机器视觉表面缺陷检测综述

目的 工业产品的表面缺陷对产品的美观度、舒适度和使用性能等带来不良影响,所以生产企业对产品的表面缺陷进行检测以便及时发现并加以控制。机器视觉的检测方法可以很大程度上克服人工检测方法的抽检率低、准确性不高、实时性差、效率低、劳动强度大等弊端,在现代工业中得到越来越广泛的研究和应用。方法 以机器视觉表面缺陷检测为研究对象,在广泛调研相关文献和发展成果的基础上,对基于机器视觉在表面缺陷检测领域的应用进行了综述。分析了典型机器视觉表面缺陷检测系统的工作原理和基本结构,阐述了表面缺陷视觉检测的研究现状、现有视觉软件和硬件平台,综述了机器视觉检测所涉及到的图像预处理算法、图像分割算法、图像特征提取及其选择算法、图像识别等相关理论和算法研究,并对每种主要方法的基本思想、特点和存在的局限性进行了总结,对未来可能的发展方向进行展望。结果 机器视觉表面缺陷检测系统中,图像处理和分析算法是重要内容,算法各有优缺点和其适应范围。如何提高算法的准确性、实时性和鲁棒性,一直是研究者们努力的方向。结论 机器视觉是对人类视觉的模拟,机器视觉表面检测涉及众多学科和理论,如何使检测进一步向自动化和智能化方向发展,还需要更深入的研究。     

基于智能视觉系统的饮料瓶封装缺陷检测技术

本文介绍了一种基于智能机器视觉系统的饮料瓶封装缺陷检测应用技术。根据饮料瓶封装缺陷检测的特点及实际生产要求,提出了一套应用智能机器视觉系统的总体解决方案。作者对整个系统的结构原理,工作流程以及各个组成部分的功能做了具体的阐述。应用结果表明,上述机器视觉系统实现方便,功能强大,应用效果良好。     

基于智能视觉系统的饮料瓶缺陷检测技术

研究基于智能机器视觉系统的饮料瓶封装缺陷检测应用技术。根据饮料瓶封装缺陷检测的特点及实际生产要求,提出了一套智能机器视觉系统应用的总体解决方案。对整个系统的结构原理,工作流程以及得个组成部分的功能做了具体的阐述。应用结果表明,使用上述机器视觉系统实现方便,功能强大,取得了良好的应用效果。     

一种基于智能机器视觉识别的工业探伤技术

磁粉探伤广泛应用于铁磁性工件表面和近表面缺陷检测,但目前的缺陷识别仍依赖于人工判断。为实现检测自动化,将机器视觉技术应用于缺陷识别,提出一种智能的螺栓缺陷在线检测系统,针对螺栓在生产过程中产生的纵向、横向裂纹,使用基于统计的磁痕裂纹识别方法和基于改进LBP特征和SVM分类器识别方法进行级联完成螺栓零件表面裂纹的自动识别。实验结果表明,该方法与传统的识别方法对比具有很好的分类识别效果,漏检率减少5%,同时能够满足实时性的需求。     

气囊封条贴片缺陷检测系统设计

针对汽车气囊封条贴片表面缺陷检测效率低下的弊端,构建了一种基于视觉软件HALCON可对气囊封条贴片进行自动化检测的机器视觉系统。运用图像处理算法中形态学算子实现对封条表面0. 3 mm2以上的污渍、露白、残缺的检测。通过对1 000个样本的检测与分析,系统的正确率超过99%,误报率小于1%,漏报率为0,结果表明:设计的系统具有精度高、稳定性强的优点。     

表面缺陷检测综述

基于机器视觉的表面缺陷检测技术已经广泛地应用在视觉检测各个领域中,它是确保自动化生产中产品质量的一个非常重要的环节。然而表面缺陷检测技术仍然面临着缺陷和非缺陷区域之间的低对比度,噪音和细微缺陷的相似性,检测速度慢和识别精度低等难题。为此,给出了近年来表面缺陷检测技术的最新进展。将表面检测技术分为3类：统计法、频谱法和模型法。对几种典型的表面缺陷检测技术进行了深入比较,包括特征提取、识别算法和算法性能,并分析了方法有效性的原因。最后,总结了表面缺陷检测技术面临的挑战和未来的发展趋势。     

基于并行演化计算的图像特征提取研究

图像特征提取已成为困扰智能化视觉信息处理的瓶颈。为了解决复杂背景下钢板表面缺陷的机器视觉检测问题,缩短视觉系统的开发周期,提高其实用性,在并行计算环境和视频仿真平台的基础上,探索机器视觉可塑性及形成机制,提出了将并行计算、视频仿真、演化计算相互融合解决钢板表面缺陷特征提取问题的方法,实现了演化计算与并行层次处理的特征选择、特征提取方法,为智能化的视觉信息处理开辟新的思路。实验证明,改进方案不仅具有可行性,而且能提高缺陷检测的准确性、实时性。     

基于机器视觉的汽车精密零件表面缺陷自动检测方法

汽车精密零件表面缺陷会导致零件故障,为了提高缺陷检测能力,提出基于机器视觉的汽车精密零件表面缺陷自动检测方法。构建汽车精密零件表面缺陷的机器视觉图像采集模型,采用单背景约束下的表面光泽点提取的方法,分析汽车精密零件表面的结构纹理特征值,在视觉传感下通过对汽车精密零件的形变、相变参数分析,分析汽车精密零件的机械性能和服役性能,在切削载荷作用下,通过疲劳裂纹的视觉特征重构,在机器视觉下采用表面残余应力及变质层的动态特征分析,通过缺陷特征检测和有限元仿真分析,实现对汽车精密零件表面缺陷自动检测。测试结果表明,采用该方法进行汽车精密零件表面缺陷检测的纹理匹配度较高,检测性能较好,对零件表面的断屑、化学磨损等各类缺陷检测的可靠性较高。     

基于机器视觉的塑料制品表面缺陷检测研究

设计了一套塑料制品表面缺陷检测的机器视觉系统,用于检测塑料制品表面划痕,凹坑和凸点这几类常见缺陷。机器视觉系统由硬件系统和软件系统构成。根据研究对象的特征,对塑料制品表面缺陷检测所需的硬件和系统进行选型,分析所选硬件及软件的特点,来获取更加清晰的表面图像信息。利用Halcon平台设计检测算法,结合塑料制品表面的特征,设计一套用于检测塑料制品表面缺陷的算法。构建高斯滤波器来对图像信息进行预处理,使用全局固定阈值分割图像,使用特征直方图来查看特征,根据特征进行选择轮廓并提取目标,并在图像上显示出缺陷区域及数量。     

基于机器视觉的多孔材料缺陷检测

针对多孔材料在生产工艺中易出现阻塞和缺角等缺陷,本文设计了一种基于机器视觉的多孔材料表面缺陷检测方法,通过对目标区域的有效分割、模糊度检测、形态学处理和分析等技术手段,实现了该类材料的表面缺陷的快速定位和特征分析.经实验检测,本文算法的准确性和检测效率可以满足工业生产实时检测需求.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.