土壤pH,氮湖泊,磷,钼对烟草早期生长和矿质营养的影响

在温室粉壤土进行了两个烟草试验，以确定土壤酸度、氮肥种类及磷素对烟草的生长和矿质营养的影响。研究结果表明，施ＮＨ４＾＋可使根际ｐＨ降低０．４～０．６，而ＮＯ３＾３则使ｐＨ升高，但升高值不足００．１。施ＮＨ４＾＋后的烟草其早期生生慢于施ＮＯ３＾－的烟草。在第一个试验中，烟草体内的磷不受氮肥种类的影响。而在第二个试验中，不论是否施磷，施入ＮＨ４＾＋均提高了烟草体内磷的深度及其生物量。烟草体内磷的浓度主     

树冠微域环境对茶树碳氮代谢的影响

【目的】树冠微域环境对植物的生长有着显著影响,改善植物树冠环境可提升收获对象的品质。因此茶树的生长特别是其碳氮代谢及茶叶品质可能会受到树冠微域环境影响,本文拟通过覆盖遮荫的方式人为改变茶树树冠微域环境,以探明树冠微域环境对茶树碳氮代谢等的影响。【方法】采用田间小区试验,通过在茶树树冠面上分别覆盖光热透过性能不同的三种遮荫材料,人为改变茶树树冠面的微域环境,以不覆盖为对照,比较不同树冠微域环境条件下树冠面空气温度、空气湿度、光照等环境因子的变化及光合速率等的差异,并通过氨基酸组分分析及高效液相色谱等方法对不同季节茶树新梢中碳氮初级代谢产物进行分析,以比较树冠微域环境变化对茶树碳氮代谢及茶鲜叶品质等的影响。【结果】茶树树冠面经三种光热透过性能不同的遮阳网在蓬面直接覆盖后,茶树新梢的生长小环境及碳氮代谢均发生了变化: 1）树冠面的光照强度、空气温度及叶片温度均得到了不同程度的降低,空气相对湿度得到了不同程度的提高。其中覆盖隔热网的降温效果最好,降温幅度最高可达3.1℃;覆盖银色网在早晚有较好的降温效果,降温幅度可达1.6℃,但在12时、14时和16时未有明显的降温效果。而覆盖黑网后早晨的树冠面空气温度与叶片温度却显著高于其他各处理,且随着外界温度的升高,黑网下的两种温度与不覆盖比表现出了波动现象。2）茶树被覆盖后,其净光合速率表现出显著的降低趋势,其中黑网覆盖处理与不覆盖处理均在中午12点左右出现一个低谷,出现了午睡现象,而银色网与隔热网覆盖处理没有表现出午睡现象;覆盖后茶树叶片胞间CO2浓度较不覆盖表现出升高趋势,其中以隔热网处理为最高。3）在高温强光季节对茶树进行适度遮荫覆盖,能在一定程度上促进茶树氮代谢,减弱茶树碳代谢,改善各季茶树新梢的品质。主要表现为茶新梢的叶绿素含量、氮磷钾等养分含量、游离氨基酸总量显著增加;氨基酸组分如茶氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸等也均表现出显著增加趋势;茶新梢中总碳含量及茶多酚等碳水化合物含量降低;总碳、C/N、茶多酚含量等显著降低,儿茶素组分降低但儿茶素品质指数增加、苦涩味指数降低;三种茶树微域环境中,隔热网覆盖的树冠环境对茶叶品质提升方面效果最明显。4）与不覆盖相比,茶树新梢产量表现出了降低的趋势。【结论】通过遮荫覆盖等方式调控茶树树冠微域环境会影响茶树碳氮代谢等生理活动、提高茶鲜叶品质,但茶鲜叶的产量表现出降低的趋势。     

