CO2稀释对合成气扩散火焰中氮氧化物生成排放特性的影响

为揭示合成气燃烧过程中氮氧化物的生成机理和抑制措施,利用详细化学反应机理动力学模型研究了CO2稀释对合成气对冲扩散火焰中氮氧化物生成的影响,结果表明:随着合成气成分的变化及稀释剂CO2的添加,扩散火焰结构及不同NO生成机理对总NOx排放的贡献发生显著变化;低火焰拉伸率下主要表现为热力型NO,但在高火焰拉伸率下,因CH4存在,使总NO生成高于不含CH4的合成气;随CO2稀释剂的添加,NOx的排放指数EI<,NOx>呈单调下降趋势,并且稀释空气的效果优于稀释燃料的效果.     

扩散过滤燃烧的数值模拟研究

通过二维双温模型,使用甲烷详细的化学反应机理,设计了甲烷与氧气扩散燃烧器模型,并与实验值进行对比验证了其有效性。分析了小球直径,燃料质量分数等对火焰高度的影响。结果表明:火焰高度随着入口流速和甲烷质量分数的增大而增大;随着小球直径、固体导热系数、分子扩散系数和质量弥散系数的增大而减小。与预混气体过滤燃烧相比,扩散过滤燃烧的反应区域的气体和固体的温度分布是不同的,二者之间的最大温差达到188 K。     

富氧空气/甲烷扩散燃烧的NO抑制机理的数值研究

为了开发适用于富氧燃烧的NO抑制技术,以对向流扩散火焰这一扩散燃烧的典型形态为对象,利用所建立的基元反应动力学模型研究了燃料稀释（CO2为稀释剂）以及速度梯度的改变对富氧空气/甲烷扩散火焰中NO生成的影响.用CO2稀释燃料甲烷得到的计算结果表明,随着燃料中CO2浓度的增大,火焰结构和NO生成的机理发生了显著变化,NO排放指数EINO（Emission index of NO）单调减少.改变速度梯度发现,随着速度梯度的增加,热力型NO质量生成速率以及EINO快速下降.这些研究表明,用CO2稀释燃料以及增加速度梯度可以减少富氧火焰中NO的生成.     

CO2稀释及合成气构成对预混燃烧特性的影响

用CO2代替N2作氧化剂的稀释气体不但可以减少NOx的排放,还能有效回收利用CO2.CO2具有与N2不同的物理、化学性质,通过对合成气与不同CO2稀释程度氧化剂的预混燃烧计算发现,CO2体积分数的增加会降低火焰温度进而降低燃烧速度,增加化学反应滞留时间.通过对贫燃拉伸火焰的研究发现,在CO2稀释氧化剂环境下,合成气中H...     

掺混H_(2)对CH_(4)-空气对冲扩散火焰温度和NO_(x)生成影响的数值研究北大核心CSCD

文章基于CHEMKIN软件对CH_(4)-空气对冲扩散火焰燃烧过程中掺混H_(2)对火焰温度以及NO_(x)生产量的影响进行了数值研究,分析了不同H_(2)摩尔分数和火焰拉伸率下火焰温度的变化特性以及NO_(x)的生成特性。研究结果表明:受到燃料气体传质能力和燃烧产热能力的综合影响,随着H_(2)摩尔分数的增加,混合燃料主燃烧区的峰值火焰温度点更靠近空气区;随着火焰拉伸率的增大,主燃烧区的范围变窄,反应物在燃烧区的滞留时间缩短,NO的生成受到抑制;NO_(2)和NO的摩尔分数表现出正相关的关系;随着混合燃料中H_(2)摩尔分数的增大,NO和NO_(2)的峰值摩尔分数显著增大。     

不同空气稀释剂对合成气扩散火焰NO_x生成特性的影响

针对合成气燃烧中NOx的生成机理,以结构简单的对冲火焰作为研究对象,利用化学反应动力学模型研究了不同稀释剂对火焰特性、自由基浓度及NOx生成的影响.结果表明:3种稀释剂降低NO排放效果的顺序为:CO2＞H2O＞N2,少量的CO2或H2O稀释空气时能有效地降低NOx排放;稀释剂量的增加对合成气中是否存在CH4时的影响趋势基本一致;合成气中CH4的存在降低了火焰温度和热力型NO生成,促进了快速型NO的生成;火焰拉伸率的提高使火焰温度和NO的生成降低.说明采用CO2和H2O稀释空气能有效抑制NOx的生成.     

