活体亲属肾移植手术的17例报告

目的总结活体亲属肾移植的临床经验。方法对供、受者进行全面的免疫学检查，对供者行IVU检查了解分侧肾功能，行DSA或MRA、螺旋CT血管三维成像检查了解血管的变异情况之后，开放式手术摘取供肾13例，经后腹腔镜活体供肾摘取4例，按常规方法移植给受者。免疫抑制方案为环孢素A（或FK506）、霉酚酸酯（或硫唑嘌呤、雷帕鸣）、强的松三联免疫抑制剂。结果13例开放式手术时间1．5～3．0h，平均2．0h；热缺血时间1．0～1．5min，平均1．2min；术中出血量60～200ml，平均140ml，术中及术后均未输血；术后住院7～10d，平均8d。4例后腹腔镜手术时间3．0～4．5h，平均3．5h；热缺血时间2．5～3．5min，平均2．8min；术中出血量60～100ml，平均75ml，术中及术后均未输血；术后3～5d出院。移植肾血液循环恢复后10～40s泌尿，平均20s。1例受者术后45d发生轻微的急性排斥反应，应用激素冲击3d后逆转，其余受者均无并发症。随访4～60个月，人／肾存活率为100％，移植肾功能良好。结论活体亲属肾移植安全可行，取左肾尽量靠近腹主动脉壁切断肾动脉，取右肾切取少许下腔静脉片。     

移植肾功能延迟恢复的临床诊治体会

目的．探讨肾移植术后移植肾功能延迟恢复（DGF）的病因及治疗方法。方法分析本组发生的43例肾移植术后DGF患者的临床资料，主要原因：急性排斥（AR）17例（39．5％），急性肾小管坏死（ATN）16例（37．2％），输尿管梗阻4例（9．3％），免疫抑制剂肾毒性4例（9．3％），动脉吻合口狭窄2例（4．6％）。经血液透析治疗16例，ATG／ALG或OKT3治疗12例，外科手术6例。结果36例肾移植术后8—113d（平均23．8d）肾功能恢复正常，2例肌酐在176—300μmol／L之间，4例恢复血透，1例死于肺部感染。结论AR和ATN是引起肾移植术后DGF的主要因素，术前严格配型、合理筛选受者及保证供肾质量等是成功的关键。     

肾移植术后高尿酸血症的防治

我院自1978年8月～1994年12月共开展同种肾移植568例次，通过实验室检测血尿酸增高（高尿酸血症）者15例，发生率为2．6％。现将其防治体会报告如下。1资料与方法1.1临床资料本组15例均为男性，年龄23～53岁，平均35岁。原发病为慢性肾炎、尿毒症14例，双侧多囊肾、尿毒症1例。术前均行血液透析治疗，实验室检查血尿酸均正常。术后肾功能迅速恢复12例，延迟恢复3例。术后均采用环孢素A＋硫唑嘌呤＋泼尼松（CSA＋Aza＋Pred）三联免疫抑制治疗。1.2免疫抑制剂的应用15例肾移植患者手术前1d及手术当天清晨各口服Aza100mg，手术当天静脉滴注…     

介入诊疗技术在肾移植临床上的应用(附14例报告)

目的：探讨介入诊疗技术在肾移植临床上的应用。方法：回顾性分析14例肾移植术后患者接受介入诊疗的临床资料．其中肾移植术后肾功能丧失8例。移植肾动脉血栓形成2例．移植肾动脉狭窄2例。假性动脉瘤和术后并发重症高血压各1例。结果：对8例移植肾失功能者进行动脉造影。3例显示血管堵塞未予处置，另5例进行移植。肾动脉栓塞。其中3例栓塞术后完全停用免疫抑制剂．1例用小剂量激素维持．1例手术切除移植肾。1例重症高血压者经自体肾动脉栓塞．血压得到很好控制。接受肾动脉栓塞术患者均出现“栓塞后综合征”。2例移植肾动脉血栓形成患者溶栓成功．但。肾功能未恢复。2例移植肾动脉狭窄患者．1例放置支架失败。仅进行球囊扩张，术后血压控制良好。肾功能恢复。但6个月后血压再次升高、肾功能严重受损而行栓塞治疗，1例未处置。术后高血压得到控制。1例移植肾假性动脉瘤者经动脉造影证实后手术切除。结论：移植肾或自体肾动脉栓塞可替代手术切除移植肾和治疗肾移植术后重症高血压；移植肾动脉血栓形成可作溶栓治疗；移植肾动脉狭窄进行球囊扩张远期效果不佳。     