设施蔬菜土壤剖面氮磷钾积累及对地下水的影响

针对设施栽培中传统施肥灌溉带来的养分浪费和环境污染问题,采集河北省定州市设施蔬菜、农田土样及相应的地下水样品,分析了不同设施蔬菜种植年限土壤剖面中速效养分的累积规律及地下水受硝酸盐污染的程度。结果表明:0～200cm和0～400cm设施土壤的速效养分累积均高于对照农田。低龄棚硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾及水溶性磷含量分别为377.2mg·kg-1、448.8mg·kg-1、1405.6mg·kg-1、30.6mg·kg-1,分别是对照农田的4.7倍、4.6倍、1.4倍和11.5倍;老龄棚硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾及水溶性磷含量分别为629.1mg·kg-1、555.0mg·kg-1、2567.1mg·kg-1、35.2mg·kg-1,分别为对照农田的6.4倍、16.3倍、2.7倍和12.0倍。设施土壤速效养分深层累积比例随棚龄增加而增加。设施蔬菜栽培区表层地下水(地下饮用水,20m)受硝态氮污染严重,超标率和严重超标率为39.3%和7.1%;而深层地下水(农田和大棚灌溉水,40m)硝态氮含量7.4mg·L-1和9.6mg·L-1,超标率分别为25.0%和37.5%,无严重超标水样。     

春小麦大豆间作条件下作物养分吸收积累动态的研究

采用田间小区试验和微区根系分隔试验,通过间作与相应单作养分吸收动态的比较,阐明了小麦大豆间作中养分吸收的种间竞争作用和促进作用。结果表明,小麦具有更强的养分竞争能力,在两作物共生的８０多天中,间作小麦的吸氮量、吸磷量始终高于单作小麦,是其获得高产的基础。虽然间作大豆在前期养分吸收缓慢,在两作物共生期的氮磷钾吸收量均显著地低于单作大豆,但小麦收获后有明显的恢复。种间根系分隔试验结果表明,小麦大豆根系间不分隔时,小麦的吸氮量和吸磷量有明显的边行优势;用塑料膜分隔时,边行优势消失;但用尼龙网分隔时,小麦吸磷量表现出一定的边行优势,是大豆根际效应所致。     

氮磷钾对桔梗干物质积累及桔梗皂苷D含量的影响

采用3因素3水平的盆栽正交试验研究了不同浓度N(7.5、15、30 mmol L-1)、P(0.5、2、4 mmol L-1)和K(3、6、18 mmol L-1)营养液配比对桔梗干物质积累、养分吸收利用及桔梗皂苷D含量的影响。结果表明:在N_3、P_2、K_2水平处理下桔梗叶片光和色素含量及净光合速率各自达到最大值。随着栽培时间的延长,桔梗根部干物质及N、P、K积累量逐步增加,桔梗皂苷D含量则先下降后上升,但均在10月份显著升高。N、P、K肥对桔梗干物质积累及桔梗皂苷D含量的影响顺序为氮肥钾肥磷肥。10月收获时,分别在N_2、P_2、K_2水平处理下,桔梗根部干物质积累量及桔梗皂苷D含量最大。全生育期内桔梗植株对N、P、K的吸收量为101.93、86.24、158.10 mg plant-1。且春夏季N、P、K营养在桔梗地上部分高于地下部分,而秋季营养物质向根部集中。结论:桔梗植株全生育期内对氮、钾肥需求较多,且氮肥对桔梗的生长影响最大,每生产100 kg桔梗干物质需N、P_2O_5、K_2O的比例为1∶0.90∶1.27。     

施磷量对不同磷效率小麦氮、磷、钾积累与分配的影响

在土培盆栽条件下,以磷高效小麦(CD1158-7、省A3宜03-4)和磷低效小麦(渝02321)为材料,研究了不施磷、施磷(P)10、20和30mg/kg对小麦不同生育时期生物量、籽粒产量及氮、磷、钾的积累与分配的影响。结果表明:(1)随施磷量的减少,不同磷效率品种小麦籽粒产量和生物量均减少;同一施磷处理,磷高效品种籽粒产量和生物产量高于磷低效基因型。不施磷、施磷10mg/kg,高效品种CD1158-7、省A3宜03-4的籽粒产量为低效品种渝02321 的1.84 倍和1.74倍、1.64倍和1.27倍。(2)低磷处理,磷高效品种小麦植株能够积累较多的氮素;扬花期之前,磷高效品种氮素积累量占小麦全生育期积累量的比例高于低效品种。拔节期、孕穗期氮素分配比例为叶>茎>根,扬花期为叶>茎>穗>根,而成熟期为籽粒、颖壳>茎>叶>根。拔节期和孕穗期磷高效品种根的氮素分配比例高于低效品种,而扬花期和成熟期磷高效品种穗(籽粒)氮素分配比例较高。(3)小麦植株磷素积累量主要集中在拔节期以后的生育时期,占全生育期的82.32%~94.23%。低磷处理,高效品种在拔节期和孕穗期磷素积累量高于低效品种,孕穗期尤为突出。扬花期之前,不施磷处理下,磷高效品种根的磷素分配比例较高。(4)不同施磷处理下,拔节期、孕穗期及扬花期,磷高效品种小麦的钾积累量高于低效品种。不同器官钾素分配比例拔节期和孕穗期均为叶>茎>根,扬花期为茎>叶>穗>根,成熟期为茎>叶>籽粒、颖壳>根。磷高效品种在颖壳和籽粒的钾素分配比例高于低效品种。     

