功能框架;其次,为提升威胁信息检测能力,设计了分层司职的协同化技术体系,阐述了威胁信息感知、处理、应用等关键技术;最后,借助应用场景,定性化描述了所提预警模式的能力增量。