B和C对铸造TiAl基合金宏观和显微组织的影响

对比研究了B和C含量的变化对铸造TiAl基合金宏观和显微组织的影响。结果表明 ，B或C含量的增加均能细化TiAl基合金的晶粒，但二者的作用特点不同。B含量对宏观组织和晶粒尺寸的影响是渐进的，而C对其影响存在一个临界含量。显微观察表明，微量的B就能使合金析出TiB2，随着合金中B含量的增加，硼化物颗粒呈不同的形貌。对于含C合金，当C含量低于临界含量时，在光学尺度上观察不到碳化物相，而当C含量高于临界含量时，合金中生成大量的Ti2AlC碳化物颗粒。讨论了B和C细化TiAl基合金的机制。     

Plasma Alloying of TiAl with Niobium and Its Wear Resistance

将双层辉光离子渗铌技术应用于TiAl合金从而改善其耐磨性能。对TiAl渗铌合金层组织,室温和600℃高温摩擦学性能进行了研究。结果表明,TiAl经离子渗铌后表面形成厚度约12μm的铌合金层,渗层组织致密均匀,其组成物主要包括AlNb2、AlNb3、Ti2AlNb和Nb。铌合金层在600℃的耐磨性明显提高,并且室温耐磨和减摩性能均优于TiAl基材。     

双态高铌TiAl合金的蠕变行为

研究了Ti-45Al-9（Nb，W,B，Y）两相合金分别在760℃和815℃时，应力值在80MPa-300MPa区间的蠕变行为。蠕变前合金的显微组织为均匀细小的双态组织。将研究结果与高铌TiAl合金全片层组织的蠕变性能进行了对比，发现所研究的双态组织合金具有相对较弱的蠕变抗力，其最小蠕变速率较全片层组织Ti46A18．5Nb0．1C0．2B合金的要高1个数量级。蠕变应力指数表明，该合金在760℃～815℃2，80MPa-300 MPa的蠕变条件下，合金的蠕变受位错攀移控制。     

反应扩散连接高铌TiAl合金(英文)

采用Al箔作中间层在1200℃/2 h条件下通过反应扩散连接成功实现了高铌TiAl合金(TAN)的焊接,深入研究了接头的界面微观组织结构和连接机理。结果表明:连接过程中Al箔熔化成液相后与高铌TiAl反应在接头中形成了连续的TiAl3化合物层;在高温扩散作用下,TiAl3化合物逐渐转变为γ-TiAl相;最后经焊后热处理形成了γ+α2层片组织。另外,当直接采用高铌TiAl合金的热处理工艺进行焊接时,亦可以获得具有层片组织的接头。     

Reaction-Diffusion Bonding of High Nb Containing TiAl Alloy

采用Al箔作中间层在1200℃/2 h条件下通过反应扩散连接成功实现了高铌TiAl合金(TAN)的焊接,深入研究了接头的界面微观组织结构和连接机理。结果表明:连接过程中Al箔熔化成液相后与高铌TiAl反应在接头中形成了连续的TiAl3化合物层;在高温扩散作用下,TiAl3化合物逐渐转变为γ-TiAl相;最后经焊后热处理形成了γ+α2层片组织。另外,当直接采用高铌TiAl合金的热处理工艺进行焊接时,亦可以获得具有层片组织的接头。     

放电等离子烧结制备高铌TiAl合金

以Ti-45Al-8．5Nb-0．2B-0．2W-0．1Y合金粉末为原料,采用放电等离子烧结工艺制备了高铌TiAl合金。结果表明,当烧结温度高于1000℃时,可制备出致密度高、组织均匀的高铌TiAl合金;烧结温度对合金的显微组织影响显著,通过改变烧结温度可得到具有近γ（NG）、双态（DP）、近片层（NL）、全片层（FL）4种典型组织的高铌TiAl合金：合金的室温力学性能与显微组织密切相关,当烧结温度为1100℃时,所制备合金显微组织为细小双态组织,其抗拉强度为1024MPa,延伸率为1．16％,显示出较好的室温力学性能。     