组分H2/CO的比例对合成气非预混射流火焰燃烧特性的影响

采用一种14组分37步简化机理模型、RNG k-ε湍流模型以及稳态层流小火焰(SLF)燃烧模型,研究了N₂稀释条件下组分H₂/CO的比例对合成气燃烧特性的影响。数值模拟结果表明：当组分H₂/CO的体积比从3:7变化至7:3时,合成气燃烧过程中生成的OH自由基浓度上升,燃烧位置向入口靠近;火焰燃烧峰值温度随H₂/CO体积比的增大而下降,火焰峰值温度所在位置向燃料入口靠近;火焰传播速度随H₂/CO体积比的增大而加快,燃烧反应在更短的距离和时间内完成。     

N2和CO2稀释对氢气-空气湍流扩散燃烧及NO生成特性的影响

采用18组分47步H2-N2-CO2反应机理模型、可实现k-ε模型及涡流耗散概念(EDC)模型研究了N2和CO2稀释作用对氢气-空气同轴射流湍流扩散燃烧过程的影响.结果 表明:2种稀释剂均能有效降低氢气燃烧温度,降低NO质量分数,且NO峰值质量分数随着火焰峰值温度的升高而上升;与稀释剂N2相比,CO2对降低氢气燃烧温度和NO质量分数的效果较好;2种稀释剂对火焰峰值温度及NO峰值质量分数的影响是非线性的,随着稀释率的增大,稀释剂降低火焰峰值温度的效果明显增强,而抑制NO生成的效果逐渐减弱;当稀释剂为N2、稀释率为0.5或稀释剂为CO2、稀释率为0.3时,能使火焰峰值温度处于中等水平情况下NO峰值质量分数依然较低,有利于实现氢气的高效低污染燃烧.     

电场作用下的液体乙醇微尺度层流扩散燃烧

采用实验和数值模拟方法研究了电场作用下液体乙醇层流扩散微燃烧的火焰结构、火焰无量纲高度和宽度以及Re之间的关系.结果表明,实验拍摄火焰结构图像与数值模拟高温区结构相似,正向电场火焰结构尺寸较反向电场高;H/d与Re呈线性关系,正向电场的H/d随Re增加幅度较反向电场快;W/d随Re先是线性增加,后期变化幅度较小;火焰中...     

A detailed numerical study of NOx kinetics in low calorific value H2/CO syngas flames

The present study provides an extensive and detailed numerical analysis of NO_x chemical kinetics in low calorific value H₂/CO syngas flames utilizing predictions by five chemical kinetic mechanisms available out of which four deal with H₂/CO while the fifth mechanism (GRI 3.0) additionally accounts for hydrocarbon chemistry. Comparison of predicted axial NO profiles in premixed flat flames with measurements at 1 bar, 3.05 bar and 9.15 bar shows considerably large quantitative differences among the various mechanisms. However, at each pressure, the quantitative reaction path diagrams show similar NO formation pathways for most of the mechanisms. Interestingly, in counterflow diffusion flames, the quantitative reaction path diagrams and sensitivity analyses using the various mechanisms reveal major differences in the NO formation pathways and reaction rates of important reactions. The NNH and N₂O intermediate pathways are found to be the major contributors for NO formation in all the reaction mechanisms except GRI 3.0 in syngas diffusion flames. The GRI 3.0 mechanism is observed to predict prompt NO pathway as the major contributing pathway to NO formation. This is attributed to prediction of a large concentration of CH radical by the GRI 3.0 as opposed to a relatively negligible value predicted by all other mechanisms. Also, the back-conversion of NNH into N₂O at lower pressures (2–4 bar) was uniquely observed for one of the five mechanisms. The net reaction rates and peak flame temperatures are used to correlate and explain the differences observed in the peak [NO] at different pressures. This study identifies key reactions needing assessment and also highlights the need for experimental data in syngas diffusion flames in order to assess and optimize H₂/CO and nitrogen chemistry.     

NO formation of opposed-jet syngas diffusion flames: Strain rate and dilution effects

The NO formation characteristics and reaction pathways of opposed-jet H₂/CO syngas diffusion flames were analyzed with a revised OPPDIF program which coupled a narrowband radiation model with detailed chemical kinetics in this work. The effects of strain rates ranging from 0.1 to 1000 s^?1 and diluents including CO₂, H₂O and N₂ on NO production rates were investigated for three typical syngas compositions. The numerical results demonstrated that NO is produced primary through NNH-intermediate route and thermal route at high strain rates, where the reaction of NH + O = NO + H (R51) also become more active. Near the strain rate of 10 s^?1, the flame temperature is the highest and thermal route is the dominant NO formation route, but NO would be consumed by reburn route where NO is converted to NH through HNO, especially for H₂-rich syngas. At low strain rates, radiative heat loss results in a lower flame temperature and further reduce NO formation, while the reaction of N + CO₂ = NO + CO (R140) become more important, especially for CO-rich syngas. With the diluents, NO production rates decreased with increasing dilution percentages. When the flame temperature is very high as the thermal route is dominant near strain rate of 10 s^?1, CO₂ dilution makes flame temperature and NO production rate the lowest. Toward both lower and higher strain rates, adding H₂O is more effective in reducing NO because R140 and NNH-intermediate route are suppressed the most by H₂O dilution respectively.     

