重组大肠杆菌1,2,4-丁三醇合成途径的平衡优化

1,2,4-丁三醇(1,2,4-butantriol,BT)属于非天然化学品,是军工材料1,2,4-丁三醇三硝酸酯的前体。在重组大肠杆菌中,木糖经脱氢、脱水、脱羧和还原合成BT。但途径各反应不平衡使得中间代谢物积累限制菌体生长和产物合成。本研究首先通过CRISPR/Cas9敲除基因yjh G和yqh D构建无本底表达宿主菌,随后利用不同启动子组合调节BT合成途径中基因xdh、yjh G和yqh D的表达。结果发现,以P_inv表达醇脱氢酶基因yqh D使BT产量达到14.4g/L;以P_tac表达脱氢酶基因xdh和P_{rrn HP1}表达脱水酶基因yjh G的组合方式,BT产量达到15.6g/L,比对照菌株KXW3009分别增加5.9%和14.7%。本研究通过对中间代谢物木糖酸合成和代谢的组合优化,促进了BT的合成,为后续研究提供了借鉴。     

1,2,4-丁三醇合成工艺述评

介绍了 1 ,2 ,4 丁三醇的基本性能、可能的用途及各种合成工艺路线 ,并评价了各种工艺路线的优劣。     

1,2,4-丁三醇的双水相萃取

对低分子有机溶剂/无机盐双水相体系萃取分离发酵液中1,2,4-丁三醇（1,2,4-butanetriol,BT）进行了深入研究。通过对不同双水相体系的筛选,最终选定无水乙醇/K₂HPO₄双水相体系来萃取分离BT。使用浊点法对以BT为溶剂的无水乙醇/K₂HPO₄双水相体系进行相图的绘制,发现在K₂HPO₄质量分数为19.83%~46.87%范围内均能成相。通过单因素实验,考察双水相体系中无水乙醇/K₂HPO₄质量分数、pH对BT在两相之间分配系数和萃取效率的影响,得到最佳萃取条件为：系统总量10g、pH 9.5,无水乙醇/K₂HPO₄的质量分数为28%/28%,分配系数和萃取效率分别可以达到18.35和95.87%。在最佳萃取条件下,进一步探究了放大实验对体系萃取效率的影响,发现其对分配系数和萃取效率影响较小,体系稳定性高,为工业提取发酵液中BT提供新思路。     

1,2,4—丁三醇合成工艺述

介绍了１,２,４－丁三醇的基本性能、可能的用途及各种合成工艺路线,并评价了各种工艺路线的优劣。     

微反应器合成1,2,4-丁三醇三硝酸酯的工艺研究

以1,2,4-丁三醇(BT)水溶液为起始原料,发烟硝酸/浓硫酸为硝化剂,采用微反应器连续合成1,2,4-丁三醇三硝酸酯,考察反应温度、物料及混酸比例、停留时间对反应影响。结果表明,优化工艺参数为：1,2,4-丁三醇∶发烟硝酸∶浓硫酸的摩尔比为1∶5∶4,反应温度15℃,停留时间48 s,工艺收率90.5%,产品含量98.8%。与传统间歇釜式合成工艺相比,该工艺实现了1,2,4-丁三醇三硝酸酯合成反应的稳定进行,反应温度接近室温,消除了过程反应热的积累和温度波动,缩短反应时间。     

手性(S)-1,2,4-丁三醇的制备与表征

介绍以L-苹果酸为原料,经甲酯化、还原反应合成了(S)-1,2,4-丁三醇。运用旋光度测试、红外光谱以及核磁共振谱对其结构进行表征,证实目标产物的结构。通过改进分离方法,简化操作过程,使其向工业化迈进了一步。     