C含量对铸造TiAl合金组织和力学性能的影响

在Ti-47.5Al-3.7(Cr,V,Zr)合金中添加0.05%~0.2%C(原子分数,下同),采用冷坩埚悬浮熔炼方法制备出了层片组织TiAl合金铸棒,通过组织观察、室温拉伸和蠕变性能测试研究了C含量对TiAl合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,添加0.05%~0.2%C后,合金仍可获得择优取向层片组织。随C含量增加α2层片体积分数略有增加,层片间距呈细化趋势。当C含量超过0.1%时,在α2和γ层片内和层片界面上有细小的Ti2AlC型碳化物析出,碳化物析出相的尺寸和数量随C含量增加有所增加。添加0.05%~0.2%C后提高了合金室温的抗拉强度和屈服强度,且随C含量增加提升幅度逐渐增大,当C含量为0.2%时,分别将抗拉强度和屈服强度提升了101和123 MPa。添加C元素后显著改善了合金的蠕变性能,当C含量为0.1%时蠕变性能最佳,与不含C的合金相比,其塑性蠕变应变降低了一半、相同应变时的蠕变速率降低了1个数量级以上。添加0.1%C提升合金蠕变抗力的机制主要是通过抑制合金在蠕变初期的位错萌生和增殖过程;在γ层片中形成割阶和位错碎片阻碍位错继续运动,使得合金在蠕变第一阶段的应变硬化程度迅速增加;此外,析出的Ti2AlC型碳化物进一步强化层片界面和基体,与层片间距细化共同提高了穿层片滑移位错的运动阻力。     

高铌TiAl合金与陶瓷型壳的界面反应

研究了高铌TiAl合金Ti-44Al-8Nb-0.2W-0.1B-0.1Y(at%)分别与Al2O3/ZrO2/Y2O3坩埚的界面反应。测得界面反应层的厚度分别为40,170和20μm。研究中最大的发现在于Ti-44Al-8Nb-0.2W-0.1B-0.1Y(at%)合金在3种坩埚中凝固后显微组织的转变。经测定该合金在3种坩埚中凝固获得的试样中氧含量分别为0.35,0.41和0.11(at%)。由于在合金熔化和凝固过程中,坩埚中的氧元素扩散进入合金基体,较高的氧含量导致合金显微组织发生转变,在与Al2O3和ZrO2坩埚反应的合金中发生了包晶反应。作为对比,选取一种低铌含量的TiAl合金Ti-49.5Al-2Cr-2Nb。经测定在3种坩埚中反应的氧含量分别为0.40,0.63和0.25(at%),但是组织却没有明显的差异。     

Structure Heredity Effect of Mg-10Y Master Alloy in AZ31 Magnesium Alloy

研究了高铌TiAl合金Ti-44Al-8Nb-0.2W-0.1B-0.1Y (at％)分别与Al2O3/ZrO2/Y2O3坩埚的界面反应.测得界面反应层的厚度分别为40,170和20 μm.研究中最大的发现在于Ti-44Al-8Nb-0.2W-0.1B-0.1Y(at％)合金在3种坩埚中凝固后显微组织的转变.经测定该合金在3种坩埚中凝固获得的试样中氧含量分别为0.35,0.41和0.11 (at％).由于在合金熔化和凝固过程中,坩埚中的氧元素扩散进入合金基体,较高的氧含量导致合金显微组织发生转变,在与Al2O3和ZrO2坩埚反应的合金中发生了包晶反应.作为对比,选取一种低铌含量的TiAl合金Ti-49.5Al-2Cr-2Nb.经测定在3种坩埚中反应的氧含量分别为0.40,0.63和0.25 (at％),但是组织却没有明显的差异.     

TiNiB高温钎料钎焊TiAl基合金接头微观组织

采用电弧熔炼TiNiB合金作为高温钎料对TiAl合金进行钎焊,研究了接头界面组织的形成及其随钎焊温度变化的演化过程.电弧熔炼的TiNiB合金钎料主要由Ti-Ni与TiNi3共晶组织及弥散分布的块状TiB2组成,DTA测试曲线表明钎料的熔点为1 120℃.钎焊过程中,TiAl基体向液态钎料中的溶解量决定了钎焊接头界面组织的形成及其演化过程.随着活性元素Ti和Al向液态钎料溶解量的增加,靠近钎缝侧的TiAl基体发生固态相变转化为β层;钎缝组织演化为Ti-Al-Ni三元化合物,并伴有少量的β相;块状的TiB2在过量活性元素Ti存在的情况下逐渐转变为长条状的TiB相.     