Influences of different diluents on NO emission characteristics of syngas opposed-flow flame

This paper used the opposed-flow flame model and GRI 3.0 mechanism to investigate NO emission characteristics of H₂-rich and H₂-lean syngas under diffusion and premixed conditions, respectively, and analyzed influences of adding H₂O, CO₂ and N₂ on NO formation from the standpoint of thermodynamics and reaction kinetics. For diffusion flames, thermal route is the dominant pathway to produce NO, and adding N₂, H₂O and CO₂ shows a decreasing manner in lowering NO emission. The phenomenon above is more obvious for H₂-rich syngas because it has higher flame temperature. For premixed flames, adding CO₂ causes higher NO concentration than adding H₂O, because adding CO₂ produces more O radical, which promotes formation of NO through NNH + O = NH + NO, NH + O = NO + H and reversed N + NO = N₂ + O. And in burnout gas, thermal route is the dominant way for NO formation. Under this paper's conditions, adding N₂ increases the formation source of NO as well as decreases the flame temperature, and it reduces the NO formation as a whole. In addition, for H₂-lean syngas and H₂-rich syngas with CO₂ as the diluent, N + CO₂ = NO + CO plays as an important role in thermal route of NO formation.     

Effect of syngas fuel compositions on the occurrence of instability of laminar diffusion flame

The paper presents a numerical investigation of the critical roles played by the chemical compositions of syngas on laminar diffusion flame instabilities. Three different flame phenomena – stable, flickering and tip-cutting – are formulated by varying the syngas fuel rate from 0.2 to 1.4 SLPM. Following the satisfactory validation of numerical results with Darabkhani et al. [1], the study explored the consequence of each species (H₂, CO, CH₄, CO₂, N₂) in the syngas composition. It is found that low H₂:CO has a higher level of instability, which however does not rise any further when the ratio is less than 1. Interestingly, CO encourages the heat generation with less fluctuation while H₂ plays another significant role in the increase of flame temperature and its fluctuation. Diluting CH₄ into syngas further increases the instability level as well as the fluctuation of heat generation significantly. However, an opposite effect is found from the same action with either CO₂ or N₂. Finally, considering the heat generation and flame stability, the highest performance is obtained from 25%H₂+75%CO (81 W), followed by EQ+20%CO₂, and EQ+20%N₂ (78 W).     

Effect of radiation emission and reabsorption on flame temperature and NO formation in H2/CO/air counterflow diffusion flames

The radiation effect on flame temperature and NO emission of H₂-lean (0.2H₂ + 0.8CO) and H₂-rich (0.8H₂ + 0.2CO) syngas/air counterflow diffusion flames was numerically investigated using OPPDIF code incorporated with the optical thin model, statistical narrow band model and adiabatic condition. Firstly, the coupled effect of strain rate and radiation was studied. Disparate tendencies of NO emission with an increasing strain rate between H₂-lean and H₂-rich syngas flames were found at very small strain rate, and the effect of radiation reabsorption on NO formation can be neglected when the strain rate was greater than 100 s^?1 for both H₂-lean and H₂-rich syngas flames. Because the radiation effect is vital to flames with small strain rate, its impact on flame temperature and NO emission was investigated in detail at a strain rate of 10 s^?1. The results indicated that NO formation is more sensitive to radiation reabsorption than flame temperature, especially for the H₂-rich syngas flame. The underlying mechanism was discovered by using reaction pathway analysis. Furthermore, the radiation effect under CO₂ dilution of the syngas fuel was examined. It was demonstrated that the radiation effect on flame temperature became more prominent with the increase of CO₂ concentration for both H₂-lean and H₂-rich syngas. The radiation effect on NO emission increased first and then decreased with an increasing CO₂ content for H₂-lean syngas, whereas for H₂-rich syngas the radiation effect is monotonic.     

Investigation of impinging diffusion flames with inert gas

Experimental investigations on impinging diffusion flames mixing with inert gas were conducted. The combustion results and temperature measurements show that the non-reactive gas might dilute the local fuel concentration in the diffusion process. The shape of the column flame was symmetrical due to the flame stretch force. The results showed that a conical flame was changed by the addition of inert gas to the pure methane fuel. The weakening of the stretch boundary enhanced the mixing rate between the fuel and oxidizer, which would improve the fluctuation phenomenon. The impinging flame became shorter and bluer so the combustor size can be reduced. Nitrogen gas has the advantage that we can visualize the impinging mechanism with different gases in the impinging flame. The color in the mixing plane becomes blue and transparent. The penetration length is about 8 mm near the impinging point for Re=145.