肾移植术后尿瘘的病因诊断及处理对策

目的：探讨肾移植术后尿瘘的病因诊断及处理对策，以降低肾移植术后患者尿瘘发病率及死亡率。方法：回顾性分析2003年1月～2007年12月以来行340例次肾移植术后出现尿瘘的原因及其积极正确的诊断与治疗经验，以挽救移植肾功能及患者生命。结果：340例次肾移植中，确诊尿瘘15例次，发生率为4．4％，发生时间5～24天，平均15天。根据诊断及临床特征行保守治疗和手术治疗等，恢复功能14例，治愈率为93．3％；死亡1例。死亡率为6．7％。结论：尿瘘是肾移植后主要并发症之一，发生原因各异，排斥反应及血供损伤是主要原因。加强抗排斥反应，防止血供损伤，作抗反流乳头吻合，常规内置双J管，可以减少其发生；早期诊断及个体化治疗方案是其治愈的关键。     

肾移植术后肾功能延迟恢复的原因及对策

目的：探讨肾移植术后肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)的原因及处理方法。方法：报告我院发生的33例肾移植术后DGF患者的临床资料,发生DGF的原因是急性排斥15例,急性肾小管坏死(ATN)13例,动脉吻合口狭窄2例。输尿管梗阻2例,环孢素中毒1例。经血液透析治疗31例,ATG／ALG或OKT3治疗28例,经皮移植肾动脉吻合口球囊扩张2例,外科手术2例。结果：29例肾移植术后10～93d(平均24．8d)肾功能恢复正常,2例肌酐在200～300μmol／L之间,1例恢复血透,1例于肾功能恢复正常1月后死于肺部感染。结论：急性排斥反应是引起肾移植术后DGF的主要因素,术前严格配型、合理治疗和耐心等待是成功的关键。     

采用SELDI技术检测肾移植患者尿液蛋白质指纹图谱诊断慢性移植肾肾病

目的 探讨应用表面增强激光解吸离子化飞行时间质谱（SELDI）技术检测慢性移植肾肾病（CAN）患者尿液蛋白质指纹图谱峰值的意义。方法 实验分为4组。对照组：身体健康者6例；肾功能衰竭组：慢性肾功能衰竭者5例，未进行肾移植；肾功能恢复组：肾移植术后移植肾功能恢复正常的长期存活者22例；CAN组：肾移植术后发生CAN者16例。取各组受试者早晨中段尿液，应用SELDI技术检测蛋白质指纹图谱峰值。结果 经检测，肾功能恢复组和CAN组之间有3个蛋白质的表达存在差异（P〈0．05）；在肾功能衰竭组和肾功能恢复组之间有7个蛋白质表达存在差异（P〈0．05），其中3个可能为潜在性的标记物（P〈0．01）；在对照组和肾功能衰竭组之间有19个蛋白质表达存在差异（P〈0．05），其中12个可能为潜在性的标记物（P〈0．01）。结论 SELDI技术可通过比较不同患者尿液蛋白质谱间的差异，分析出能区分CAN和其他肾病的特异性蛋白质峰值，初步筛选出有意义的差异蛋白，可为CAN的早期临床诊断提供一个可行的检测途径和方法。     

交叉反应组配型在高致敏患者肾移植中的应用

目的 探讨交叉反应组(CBEG)配型在高致敏患者肾移植中的临床意义。方法 动态监测肾移植受者体内群体反应性抗体(PRA)的水平及其特异性，按照CREG配型原则选择最匹配的供者。结果 60例受者术前PRA超过11％，均有单纯性或混合性升高；按照CREG配型，0～1个抗原错配、2个抗原错配、3～4个抗原错配者术后肌酐恢复正常的时间平均为6．5d、7．0d、12．7d，发生肾功能恢复延迟的例数分别为0、7例、3例，各组间的差异具有显著性(P＜0．05)。结论 高致敏受者在肾移植时采用CREG配型，可避开受者预存的HLA抗体特异性所对应的抗原，对于提高肾移植人／肾存活率具有重要意义。     

尸肾移植术后急性肾小管坏死的回顾性分析(附14例报告)

目的：探讨尸肾移植术后急性肾小管坏死（ATN）的发病因素和防治措施。方法：回顾性分析14例尸肾移植术后ATN患者的临床资料。结果：14例经过透析治疗，肾功能恢复正常。结论：ATN的发生与热缺血时间长、供肾灌注不良、低温保存不当等多因素有关。重视预防可能减少肾移植术后ATN的发生机会。一旦发生ATN，应尽早恢复透析，同时需预防急性排斥反应和其他并发症。     

23例儿童肾移植临床分析

目的：探讨儿童肾移植的临床特点，提高肾移植效果。方法：对23例3～17岁的儿童肾移植资料进行回顾性分析。结果：术后随访5d至72个月，平均26．1个月，死亡1例，人、肾1年存活率分别为93．3％和86．6％。术后7例发生急性排斥反应，6例治疗后逆转，1例因并发移植肾静脉栓塞，切除移植肾；2例发生慢性排斥反应，1例移植肾功能丧失，恢复血液透析，另一例仍在随访治疗中；其它并发症有肺部感染4例，心力衰竭2例，肾静脉阻塞2例，肝功能损害2例，急性肾小管坏死1例。结论：儿童肾移植具有一定的特殊性，其血管较细、急性排斥反应发生率较高以及药物代谢快等都是应妥善处理的问题。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.