MoS2/Ti3C2Tx对磷酸盐涂层宽温域摩擦学性能的影响

目的 以MoS2/Ti3C2Tx为固体润滑剂,在25(室温)~400 ℃下制备具有优异摩擦学性能的MoS2/Ti3C2Tx磷酸盐涂层,并研究它在不同温度下的减摩抗磨机制。方法 以氢氟酸为MAX相(Ti3AlC2)粉体的蚀刻剂,制备具有“手风琴”形貌的Ti3C2Tx MXene。以硫脲、钼酸铵、MXene为原料,制备MoS2/Ti3C2Tx复合材料。以Al(H2PO4)3为黏结剂,以CuO为固化剂,分别以Ti3C2Tx和MoS2/Ti3C2Tx为固体润滑剂,制备Ti3C2Tx磷酸盐涂层和MoS2/Ti3C2Tx磷酸盐涂层。通过高温摩擦磨损试验机和光学数码显微镜测试涂层在25~400 ℃时的摩擦因数和磨损率,采用扫描电子显微镜和显微共焦激光拉曼光谱仪分析磨痕表面形貌、物相,进而探讨磨损机理。结果 当Ti3C2Tx与Al(H2PO4)3的质量比为2∶1时,Ti3C2Tx磷酸盐涂层在室温(25 ℃)下的摩擦因数和磨损率均最低,分别为0.38和2.75×10⁻⁴ mm³/(N.m)。在Ti3C2Tx表面负载MoS2,将MoS2/Ti3C2Tx作为固体润滑剂,能够显著降低磷酸盐涂层在25~400 ℃下的摩擦因数,同时磨损率也有所降低。MoS2/Ti3C2Tx磷酸盐涂层在室温下的摩擦因数低至0.11,相较于Ti3C2Tx磷酸盐涂层降低了71.1%,其磨损率相较于Ti3C2Tx磷酸盐涂层降低了1个数量级。在25~400 ℃范围内,MoS2/Ti3C2Tx磷酸盐涂层的摩擦因数均低于0.21。随着温度的升高,摩擦因数呈先减小后增大的趋势,磨损率整体上呈增大趋势。结论 相较于Ti3C2Tx磷酸盐涂层,MoS2/Ti3C2Tx磷酸盐涂层在25~400 ℃下的摩擦学性能均得到显著提升。     

超音速激光沉积Cu-Al2O3-石墨复合涂层微观结构及耐磨损性能

目的 研究不同石墨含量对超音速激光沉积Cu-Al2O3-石墨复合涂层的微观组织、显微硬度、耐磨损性能的影响。方法 利用扫描电子显微镜、能量色谱仪、维氏硬度计、激光共聚焦扫描显微系统、X射线衍射仪、摩擦磨损测试对复合涂层的微观组织、显微硬度、耐磨损性能及磨损机制进行分析。结果 随着原始粉末中镀铜石墨质量占比的增加,Cu-Al2O3-石墨复合涂层的沉积效率逐渐降低。基于Al2O3颗粒的原位喷丸效应及激光辐照的加热软化效应,复合涂层具有致密的微观组织,且复合涂层与基体界面结合良好。单一添加Al2O3颗粒可以将Cu涂层的硬度从108.19HV0.2提高至121.82HV0.2。随着石墨含量的增大,涂层的显微硬度逐渐降低,镀铜石墨在原始粉末中的质量分数从5%增至15%,Cu-Al2O3-石墨复合涂层的硬度从116.09HV0.2降至94.17HV0.2。添加石墨能够在复合涂层表面形成固体润滑层,降低复合涂层的摩擦因数,提升涂层的耐磨损性能。CuAlGr10复合涂层具有最优的耐磨损性能,磨损率为0.7×10⁻⁴ mm³/(N.m)。此外,由于激光辐照促进了复合涂层内部颗粒间的界面结合,均匀分散在石墨润滑相中的Al2O3颗粒作为负载支撑和耐磨相,可进一步降低复合涂层的磨损率。结论 Cu-Al2O3-石墨复合涂层优异的耐磨性能是润滑相石墨颗粒和硬质增强相Al2O3颗粒共同作用的结果,石墨的添加能够降低复合涂层的摩擦因数,提升涂层的耐磨损性能,但过量的石墨颗粒会对涂层产生割裂作用,导致增强相Al2O3颗粒脱离涂层,从而加剧涂层的磨损。     