施氮活化根际土壤磷素促进粗齿冷水花的磷素积累

【目的】施氮可增强磷富集植物的磷积累能力,研究施氮对磷富集植物根际生物化学特性的影响,为解析氮素营养促进磷富集植物修复磷过剩土壤提供科学依据。【方法】以磷富集植物矿山生态型粗齿冷水花(ME)为试验材料,以非矿山生态型(NME)为对照。采用土培盆栽试验,分别设施氮(N) 0和140 mg/kg,施磷(P) 0、400、800、1200 mg/kg,共组成8个氮磷组合处理。分析植株地上部和地下部磷含量,根际和非根际土壤磷组分、酶活性和微生物活性的变化。【结果】1)在高磷处理下,两种生态型粗齿冷水花的生长和磷吸收受到抑制,而施氮提高了两种生态型植株对高磷的耐性,增加了其生物量和磷积累量;相比不施氮,施氮处理下ME地上部生物量和磷积累量最大增幅分别为72.5%和78.7%,NME最大增幅分别为80.1%和125.6%。施氮处理下,ME地上部生物量和磷积累量在施磷800 mg/kg时最大,分别为27.2 g/plant和193.8 mg/plant,且显著高于相同处理下的NME,分别是NME的1.18和1.24倍。2)施氮可提高两种生态型植株根际土壤水溶性磷和NaHCO₃提...     

氮、磷和钾营养对新海16长绒棉产量和品质的影响

氮肥、磷肥、钾肥N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．71：0．30并配合Zn、Mn、B微肥施用，经济施肥量为N189．3kg／hm2、P2O5134．4kg／hm^2、K2O57．2kg／hm^2，能显著促进棉花的生长发育和提高产量，比对照增产40％，对新海16纤维品质中的马克隆值影响显著，但对纤维综合品质影响不显著。     

氮磷钾在甘蔗体内的积累及对产量品质的影响

在田间试验条件下,研究了氮、磷、钾不同用量(氮:0、150、300、450 kg/hm2:磷:0、75、150、225 kg/hm2;钾:150、300、450 kg/hm2)对甘蔗体内氮、磷、钾积累及对产量品质的影响.研究结果表明:甘蔗的产量与钾肥的用量呈显著的正相关,与氮和磷的用量差异不显著;甘蔗的产糖量与磷、钾的用量呈正相关,与氮肥的用量没有显著性差异;甘蔗的含糖分与氮、磷、钾肥的用量没有直接的关系;营养元素在植株中的积累量随着施肥量的增加而增加,氮在甘蔗各组织中积累比例大小依次是蔗茎、梢头和枯叶,磷在甘蔗各组织中比例大小顺序依次为蔗茎、梢头和枯叶,钾在甘蔗各组织中比例大小顺序依次为梢头、蔗茎和枯叶.     

