流体水化学观测方法在断层土壤气观测中的应用

利用现有水化学观测仪器设备对某些灵敏气体进行观测,比如使用水氡、水质、气体观测仪器设备进行断层土壤气氡、二氧化碳、气体观测的实验研究,并且给出了集气、采气装置的构成方式.氡气和气体观测采用真空负压采样法,使用水氡观测仪器和气相色谱仪.而土壤二氧化碳观测方法可采用碱溶液吸收法,采样时采用真空负压采样法或常压自然吸收法两种方式,还提出了氡气观测中设计采样装置时应注意的事项.     

地震台站仪器设备防雷改造实践

通过对重庆地区地震台站雷击情况分析,总结出电源线路及通信线路引雷是雷电入侵仪器设备的主要原因,结合“十五”地震台数字化仪器的特点,设计出完善的地震台仪器设备防雷方案,使用专用防雷设备,可以有效防止雷灾发生或减轻雷灾的损失.     

新疆数字地震观测台网仪器信息资源的建立

文章从新疆数字地震观测台网各观测台站仪器信息收集、信息资源的建立、动态信息资源的管理等方面进行论述,以建立统一完善的仪器信息管理模式,确保数字地震台地震仪器信息准确、完整,为合理利用仪器设备资源、维修维护仪器设备提供快速的查询服务。     

佘山地震台地震设备监控软件开发

通过C语言编程实现地震仪器设备故障报警,利用Fetion Robot平台开发,实现故障短信发送与第三方向日葵软件的结合使用,对地震监测设备进行远程监控和管理,达到地震设备运行状态的实时监控,快速发现数据断记,查明故障原因,及时恢复正常工作。     

QSJ型锌空气电池的应用

随着地震科学研究工作的深入,各地震观测台站不断采用新的仪器设备,对所使用的电源也提出了更高的要求。例如要求电源电压变化范围小、能长期稳定供电等,以确保台站仪器设备正常运转。同时,也要求电源增强适应性,使在不同的气候、温度环境下均能工作。上海地震局在苏州天平山无人地震台所采用的QSJ型锌空气电池,经过长期使用,效果较好。     

天津市地震局地震事件共享系统的设计与实现

分析了天津市测震台网历史数据的使用现状,并利用PHP语言和百度地图API程序的二次开发,建立了天津市地震局地震事件共享系统。利用该系统实现了天津市地震局历史地震事件的共享,用户可通过共享系统查询地震目录和下载地震事件,通过My Sql数据库语言设计系统各功能模块相关数据库表单,保存地震目录信息、用户反馈信息相关图片。该系统通过SESSION变量实现用户权限管理,避免了事件文件误传的可能性。通过该系统平台的投入使用,提升了系统原有地震事件保存方式,方便了用户查询使用事件文件的效率,使数据共享工作在天津市地震局得到了提升。     

用微动中的面波信息探测地壳浅部的速度结构

本文介绍了利用地脉动中的面波信息探测地壳浅部横波速度结构的观测方法、仪器设备、野外数据采集和用空间自相关方法测定相速度及相关的数据处理方法,并给出了在两个场地的探测实例. 通过与钻探结果对比表明,由该方法推测的地壳浅部1～2 km 深度范围的浅层横波速度结构,对于确定物性差异大的地层界面是有效和可靠的. 由于该方法使用的是地脉动噪声中的面波信息,不需要专门的震源, 因此具有经济快捷、应用范围广泛等优点,将可能成为一种新的具有很好应用前景的地球物理勘探方法.     

读取地震目录自动截取波形程序

“九五”期间各个数字测震台网利用北京港震机电技术有限公司提供的EDSPRTP实时数据处理系统接收各个数字地震台站数据并将数据保存为EDAS格式的连续波形文件.本文介绍EDAS格式波形文件的结构以及利用C语言编写程序,从而实现通过读取地震目录文件得到地震事件的发震时刻和震级,然后自动截取地震波形并且保存该地震事件.     

长周期大地电磁测深数据采集及处理技术

研究岩石圈底部的上地幔盖层甚至软流圈的电性结构,需要采集周期长达几万秒的长周期大地电磁场信号,这对仪器设备、采集以及处理技术都提出了更高的要求.本文论述了用于采集长周期信号的仪器设备及其特殊性,讨论了长周期大地电磁测深测站的布置要求,并采用长周期大地电磁测深仪器试采了长周期大地电磁场信号.对试采信号的处理结果表明,采用长周期仪器设备和稳定性好的不极化电极,合理布置测站,能够采集到最长周期达几万秒的长周期大地电磁场信号.     

新疆哈密翼龙化石风化机理初步研究

哈密翼龙化石的发现对探讨翼龙习性、起源与演化具有重要意义.但随着保存环境的变化,化石骨骼产生了明显的开裂剥落等风化现象,严重威胁化石保存.本文利用X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)等多种方法对骨骼化石进行测试,以探讨其风化机理.分析表明,翼龙中空骨骼内的填充物主要是方解石,夹杂少量石英和长石等碎屑颗粒.骨骼化石的主要成分是羟基...     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.