Mo含量对激光熔覆CoCrFeNiW0.6Mox高熵合金涂层组织与性能的影响

目的 研究Mo含量的变化对激光熔覆CoCrFeNiW0.6高熵合金涂层的影响。方法 使用RFL-C1000光纤激光器,在45钢基体表面制备CoCrFeNiW0.6Mox(x=0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8)高熵合金涂层,并利用Leica DVM6光学显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、能谱仪、显微硬度仪、电化学工作站对熔覆层的宏观形貌与稀释率、相结构、微观组织结构、硬度、耐腐蚀性能进行测试与分析。结果 加入Mo元素后,结合状态与表面形貌良好,当x=0~0.4时,涂层微观组织主要呈树枝晶形态,且晶粒逐渐变细。当x≥0.6时,涂层表面开始有裂纹产生。随着Mo元素的添加,涂层逐渐析出σ相,晶粒尺寸逐渐减小。当x=0.8时,有共晶组织形成。涂层显微硬度随Mo元素的增加而增加,但由于x=0.8时出现较多裂纹,裂纹的出现影响了涂层硬度,导致x=0.8时的硬度减小。当x=0.6时,涂层平均显微硬度最高,达到了959.69HV0.3,约为CoCrFeNiW0.6涂层平均硬度的20.32%。当x=0~0.6时,涂层耐腐蚀性能随着Mo元素含量的增加逐渐提升。当x=0.8时,耐腐蚀性能变差,其原因是裂纹的出现以及σ相的形成使得涂层耐腐蚀性变差。在x=0.6时,涂层耐腐蚀性能最好。结论 Mo元素的加入使得涂层微观组织出现σ相,同时有细化晶粒的作用,可以显著改善涂层的硬度以及耐腐蚀性。     

基于磁过滤技术制备亚微米级TiAlN/TiAlCN/TiAlC复合涂层的耐腐蚀性能

海洋环境中长期服役的船舶、舰载机关键部件存在严重的腐蚀问题。为提高其耐腐蚀性能,采用磁过滤真空弧（FCVA）技术制备不同Al/Ti含量比的亚微米级Ti （Al） N/Ti （Al） CN/Ti （Al） C多元复合多层膜（以下简称TANC）。通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、电化学工作站和盐雾试验机等表征薄膜的形貌、结构和腐蚀性能。结果表明：在盐雾试验中腐蚀形态主要以点蚀为主,随着膜层中Al/Ti含量比的增大,耐腐蚀性提高;电化学腐蚀试验中,亚微米级膜层的自腐蚀电流密度可达到10^-7 A/cm²数量级,且随着膜层Al/Ti含量比的增大,腐蚀电流密度从7.73×10^-7减小到3.83×10^-7 A/cm²,低频区阻抗值从1.19×10⁵增大到4.70×10⁵ Ω·cm²,较基底提高了2个数量级,耐腐蚀性能不断提高;盐雾腐蚀和电化学腐蚀结果一致,高Al含量的TANC耐腐蚀性能最优。通过FCVA技术能实现亚微米级TANC涂层的强防腐效果,该涂层具有发展成为关键部件耐海洋腐蚀涂层的潜力。     