不同施氮水平对水稻土氮素供应和烤烟氮素吸收积累的影响

采用大田试验研究分析了凉山州植烟水稻土在不同施氮水平下的无机氮供应动态、烟株干物质积累、烟株对氮素的吸收分配规律以及烤后烟叶品质的差异。结果表明:施氮对土壤无机氮的影响持续到移栽后13周,随施氮量的增加土壤无机氮浓度升高,各处理无机氮供应高峰出现在移栽后7周和13周;各施氮处理烟株干物质积累均显著高于不施氮处理,说明施氮可以促进前期烟株根系的发育;施氮显著提高了各时期烟株中氮素的含量,尤其表现在移栽后9~11周,施氮75 kg/hm~2处理烟株氮积累量显著高于施氮45 kg/hm~2处理,但施氮105 kg/hm~2处理积累量与施氮75 kg/hm~2处理差异不大。综合感官评吸结果,本研究认为供试水稻土施氮量以75 kg/hm~2较为适宜。     

Compost,Lime, and Rock Phosphate Effects on Organic White Cabbage Growth and Nutrient Uptake

Organic white cabbage response to the application of a source-separated municipal organic-waste compost, lime, and Gafsa phosphate was investigated throughout a randomized block pot experiment under greenhouse conditions. Cabbage yield and nitrogen (N) uptake increased with all fertilizes; however, lime and phosphate effects on cabbage yield were enhanced when the compost was not applied. Phosphate application partially replaced the need for lime, showing that liming has to be estimated based on soil acidity but also on soil P availability and phosphate recommendation. Partitioning of N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) between leaves and roots was held for the benefit of the leaves, but to a lesser extent for P and Ca, compared to for N and K. This study shows the importance of P availability to improve cabbage growth and recommends source-separated organic waste compost to increase soil N availability for organic cabbage.     

Nutrient‐Release Rates of Controlled‐Release Fertilizers in Forest Soil

Abstract

Nutrient‐release rates of controlled‐release fertilizer (CRF) with four different labeled release periods were evaluated. Samples (30 g) sealed with nylon mesh were buried at a clearcut forest site (Price soil series) in western Oregon, USA, in February 2000 and excavated every 7 weeks for 14 months to determine residual weight and composition. Cool, dry soil conditions apparently prolonged nutrient release beyond labeled rates; the fertilizer with the shortest release period (3–4 months) released approximately 72% of the fertilizer (by weight), whereas that with the longest release period (8–9 months) released 48%. Release varied among individual nutrients [nitrate (NO₃)>ammonia (NH₃)>potassium (K)>sulfur (S)>magnesium (Mg)>phosphorus (P)]. Minimal changes in micronutrient [iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and molybdenum (Mo)] contents were attributed to the formation of insoluble compounds with P. Variable release among individual nutrients demonstrates a limitation toward delivering a full range of nutrients and suggests that further refinement of CRF technology is needed to optimize nutrient availability under realistic field conditions.     

不同施肥对雷竹林径流及渗漏养分流失规律的影响

为探明减量施肥和有机肥的施用对雷竹氮、磷流失的影响,在浙江省临安市雷竹产区,设置对照(CK)、常规施肥(CF)、减量无机施肥(DI)和减量有机无机施肥(DOI)4个施肥处理.通过建立径流场和土壤渗漏水收集装置,研究不同施肥雷竹林的氮、磷流失规律.结果表明,施肥后采集的水样中氮、磷浓度都有所提升,随着时间的推移而有所下降;不同施肥雷竹林径流水中,总氮、总磷浓度分别为5.61～10.22mg/L和0.99～1.93 mg/L,总氮平均浓度为CF＞DOI＞DI＞CK,总磷平均浓度为DOI＞DI＞CF＞CK;渗漏水中氮、磷浓度分别为32.23～111.54 mg/L和1.05～5.06 mg/L,氮平均浓度为CF＞DI＞DOI＞CK,磷平均浓度为DI＞CF＞ DOI＞ CK.渗漏小区中,DI和DOI处理氮流失量相对于CF处理分别减少了58.35,158.96 kg/hm2,即19.14％,52.13％;磷流失量分别减少了22.53％和59.66％;径流小区中,DI和DOI处理全氮流失量相对于CF处理分别减少了2.11,1.04 kg/hm2,即46.85％,23.12％,DOI处理全磷的流失量相对于CF处理增加了0.28 kg/hm2.     

Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Application from Swine Manure on Winter Wheat Growth and Nutrient Utilization

Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of swine manure application on wheat growth and nutrient uptake. Manure was added to soil on a nitrogen (N) basis at 325 kg plant-available nitrogen (PAN) ha^?1 (experiment 1) and on a phosphorus (P) basis at 50 kg P ha^?1, while maintaining a rate of 325 kg PAN ha^?1 through ammonium sulfate addition (experiment 2). Manure treatments increased overall wheat growth by 29% (P < 0.005) compared to the negative control (NC) and increased plant tissue N mass 48% (P < 0.001) and P mass 61% (P < 0.002) (experiment 1). Fertilizer control tended to increase (P < 0.10) wheat growth and increased total vegetative tissue N mass by 23% (P < 0.006) and potassium mass by 20% (P < 0.002) compared to manure treatments. Manure treatments increased wheat growth by 23% (P < 0.03) compared to the NC at the first harvest (experiment 2).     

侵蚀程度对红壤团聚体分布及养分含量的影响

[目的]探讨不同侵蚀程度下红壤团聚体和养分的变化规律,为侵蚀红壤的肥力提升和合理开发利用提供理论依据。[方法]将红壤表层按照不同深度剥离来模拟不同土壤侵蚀程度,比较分析不同侵蚀程度下团聚体稳定性、有机质和各养分的变化规律及其相互关系。[结果]各侵蚀程度红壤团聚体干筛粒级分布规律大体相似,以≥2mm粒级团聚体为优势粒级,与无明显侵蚀土壤相比,强烈侵蚀土壤≥2mm水稳性团聚体含量降低近1/3;随着土壤侵蚀程度增加,土壤碳、氮、磷等养分含量均表现出逐渐减少的规律,其中强烈侵蚀土壤有机质、全氮和全磷含量减少了30%左右,碱解氮含量减少了近50%,速效磷含量减少了80%以上。相关分析表明,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮含量均与≥2 mm团聚体含量、WSA,MWD和GMD值具有较好的正相关性(p0.05),与D和PAD值呈负相关。[结论]不同侵蚀程度对红壤团聚体分布及养分含量有一定影响,可通过增加有机肥来改善侵蚀红壤结构,提高土壤肥力。     

磷素营养对大豆磷素吸收及产量的影响

本试验以绥农14大豆为试验材料,利用砂培法,研究了不同供磷水平和不同生育时期断磷对大豆磷素吸收及产量的影响。结果表明:1）较高的供磷水平对大豆中前期植株磷浓度和磷素吸收促进作用明显,初花期（R1）,大豆植株磷素吸收量随供磷水平的提高而持续增加;鼓粒初期（R5）,当供磷水平达到51 mg/L时,再增加磷素营养已无明显促进作用;叶片和茎部磷浓度在磷素水平达到21～31 mg/L时,不再显著上升;到成熟期（R8）,供磷水平达到31 mg/L,对大豆磷素吸收促进作用不明显,达到41 mg/L时,根部磷浓度不再明显增加。2）大豆产量和单株大豆粒数随供磷水平的增加呈单峰曲线变化,供磷水平为31 mg/L处理产量最高,供磷水平为21 mg/L处理的粒数最多;供磷极低水平（1 mg/L）处理大豆植株处理粒数最少,节数也最少,百粒重反而最高。3）大豆鼓粒初期（R5）之前,磷素营养水平是产量形成的关键因素,之后是对磷素营养的非敏感期。V3～R1和R1～R5期间断磷,大豆节数和粒数减少,产量和磷素吸收明显下降,但对植株营养器官磷浓度无明显影响;R5～R7断磷处理影响大豆植株营养体、荚皮和子粒的磷浓度和磷素吸收量,而对产量无明显影响。     

矿物质调理剂对土壤养分含量及植物营养吸收的影响

通过室内培养和盆栽试验,研究了氮磷肥配施不同量(0、0.5、1.0、2.0 g/kg)矿物质调理剂对土壤pH和有效磷、钙、镁、硅等养分含量及作物产量和氮、磷、钾等营养元素吸收的影响。室内培养结果表明:施用1.0g/kg和2.0 g/kg调理剂,不仅增强了土壤抗酸化能力,使土壤pH从5.02提高到5.31和5.61,并且延缓了磷肥施入土壤后的固定速率,在施肥后第15天和第22天土壤有效磷含量得到明显增加,增幅分别为21.49%、24.17%和22.09%、23.84%。盆栽试验中,施用0.5～2.0 g/kg调理剂,土壤矿质养分得到有效补充,并能实现生菜增产10.47%～33.33%;同时,使生菜氮、磷、钾吸收量分别提高14.69%～44.26%、15.28%～52.89%和16.28%～42.43%。由此,施用矿物质调理剂是农业种植中改善土壤酸性、补充土壤有效养分、促进作物营养吸收并实现增产的有效途径。     

