基于KPCA-RBF模型的风暴潮灾害经济损失预测

作为破坏性最强的海洋灾害,风暴潮灾害每年都给我国沿海地区造成了巨大的经济损失,运用科学的方法模型合理预测风暴潮灾害经济损失对指导沿海地区的防灾减灾工作意义深远。本文基于风暴潮灾害的成灾特点建立了风暴潮灾害直接经济损失预评估指标体系,由于评估指标数据高度非线性,采用核主成分分析（KPCA）对高维非线性数据进行降维优化,并利用径向基函数（RBF）神经网络对降维后的数据进行训练,从而实现对风暴潮灾害直接经济损失的预测。选取广东省1996—2018年的32个风暴潮灾害损失样本对模型进行仿真测试,结果表明,KPCA-RBF预测模型集成了核主成分分析和径向基函数神经网络的优势,预测结果精度高,学习收敛速度快,对风暴潮灾害数据序列有较好的非线性拟合能力。     

基于相空间重构的神经网络风暴潮增水预测方法

风暴潮增水的准确预测对于国民生产、防灾减灾有重大意义。本文提出一种基于相空间重构的神经网络风暴潮增水预测方法,即使用单站风暴潮增水数据重构出与之相关的相空间,然后使用BP神经网络模型拟合该相空间的空间结构。将该模型用于库克斯港风暴潮增水预测,结果表明:该模型应用在风暴潮增水时间序列的预测中是合理、可行的,并具有较高的精度。此外,使用db10小波函数对原始余水位数据进行降噪处理可以显著地提高模型的预测精度。     

基于SSA-ELM模型的台风风暴潮灾害损失预评估

近年来全球气候变化加剧,台风风暴潮灾害的频率、强度和损失逐渐加大,台风风暴潮灾害损失的预评估对海洋防灾减灾工作有重大现实意义.作者选用广东省1995年—2020年间的50组台风风暴潮数据进行研究,量化气候变化数据,建立台风风暴潮损失评估体系并通过主成分分析进行降维.采用麻雀搜索算法优化极限学习机建立预评估模型,分别对台...     

基于证据理论的风暴潮灾害损失评估

本文提出了一种基于Dempster-Shafer证据理论的风暴潮灾害损失评估方法。鉴于风暴潮致灾过程中的不确定性, 选择合适的具有代表性指标(包括最大风暴潮增水、最大有效波高和防灾减灾能力)产生灾害损失评估的证据, 并根据所选指标和风暴潮直接经济损失之间的相关性大小确定证据权重, 最后采用改进的Murphy证据融合算法进行证据融合, 从而判断灾害损失等级。通过实证分析发现, 本文所提出的方法在判断风暴潮灾害损失等级上的正确率达到93.1%, 优于朴素贝叶斯、支持向量机、神经网络和决策树等常用方法, 同时本文方法计算简便, 且随着训练集样本量的增加, 损失评估结果可进一步精细化。     

青岛地区风暴潮灾害易损性风险区划建模

风暴潮灾害风险是由风暴潮危险性、承灾体脆弱性、暴露性和防潮减灾能力决定的,其中承灾体脆弱性、暴露性和防潮减灾能力构成了风暴潮灾害的易损性.结合目前国内对风暴潮灾害危险性研究较为深入,而对易损性研究欠缺的现状,以青岛沿海风暴潮为例,建立了风暴潮灾害易损性风险区划模型.模型首先通过风险因子识别建立了风险评价指标体系,然后采用聚类分析将研究区域进行综合分类,再用熵值法、灰色关联分析及模糊综合评价法分别对各地区潮灾风险进行量化,最后应用熵值—灰色—模糊组合方法从主客观角度定性定量进行综合风险区划排名,将青岛九区市划分为4个不同风险等级,揭示了青岛近海地区风暴潮灾害风险的地域差异性,为因地制宜地制定防灾减灾措施与规划提供了科学依据.     