Mo含量对FeCoCrNiMox高熵合金等离子喷焊层组织与性能的影响

目的 研究不同Mo元素添加量对FeCoCrNiMox(x=0、0.5、1、1.5)高熵合金等离子喷焊层组织和性能的影响,以期望获得一种高硬度、耐腐蚀的喷焊层,用于改善传统工模具表面防护与使用寿命的问题。方法 采用等离子喷焊技术在Q235A低碳钢表面制备了不同Mo含量的高熵合金喷焊层,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDS)表征其微观组织与相结构,借助显微硬度计和电化学工作站对喷焊层的硬度和耐腐蚀性能进行测试。结果 随着Mo含量x从0逐渐增加到1.5,喷焊层的晶界胞状枝晶组织(枝晶内为白色富Mo相,枝晶间为灰色富Fe、Ni相)逐渐增加,合金微观组织变得细小;喷焊层的硬度由204.4HV0.2增加至706.8HV0.2;喷焊层在3.5%NaCl溶液中呈现出明显的钝化行为,腐蚀电位由?0.753 V增大到?0.412 V,腐蚀电流密度由1.23×10^?4 A/cm²减小到3.80×10^?6 A/cm²,点蚀电位由?0.642 V增大到?0.371 V,具有优异的耐腐蚀性能。结论 所设计的FeCoCrNiMox合金及相应的等离子喷焊工艺,满足对喷焊层高耐磨以及耐腐蚀性的要求,有望应用于传统工模具的表面防护与修复。     

铝合金表面Al2O3-Ni涂层的制备及耐磨性研究

目的研究Al2O3含量对Al2O3-Ni复合涂层摩擦磨损性能的影响。方法采用大气等离子喷涂技术,在6082-T6铝合金基体表面分别制备Al2O3含量为30%、50%和70%的30%Al2O3-70%Ni、50%Al2O3-50%Ni、70%Al2O3-30%Ni复合涂层。对三种涂层的显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能进行对比研究,并分析原始粉末和涂层的相组成、涂层组织结构、磨损形貌和磨损机制。结果原始粉末中的部分α-Al2O3相在急冷条件下转变成γ-Al2O3新相,涂层中各衍射峰出现明显的宽化现象,有Al2O3非晶相生成。三种试样均由基体、打底层、涂层组成,基体与打底层之间有明显的分界面,打底层因与涂层化学成分相似使分界面不明显,层与层之间结合良好。涂层的显微硬度明显高于基体,约为基体硬度的4~5倍,且其随着Al2O3含量的增加而增加。在试验条件下,涂层的摩擦系数、磨痕宽度、磨损率均随着Al2O3含量的增加而减小,相较于30%Al2O3-70%Ni涂层,70%Al2O3-30%Ni涂层的摩擦系数降低了13%,磨损率降低了66.7%。30%Al2O3-70%Ni涂层磨损最严重,磨痕表面剥落明显,而50%Al2O3-50%Ni涂层与70%Al2O3-30%Ni涂层磨损后,磨痕表面产生大量即将剥落的"橘皮状"氧化物,磨损机制均为氧化磨损与粘着磨损的混合。结论 Al2O3-Ni复合涂层中增加Al2O3含量可以提高复合涂层的耐磨性。     

纳米Fe_3O_4-K_2O·3Al_2O_3·6SiO_2·2H_2O金色亮粉复合颗粒改性环氧涂层用于H68黄铜涂层的耐蚀性

利用机械混合的方法制备了纳米Fe3O4-K2O·3Al2O3·6SiO2·2H2O环氧复合涂层,并采用HV显微硬度试验,划格测试,电化学阻抗谱,极化曲线等方法研究了这种新型涂层的显微硬度、附着力和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,这种具有黄铜色泽的新型复合环氧材料的显微硬度和附着力与环氧涂层相比略有增加,并在人工酸雨介质中具有良好的防腐蚀性能。因此,这种新型复合涂层材料是一种理想的黄铜保护材料。     

Ti6Al4V合金激光熔覆NiMoSi复合涂层的高温抗氧化性能

为提高Ti6Al4V合金的高温抗氧化性能,以Ni-48%Mo-32%Si混合粉末为原料,采用激光熔覆技术在Ti6Al4V合金表面制备复合涂层,分析涂层物相、组织结构、高温抗氧化性能及抗磨损性能,并讨论相关机理。结果表明：复合涂层中无裂纹,与基体实现了良好的冶金结合;硬质相Ti₅Si₃、MoSi₂和Mo₅Si₃均匀分布于基体α-Ti、NiTi中。经恒温800 ℃氧化100 h后,复合涂层的氧化膜主要由TiO₂、SiO₂和NiO组成,结构连续致密,表现出较好的高温抗氧化性能。而Ti6Al4V合金氧化膜主要为疏松TiO₂,表面氧化严重;氧化后,复合涂层和基体的单位面积增重分别为1.31和23.38 mg/cm²;复合涂层和基体的摩擦因数分为0.44和0.52、磨损率分别为16.2×10^-5和22.6×10^-5mm³/Nm,复合涂层的摩擦学性能亦有明显提高。     