Microstructure and properties of a beta-solidifying TiAl-based alloy with different refiners

This study systematically compared the influences of yttrium(Y),boron(B),and carbon(C) on the microstructural refinement and properties of a Ti-43Al-5Nb alloy.The microstructural refinement effect in the TiAl alloy closely depends on the refiner used.The refinement effects of the three elements on colony size and lamellar thickness can be arranged as B Y C and Y C B,respectively.Moreover,a microstructure with a small grain size and ultra-fine lamellar spacing can be obtained by adding B and Y or B and C.The mechanical properties of TiAl alloy are also influenced by the refiners.TiAl alloys with proper B and Y contents exhibit favorable hot workability,tensile properties,and fracture toughness,whereas the C-containing alloy displays poor tensile properties and low fracture toughness.These results indicate that Y and B are more suitable microstructure refiners than C.This study may serve as a reference for practical alloying design.     

Structural stability and the alloying effect of TiB polymorphs in TiAl alloys

Borides have been widely used in cast TiAl alloy for grain refinement and a variety of stoichiometry and crystal structure of borides were reported. Here the effects of alloying elements Nb, Ta, and Mn on the structural stability of fine boride precipitates in TiAl alloys have been studied combining transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and first-principles calculations. The results show that most boride particles have the TiB stoichiometry. In the alloy containing Nb and Mn, all the TiB particles have the B27 structure and are highly enriched with Nb but depleted with Mn. In the alloy containing Nb and Ta, however, the intergrowth of B_f and B27 structure has been observed, and the TiB particles are enriched with both Nb and Ta. First-principles calculations reveal different effects of Nb, Ta, and Mn on the structural stability of TiB polymorphs. Nb stabilizes B27 but destabilizes B_f. Ta strongly stabilizes both B27 and B_f structures. Mn strongly destabilizes both B27 and B_f structures.     

不同SPS烧结温度Ti-45Al-5.5(Cr,Nb,B,Ta)合金的显微组织及力学性能(英文)

采用高能球磨和放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术,制备成分为Ti-45Al-5.5(Cr,Nb,B,Ta)的TiAl合金块体,随后对TiAl合金进行热处理。研究在不同SPS烧结温度下制备的TiAl合金经过热处理后的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明:高能球磨后的合金粉末形状不规则,粉末颗粒尺寸大约为几十微米。XRD分析表明,机械球磨后的粉末由TiAl和Ti3Al两相组成;烧结后的Ti-45Al-5.5(Cr,Nb,B,Ta)合金块体主要是TiAl相,以及少量的Ti3Al和TiB2相。当烧结温度为900°C和1000°C时,合金的显微组织为双相结构,并伴随有一些细小的等轴γ晶粒和细小的针状TiB2相。当烧结温度从900°C上升到1000°C时,Ti-45Al-5.5(Cr,Nb,B,Ta)合金的显微硬度变化不大,抗压强度从1812MPa提高到2275MPa,压缩率从22.66%增加到25.59%,合金的断裂方式为穿晶断裂。     

Microstructural control and mechanical properties of dual-phase TiAl alloys

This paper summarizes our recent work on the effects of microstructural features on the mechanical properties of TiAl alloys prepared by powder and ingot metallurgy. TiAl alloys based on Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb (at%) were alloyed with small amounts of Ta, W, and B additions for control of alloy phases and microstructure. The alloys were processed by hot extrusion above and below T, followed by short- and long-term heat treatments at temperatures to 1350 °C in vacuum. The microstructural features in the lamellar structures were characterized by metallography, SEM and TEM, and the mechanical properties were determined by tensile tests at temperatures to 1000 °C. The tensile elongation at room temperature is mainly controlled by the colony size, showing an increase in ductility with decreasing colony size. The yield strength, on the other hand, is sensitive to the interlamellar spacing. Hall-Petch relationships hold well for both yield strength and tensile elongation at room and elevated temperatures. TiAl alloys with refined colony size and ultrafine lamellar structures possess excellent mechanical properties for structural applications at elevated temperatures.     