甘油/1,2,4-丁三醇混合醇连续喷雾硝化技术研究

报道使用硝硫混酸与甘油／１，２，４－丁三醇连续喷雾硝化制备硝化甘油／１，２，４－丁三醇三硝酸酯的方法和工艺条件。     

对孟烷-1,2,4-三醇的合成及对水稻稗草的除草活性研究

在1,2-二氯乙烷中,以30%H₂O₂为氧化剂,过氧磷钨酸季铵盐[π-C₅H₅N(CH₂)₁₁CH₃]₃PW₄O₃₂为催化剂,催化松油烯-4-醇的氧化反应生成对孟烷-1,2,4-三醇;该产物以白色粉末状固体析出,容易通过简单过滤方法分离,其结构经元素分析、红外光谱、¹HNMR及¹³CNMR确证。本实验最佳合成工艺条件为:松油烯-4-醇12.3mmol,1,2-二氯乙烷5mL,过氧化氢与松油烯-4-醇的物质的量之比1.25:1,催化剂用量为2.98%(以松油烯-4-醇的质量分数计),温度50℃,反应时间1.5h;在此条件下,松油烯-4-醇的转化率和对孟烷-1,2,4-三醇的产率分别达到99.8%和58.0%,纯度达到98%以上。初步除草活性测试表明,对孟烷-1,2,4-三醇对水稻稗草种子萌发后胚根与幼芽的生长具有明显的影响,在10mmol/L的浓度下,根长抑制率和芽长抑制率分别为100%和81.4%。     

1,2,4-三嗪类化合物的合成

本文合成了3-巯基-5-羟基-6-甲基-1,2,4-三嗪和3-巯基-5,6-二甲基-1,2,4-三嗪,通过熔点和红外光谱确认了这些化合物。     

From Bugs to Bioplastics: Total (+)-Dihydrocarvide Biosynthesis by Engineered Escherichia coli

The monoterpenoid lactone derivative (+)-dihydrocarvide ((+)-DHCD) can be polymerised to form shape-memory polymers. Synthetic biology routes from simple, inexpensive carbon sources are an attractive, alternative route over chemical synthesis from (R)-carvone. We have demonstrated a proof-of-principle in vivo approach for the complete biosynthesis of (+)-DHCD from glucose in Escherichia coli (6.6 mg L⁻¹). The pathway is based on the Mentha spicata route to (R)-carvone, with the addition of an ′ene′-reductase and Baeyer–Villiger cyclohexanone monooxygenase. Co-expression with a limonene synthesis pathway enzyme enables complete biocatalytic production within one microbial chassis. (+)-DHCD was successfully produced by screening multiple homologues of the pathway genes, combined with expression optimisation by selective promoter and/or ribosomal binding-site screening. This study demonstrates the potential application of synthetic biology approaches in the development of truly sustainable and renewable bioplastic monomers.     

Biosynthesis of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid from l-tyrosine using recombinant Escherichia coli cells expressing membrane bound l-amino acid deaminase

4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid(4-HPPA), a kind of α-keto acid, is an intermediate in the metabolism of tyrosine and has a wide range of application in food, pharmaceutical and chemical industry. Using amino acids as raw material to produce the corresponding α-keto acid is thought to be both economic and efficient. Among the enzymes that convert amino acid to α-keto acid, membrane bound L-amino acid deaminase(mL-AAD), which is anchored to the outer side of the cytomembrane, becomes an ideal enzyme to prepare α-keto acid since there is no cofactors needed and H_2 O_2 production during the reaction. In this study, the mL-AAD from Proteus vulgaris was used to prepare whole-cell catalysts to produce 4-HPPA from L-tyrosine. The secretory efficiency of mL-AAD conducted by its own twin-arginine signal peptide(twin-arginine translocation pathway, Tat) and integrated pelB(the general secretory pathway, Sec)-Tat signal peptide was determined and compared firstly, using two pET systems(pET28 a and pET20 b). It was found that the Tat pathway(pET28 a-mlaad) resulted in higher cell-associated mL-AAD activity and cell biomass, and was more beneficial to prepare biocatalyst. In addition, expression hosts B121(DE3) and 0.05 mmol ·L~(-1) IPTG were found to be suitable for mL-AAD expression. The reaction conditions for mL-AAD were optimized and 72.72 mmol·L~(-1) 4-HPPA was obtained from 100 mmol·L~(-1) tyrosine in 10 h under the optimized conditions. This bioprocess, which is more eco-friendly and economical than the traditional chemical synthesis ways, has great potential for industrial application.     

