W型火焰燃烧的实验研究

本文设计了1 MW“W型”火焰煤粉燃烧实验台,并对焦作无烟煤进行了热态试验,分析了炉膛最高温度(火焰中心)的位置对W火焰的稳定形成的重要性,通过实验测得了其合理的相关位置。实验结果表明: W型火焰燃烧有很强的低负荷稳燃性,特别适合于低挥发份煤的燃烧。当火焰中心位置处于最下层二次风处时,炉内才能形成较好的W火焰;下炉膛中前后墙的壁面热负荷较为均匀,而左右墙的壁面热负荷分布呈“中间温度高两边温度低”的特性;上炉膛左右墙与前后墙的壁面温度分布基本一致。     

火焰辐射的Marcov模型及燃烧预测

基于光纤光谱仪的光谱分析火焰监测系统可实时监测锅炉火焰各特征区的辐射光谱。在此基础上,作者构建了火焰辐射的Marcov模型,并研究了利用该模型对火焰的燃烧工况进行诊断和预测。     

多环形逆向分布射流稳定和强化煤粉及水煤浆燃烧

一、前言 稳定燃烧低等级和劣质煤粉,电站锅炉低负荷稳定运行及节省点火用油,开发水煤浆应用技术,这些都是节能工作中的重要方面,但都又面临着因之而引起的燃烧问题需要解决.随着各国能源政策的变化,燃料结构随之变化,水煤浆、低等级和劣质煤以及低热值燃料的开发利用,传统的稳定火焰方式渐感不足,从而要求燃烧技术有个发展.国内外在燃烧新技术的探索上进行了不少的工作,有的取得了成绩.作者于1985年提出了环形逆向分布射流稳定燃烧水煤浆和煤粉新方式.     

分级燃烧稳定性的数值计算

发展低NOx燃烧技术,一个主要方法是通过分级燃烧组合燃烧过程来满足工况下的低污染排放要求.实现该技术的一个关键技术是如何在运行中避免或控制非稳定振荡燃烧.通过对分级燃烧系统的非稳态数值模拟,可以看列燃烧系统动态特性不仅与每个进口的安排有关,也和频率密切相关.通过构建火焰传递函数,可以定量分析火焰动态变化的大小和它们之间的相位关系.这些结果可以帮助我们在设计和运行分级燃烧系统时,防止可能出现的振荡燃烧,实现燃烧系统在全工况下安全、高效运行.     

具有火焰稳定船的直流煤粉燃烧器内三维湍流流场的实验研究

一、引言 具有火焰稳定船的直流煤粉燃烧器是一种新型的高效低污染燃烧器,已成功地应用于电站煤粉锅炉上。实践表明,它不仅能降低锅炉的启动点火用油,使煤粉锅炉在低负荷下稳定燃烧,而且能减少NO_x的排放量。以往对该燃烧器的研究主要着重于工业应用,还未对其内部湍流流场进行全面地实验研究。     

辐射光谱法电站锅炉燃烧检测诊断研究

准确有效地监测燃煤电站锅炉炉内火焰,对锅炉和电厂的高效安全运行具有十分重要的意义。本文基于光谱法测量火焰温度和辐射率研究的基础上,研制了火检探针,在一台300 MW煤粉锅炉上开展了试验研究,测量了锅炉不同位置燃烧器煤粉火焰的辐射光谱,得到在不同负荷下的温度、辐射率,给出了测量结果,并对结果进行了深入的分析.     

人工神经网络用于燃烧火焰状态识别的研究

1引言燃烧过程是一个强非线性动力学系统，其稳定性是直接通过燃烧火焰状态的变化反映。燃烧状态变化受到燃料、配风等诸多因素制约，具有很强的模糊及随机特性［‘－‘］。实际生产中，大型电站锅炉的燃烧稳定性直接影响到整个电力工业的经济性和安全性，目前以此为背景的锅炉火焰监视系统所能完成的功能距实时性、智能化的要求相差甚远。本文针对CmHn和煤粉火焰进行了多因素变工况试验研究，在此基础上，从可视化角度，提出基于人工神经网络（AN用理论的火焰状态识别模型。ANN是目前最突出的智能化理论，它可以很好的模拟非线性系统的…     

燃煤锅炉燃烧过程与NOx排放的模型与数值计算

本文以一台前墙布置有24只旋流燃烧器的350 MW燃煤电站锅炉为研究对象,对锅炉在100%、95%、85%、70%和50%额定负荷下的流动、燃烧和NOx排放进行了全炉膛数值模拟。模拟结果与锅炉运行和实测数据进行了全面比较并发现,除50%负荷外,其余工况两者符合情况良好。文中提出并采用了NOx模拟中相关的模型参数;对炉内空气量、炉温与NOx生成关系的计算结果表明, NOx的最终排放对温度的敏感性更强。     

花瓣燃烧器低负荷运行理论与应用的研究

本文应用贴体坐标结构化网格对复杂曲面的花瓣燃烧器进行了三维(360°)煤粉燃烧的数值模拟.给出了在75%BMCR和55%BMCR工况下花瓣燃烧器的流场和浓度场,重点分析了花瓣燃烧器的稳燃原理和特性.计算结果表明,在花瓣稳燃器的作用下,煤粉气流进入炉内能立即在瓣后的径向回流区内着火燃烧,并在此区域形成稳定的"值班火焰",为整个风粉气流的着火燃烧提供稳定的热量来源.有利于低挥发分煤在广泛负荷范围内的稳定着火和完全燃烧.     

移动火焰锋面(MFF)模型火焰锋面确定条件的进一步改进

考虑碳粒表面还原反应的移动火焰锋面模型(MFF-Ⅰ)在推导火焰锋面位置时,仅考虑了碳粒表面氧化反应的影响.本文综合考虑碳粒表面的氧化反应、还原反应对火焰锋面位置的影响,给出更严格的推导,即MFF-Ⅱ模型.在通常的燃烧工况下,改进模型MFF-Ⅱ与原始模型MFF-Ⅰ相比,预报结论基本一致.但对于较低氧浓度的工况,比如再燃、气化问题,改进模型MFF-Ⅱ同样可以给出可信的预报结果,而这是MFF-Ⅰ模型所不及的.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.