Reaction mechanism in high Nb containing TiAl alloy by elemental powder metallurgy

1 Introduction High Nb containing TiAl alloys have attracted much attention owing to their low densities and potential applications at high-temperature environments[1,2]. It has been found that Nb is the essential and effective element improving their me…     

Reaction mechanism in high Nb containing TiA1 alloy by elemental powder metallurgy

High Nb containing TiAl alloy was fabricated in argon atmosphere by reactive hot pressing process. Reaction mechanism was investigated by means ofmicrostructural analyses and thermodynamic calculations. The results show that it is feasible to prepare high Nb containing TiAl alloy with fine lamellar colonies by reactive hot pressing process. The reaction between Ti and Al powders is dominant in Ti-Al-Nb system. Nb powders dissolve into the Ti-Al matrix by diffusion. Pore nests are formed in situ after Nb powders diffusion. The hot pressing atmosphere is optimized by thermodynamic calculations. Vacuum or argon protective atmosphere should be adopted.     

A novel hot pack rolling of high Nb–TiAl sheet from cast ingot

High-Nb containing (6–10 at.%) TiAl alloys exhibit excellent high-temperature strength and oxidation resistance. However, they are difficult to be fabricated into sheet in comparison with the conventional TiAl alloys. In the present work, the hot-deformation behavior of a high Nb–TiAl alloy (Ti–45Al-8.5Nb-0.2W-0.2B-0.03Y) was investigated. Hot-rolling process was optimized and carried out directly from the PAM (Plasma Arc Melting) ingot without the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and hot forging. The hot-rolled sheets were successfully manufactured with dimensions up to 360 mm × 100 mm × 3.5 mm. The microstructure of as-rolled sheet is a typical “near gamma” characteristic with an average grain size about 15 μm. In the view of breakdown the lamellar colonies of high Nb–TiAl alloy ingot, the direct hot-rolling process has advantage over hot can forging and extrusion. Moreover, mechanical properties at room and high temperatures were also tested. Noteworthily, the as-rolled high Nb–TiAl alloy shows superplasticity above 950 °C at relatively high strain rate of 5 × 10⁻⁴.     

Simulation of Microstructure for Hot Pack-Forging of a High Nb Containing TiAl Alloy

利用Deform-3D软件对高铌TiAl合金包套锻造过程中的微观组织演变进行模拟。为得到模拟所需参数,在1100～1250℃和0.001～0.5 s-1的条件下对合金进行了热压缩试验。在所得试验数据的基础上,利用一种间接方法建立了合金的动态再结晶模型,并利用Avrami形式的方程对再结晶分数进行描述。采用Cingara硬化模型及所建立的再结晶分数模型构建了合金的流变应力本构模型。模拟结果显示,由于锻造过程中摩擦的存在、热量的损失以及简单单向镦粗变形的锻造方式,使得坯料中的微观组织分布不均匀。通过模拟结果与实验结果的比较,证明所建立的有限元模型能够有效地预测高铌TiAl合金在包套锻造过程中的组织演变。     

Multi-step heat treatment design for nano-scale lamellar structures of a cast Ti-45Al-8.5Nb-(W,B, Y) alloy

A multi-step heat treatment is proposed to optimize the lamellar structure of as-cast high Nb containing TiAl alloys. The β-segregation is removed effectively after the first two step heat treatment, a short-time holding within β single phase field then annealing in α+β phase field. During the third step heat treatment, a subsequent low-temperature aging, new γ lamellae precipitate by the means of isolated nucleation or twin-related nucleation. After the proposed multi-step heat treatment, the alloy presents nano-scaled lamellar structure with the colony size about 140 μm.     

添加W对高铌TiAl合金组织和力学性能的影响

研究了添加W（0．2原子分数,％）对高铌TiAl合金组织和力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,W合金化能改变高铌TiAl合金的铸态组织,但不能改变热加工组织以及4种典型组织和温度对其力学性能的影响。W合金化能提高高铌TiAl合金的室温及高温强度、降低强度随温度下降的速率 、提高脆韧转变温度,但对室温塑性影响不大,有利于FAM组织在更高温度下使用。