固定化重组大肠杆菌细胞催化合成(R)-环氧氯丙烷

采用包埋法对重组大肠杆菌E.coli BL21进行了固定化研究,确定海藻酸钙是较好的固定化载体。考察了海藻酸钠质量分数、CaCl2质量分数、钙化时间、细胞包埋量以及固定化颗粒直径对固定化细胞活性和机械强度的影响,确定优化的制备条件为:海藻酸钠的质量分数为2.0%,CaCl2的质量分数为2%,钙化10 h,包埋菌体的质量浓度为0.05 g/mL,颗粒直径为2.7 mm。与游离细胞相比,固定化细胞的热稳定性和pH稳定性有明显提高。利用固定化重组大肠杆菌细胞催化拆分体积分数为1.5%的外消旋环氧氯丙烷,得到(R)-环氧氯丙烷的产率和光学纯度(对映体过量)分别为36.3%和100%。固定化细胞重复4批仍保持80%以上的活力,显示了良好的操作稳定性。     

Identification of OxyE as an Ancillary Oxygenase during Tetracycline Biosynthesis

Ancillary oxygenase : OxyE is identified as a likely ancillary C‐4 hydroxylase used during oxytetracycline biosynthesis in Streptomyces rimosus. The synergistic actions of oxygenases OxyE and OxyL ensure complete oxidative tailoring and prevent irreversible shunt modifications of the biosynthetic intermediate.

     

Biosynthesis of the vitamin E compound delta-tocotrienol in recombinant Escherichia coli cells

The biosynthesis of natural products in a fast growing and easy to manipulate heterologous host system, such as Escherichia coli, is of increasing interest in biotechnology. This procedure allows the investigation of complex natural product biosynthesis and facilitates the engineering of pathways. Here we describe the cloning and the heterologous expression of tocochromanol (vitamin E) biosynthesis genes in E. coli. Tocochromanols are synthesized solely in photosynthetic organisms (cyanobacteria, algae, and higher green plants). For recombinant tocochromanol biosynthesis, the genes encoding hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (hpd), geranylgeranylpyrophosphate synthase (crtE), geranylgeranylpyrophosphate reductase (ggh), homogentisate phytyltransferase (hpt), and tocopherol-cyclase (cyc) were cloned in a stepwise fashion and expressed in E. coli. Recombinant E. coli cells were cultivated and analyzed for tocochromanol compounds and their biosynthesis precursors. The expression of only hpd from Pseudomonas putida or crtE from Pantoea ananatis resulted in the accumulation of 336 mg L(-1) homogentisate and 84 microg L(-1) geranylgeranylpyrophosphate in E. coli cultures. Simultaneous expression of hpd, crtE, and hpt from Synechocystis sp. under the control of single tac-promoter resulted in the production of methyl-6-geranylgeranyl-benzoquinol (67.9 microg g(-1)). Additional expression of the tocopherol cyclase gene vte1 from Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in the novel formation of a vitamin E compound-delta-tocotrienol (15 microg g(-1))-in E. coli.     

大肠杆菌偏利共培养系统合成大豆苷元

大豆苷元是一种植物雌激素,具有多种生物活性,但在大肠杆菌中的生物全合成还未见报道。基于大豆苷元合成途径的三个模块（对香豆酸、甘草素和大豆苷元模块）,构建大肠杆菌共培养系统从头合成大豆苷元。将对香豆酸和甘草素模块分配到两株大肠杆菌中构建双菌共培养系统,合成甘草素。在此基础上,探索了三种共培养模式合成大豆苷元,结果显示,三菌共培养系统比其他两种双菌共培养系统的产量更高,达到27.8 mg/L。共培养菌株间通过苯丙氨酸的单向流动形成了偏利共生的关系,有助于平衡代谢途径,提高大豆苷元产量。该共培养系统在大肠杆菌中实现大豆苷元的从头合成,为其他黄酮类化合物的生物合成提供了即插即用的平台。     

大肠杆菌偏利共培养系统合成大豆苷元

大豆苷元是一种植物雌激素,具有多种生物活性,但在大肠杆菌中的生物全合成还未见报道。基于大豆苷元合成途径的三个模块（对香豆酸、甘草素和大豆苷元模块）,构建大肠杆菌共培养系统从头合成大豆苷元。将对香豆酸和甘草素模块分配到两株大肠杆菌中构建双菌共培养系统,合成甘草素。在此基础上,探索了三种共培养模式合成大豆苷元,结果显示,三菌共培养系统比其他两种双菌共培养系统的产量更高,达到27.8 mg/L。共培养菌株间通过苯丙氨酸的单向流动形成了偏利共生的关系,有助于平衡代谢途径,提高大豆苷元产量。该共培养系统在大肠杆菌中实现大豆苷元的从头合成,为其他黄酮类化合物的生物合成提供了即插即用的平台。