Sulfur composition of soybeans as affected by macronutrient deficiencies

Abstract

Results of solution culture experiments on effects of N, P, and K deficiencies on S constituents of leaf blades, total S concentrations, and S uptake by soybean plants are reported. Nitrogen deficiency decreased the concentration of soluble protein S, had little effect on nonsoluble S, and increased concentrations of soluble nonprotein S, sulfate S, reduced non‐protein S, and total S of soybean leaf blades. Soluble protein and S content of soluble protein decreased under N‐deficient conditions. For whole plants, S concentration and S uptake increased while dry weight was unaffected by N deficiency.

Phosphorus deficiency did not significantly affect S constituents of soybean leaf blades or whole plants. However, S concentrations and S uptake tended to decrease when P was deficient.

Potassium deficiency increased nonsoluble S concentrations in leaf blades and total S concentrations in whole plants but lowered dry weight per plant. Other S fractions of the leaf blades and S uptake per plant were not significantly affected.     

保水剂与氮磷肥配施对玉米生长及养分吸收的影响

以夏玉米为研究对象,采用避雨桶栽试验方法精确控制水肥条件,研究保水剂(SAP)与5种氮磷肥配比(N∶P分别为1∶4,2∶3,1∶1,3∶2,4∶1)模式对土壤肥力水平、玉米植株生长及其养分吸收利用的效应。结果表明,保水剂与氮磷肥均衡施用(N∶P为1∶1)能够促进玉米植株的生长及对养分的吸收利用,生育期内平均株高、叶面积较其他处理分别提高了3.36%～7.19%,5.36%～29.26%;干物质积累与植株氮、磷累积量较其他处理分别提高了13.79%～27.61%,15.91%～32.47%,18.66%～33.75%;同时与未施保水剂处理相比,生育期内土壤平均无机氮含量减少5.42%,有效磷含量提高3.55%;在本试验条件下,施用SAP 1.68g/pot、N 2.89g/pot、P 2.89g/pot可得到最大玉米产量113.93g/pot,收获时产量较其他处理提高了18.69%～30.94%。试验结果为华北地区应用保水剂条件下的夏玉米氮磷肥施用配比提供了参考。     

Effects of biosolids from tomato processing on soil fertility and wheat growth in a Greek alfisol

The effects of biosolids from tomato processing on soil properties and wheat growth were investigated in an Alfisol from central Greece. Biosolids were mixed with soil from the surface (Ap) or subsurface (Bt) horizon in plastic containers at rates of 1%, 5%, and 10% by dry weight (d.w.; equivalent to 10, 50, and 100 Mg ha^–1). Biosolid treatments were compared to an NH₄Cl application (50 mg N kg^–1) and an untreated control in (1) a 102 d incubation experiment at 28°C to determine biosolid nitrification potential and (2) a 45 d outdoor experiment to evaluate effects on soil fertility and wheat growth. Mineralization of biosolids in the incubation experiment resulted in accumulation of nitrate‐N and indicated that biosolids were able to supply N that was in excess of crop needs in treatments of 5% and 10%. After 45 d of wheat growth, available soil nutrients (N, P) and P uptake by wheat were distinctly lower in the Bt than in the Ap horizon. However, soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, total N, nitrate‐N, extractable P, and exchangeable K increased with increasing rate of biosolid application in both soils. These were followed by corresponding increases in wheat nutrient uptake and biomass production, thus demonstrating the importance of this organic material for sustaining production in soils of low immediate fertility. Compared to the NH₄Cl treatment (50 kg N ha^–1 equivalent), biosolid application rates of 5% and 10% had higher available soil nutrients, similar or higher nutrient uptake and higher wheat biomass. But only an application of 10% biosolids provided sufficient N levels for wheat in the surface soil, and even higher applications were required for providing sufficient N and P in the Bt horizon.