风暴潮灾害现场调查工作机制和规范

为提高我国对风暴潮灾害的灾情评估和防灾减灾水平,文章分析风暴潮灾害现场调查的工作机制和规范。研究结果表明:风暴潮灾害现场调查主要包括前期准备、现场调查、报告编制和成果归档4项工作内容;前期准备工作包括制定调查方案、制作调查底图和配置调查装备,现场调查内容包括气象水文情况、承灾体受损情况、风暴潮淹没情况和防灾减灾措施,报告编制内容包括灾害基本情况、现场调查情况、灾害损失情况、灾害应对情况以及发现的问题和建议,成果归档类型包括记录类等6类。     

福建省典型海洋灾害时空分布特性研究

福建省是受海洋灾害影响较重的省份,风暴潮、海浪及赤潮等灾害频发,针对单一灾种特定灾害动力过程的研究较多,但针对各主要灾种灾损特性的研究尚不够全面和深入。在对国内外研究成果进行归纳和总结的基础上,整合了《中国海洋灾害公报》、《福建省海洋灾害公报》、《中国渔业统计年鉴》等相关资料,对近6年福建省3种典型海洋灾害分别进行了深入分析,明确了福建省海洋灾害时空分布特性。结果表明:造成福建省海洋灾害直接经济损失的主要是风暴潮灾害,占全部损失的84%,赤潮灾害次之;人员死亡(失踪)完全由海浪灾害造成。风暴潮损失年际变化幅度较大,8、9月损失占全年76.4%,福建沿海南北部地区受灾较严重,中部地区受灾较轻;海浪灾害人员死亡(失踪)出现2个高峰期,分别是冷暖交替的1-3月份及9-10月份,损失共占到84.6%,空间分布上与风暴潮有相似性;受气象条件影响,4-6月为赤潮灾害频发期,发生起数占总数的95.9%。分析结果为沿海各区市组织防灾减灾提供了科学依据。     

风暴潮灾害经济预警指标体系研究

在界定风暴潮灾害经济预警概念的基础上,按照风暴潮灾害经济预警主体性原则、逻辑科学性原则,选取风暴潮灾害经济预警评价指标,采用“目的树”层次分析法,从风暴潮灾害危险度、潜在受灾地区易损脆弱度和防灾减灾能力三个层面,构建了我国风暴潮灾害经济预警指标体系,这将为近海青岛地区风暴潮灾害风险区划,以及相关预警模型的准确有效建立与...     

风暴潮灾害损失定量评估方法研究——以舟山市普陀区为例

风暴潮灾害成灾频率高、致灾强度大,是我国的主要海洋灾害之一。浙江省位于我国东部沿海,是我国人口分布以及社会经济发展的重要区域。本文采用脆弱性曲线法开展了适用于风暴潮灾害的受灾人口和直接经济损失定量评估方法研究。将研究成果应用于舟山市普陀区,在验证模型可靠性的基础上,开展了不同风暴潮重现期情景下的灾害损失定量评估。结果显示：受灾人口较多和直接经济损失较大的地区主要集中出现在舟山本岛的东南部区域,其中,工业仓储、住宅和交通用地更易受到风暴潮灾害的直接影响,损失值较大。定量评估结果可为进一步开展我国沿海地区风暴潮灾害损失评估提供数据基础支持,可有效地支撑沿海地区风暴潮灾害防灾减灾能力。     

基于因子分析的沿海地区海洋灾害损失评价——以风暴潮为例

近年来,海洋灾害不断发生,使得沿海地区经济与社会的持续发展遭受严峻的挑战。在总结有关海洋灾害研究成果的基础上,首先说明了构建灾害损失评价指标体系的基本原则,并选取了评价指标体系;其次,用因子分析法对十个沿海省份2000年到2007年所遭受的风暴潮灾害损失进行了评价;最后根据综合得分找出了遭受风暴潮灾害损失严重的地区和主要的损失因子,从而为防灾减灾提供了依据。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.