碳含量对激光熔覆CoCrFeMnNiCx高熵合金涂层摩擦磨损和耐蚀性能的影响

采用激光熔覆技术在 45 钢基体上制备了不同碳含量(等摩尔比)的 CoCrFeMnNiC_x( x = 0,0. 03,0. 06,0. 09, 0. 12,0. 15)高熵合金涂层。 通过 X 射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜( SEM)、HVS-1000A 型显微硬度计、RST5000 型电化学工作站、UMT-2 型摩擦磨损试验机等表征和测试手段研究了不同碳含量对激光熔覆 CoCrFeMnNiC_x 高熵合金涂层物相结构、显微硬度、摩擦磨损及耐腐蚀性能的影响。 结果表明,当碳含量 x 由 0 逐渐增加至 0. 09 时,高熵合金相结构由 FCC 固溶体转变为 FCC 固溶体和 M23C6 相共存,合金微观组织变得细小;熔覆层硬度由 183. 20 HV_{0. 2} 增加至 223. 48 HV_{0. 2} ; 涂层的摩擦因数降低,耐磨性能变强;腐蚀电位由-469 mV 增大至-348 mV,腐蚀电流密度由 14. 95 μA·cm^-2 减小为 2. 29 μA·cm^-2 ,耐腐蚀性增强。 当碳含量 x 由 0. 09 逐渐增加至 0. 15 时,合金相结构再次转变为 FCC 固溶体,且合金微观组织恢复粗大状态;熔覆层硬度与耐腐蚀性降低,但耐磨性能却先减弱后增强。 合金在碳含量为 0. 09 时,硬度最高且耐腐蚀性能最强;在碳含量为 0. 15 时,耐磨性最强。     

超高频脉冲电流作用下纳米Al2O3颗粒对Mg-Gd-Y-Zr合金微弧氧化涂层的影响

目的 进一步提高Mg-Gd-Y-Zr合金微弧氧化涂层的耐腐蚀性能。方法 采用超高频微弧氧化技术在含有Al2O3纳米颗粒的溶液中制备了微弧氧化涂层。利用扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对微弧氧化涂层的表面形貌、截面形貌、成分和晶体结构进行分析。利用极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试了涂层的耐腐蚀性能。结果 频率由0.5 kHz提升至20 kHz后,涂层表面放电孔洞面积由0.07~24.4 μm²降低至0.08~6.3 μm²,涂层的孔隙率由6.47%减小至3.35%。Al2O3纳米颗粒的添加使超高频涂层表面形成大量自封闭孔洞结构,进而进一步降低了涂层表面的孔径面积(0.1~ 4.63 μm²)和孔隙率(0.97%)。极化试验表明,提高频率至20 kHz,涂层的自腐蚀电流密度由4.7×10^‒6 A/cm²降低至4.7×10^‒7 A/cm² ,添加 Al2O3纳米颗粒,涂层的自腐蚀电流密度进一步降低至1.7×10^‒7 A/cm²,表明其耐蚀性能显著提高。阻抗谱显示,20 kHz-Al涂层具有最大的阻抗,说明该工艺可有效提高微弧氧化涂层的耐蚀性能。 结论 超高频可有效降低放电孔洞尺寸,提高微弧氧化涂层的致密性,改善涂层的耐腐蚀性能。超高频与Al2O3纳米粒子的协同作用使涂层表面形成自封闭孔洞结构,进一步提高微弧氧化涂层的致密性和耐腐蚀性能。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.