北京市S区居民熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐膳食暴露风险评估

目的 了解北京市S区居民通过熟肉制品暴露亚硝酸盐的潜在健康风险及影响因素。方法 采用分光光度法对S区2013—2019年市售535份熟肉制品中的亚硝酸盐含量进行监测,结合S区不同年龄组居民肉制品的个体消费量数据,并与联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织的食品添加剂联合专家委员会（FAO/WHO JECFA）规定的亚硝酸盐每日允许摄入量（ADI）0.07 mg/kg·BW进行比较,评价其膳食暴露健康风险。结果 北京市S区市售熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐的检出率为94.02%,总体超标率为9.16%。2岁以上人群通过熟肉制品的亚硝酸盐每日暴露量范围为0.000 0~0.390 0 mg/kg·BW,平均暴露量为0.018 8 mg/kg·BW,其中有2.5%人群的暴露量超过了ADI。除50~64岁组和≥80岁组外,其他年龄组人群熟肉制品来源亚硝酸盐日暴露量均超过了ADI。2~5岁组和6~12岁组熟肉制品来源亚硝酸盐日暴露量在P₉₅百分位上超过了ADI,处在不可接受水平;13~17岁组熟肉制品来源亚硝酸盐日暴露量在P₉₅百分位上等于ADI。结论 S区市售熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐残留有导致部分人群存在慢性毒害的风险,应加强监管和抽检力度,向公众普及亚硝酸盐相关知识,最大限度地减少外源性亚硝酸盐的添加和内源性亚硝酸盐的产生。     

上海市市售婴幼儿配方乳粉中氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的监测及膳食暴露评估

目的 了解上海市市售婴幼儿配方乳粉中氯丙醇酯（MCPDE）和缩水甘油酯（GE）的污染水平，评估婴幼儿膳食暴露风险。方法 利用2020年上海市市售90件婴幼儿配方乳粉中MCPDE和GE的风险监测数据，结合婴幼儿膳食消费量数据，采用点评估法对婴幼儿经婴幼儿配方乳粉的3-MCPDE、2-MCPDE和GE进行膳食暴露评估。结果 上海市市售婴幼儿配方乳粉中3-MCPDE、2-MCPDE和GE的检出率分别为100%、100%和12.2%，含量平均值分别为0.084、0.021和0.005 mg/kg，最大值分别为0.231、0.034和0.031 mg/kg。上海市0~6月龄婴儿每日经婴幼儿配方乳粉摄入3-MCPDE的平均暴露量和P₉₅暴露量分别为1.262和2.166 μg/kg·BW，分别占3-MCPDE每日耐受摄入量（TDI，2 μg/kg·BW）的63.1%和108.3%。6~12、12~36月龄婴幼儿每日经婴幼儿配方乳粉摄入3-MCPDE的平均暴露量和P₉₅暴露量均低于TDI值。不同月龄组婴幼儿每日经婴幼儿配方乳粉摄入2-MCPDE的平均暴露量为0.118~0.319 μg/kg·BW。不同月龄组婴幼儿每日经婴幼儿配方乳粉摄入GE的平均暴露边界比（MOE）和P₉₅ MOE均大于10 000。结论 上海市0~36月龄婴幼儿每日经婴幼儿配方乳粉摄入3-MCPDE和GE的健康风险总体上处于可接受水平。但对于高食物消费量的0～6月龄婴儿，其通过婴幼儿配方乳粉暴露3-MCPDE的健康风险需引起关注。     

我国重点和非重点地区居民膳食中高氯酸盐暴露风险概率评估

目的 评估我国高氯酸盐污染重点和非重点地区膳食中高氯酸盐的暴露水平及健康风险。方法 通过检索文献收集我国食品中高氯酸盐的含量数据,利用2015年中国总膳食研究数据,概率评估两类地区各年龄组居民膳食中高氯酸盐暴露风险。结果 茶叶（175.54 μg/kg）中高氯酸盐平均含量最高,蔬菜是我国居民通过膳食摄入高氯酸盐的重要食品类别（贡献率为79.40%）。分别与联合国粮食及农业组织/世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会设定的暂定最大每日容许摄入量（PMTDI）（10 μg/kg?BW）和我国学者暂定每日容许摄入量（tTDI）（0.7 μg/kg?BW）相比,99%居民膳食中高氯酸盐暴露量低于PMTDI,但在两类地区各有4.96%和26.57%居民的高氯酸盐膳食暴露量超过tTDI;在饮茶人群中,95%居民膳食中高氯酸盐暴露量低于PMTDI,而在两地区各有57.47%和77.94%的饮茶人群膳食高氯酸盐暴露量超过tTDI。结论 我国居民经膳食摄入高氯酸盐暴露风险总体较低,但存在一些重点地区因局部高污染等因素导致暴露风险高于其他地区。     

边销茶中蒽醌污染状况及其暴露风险评估

目的 了解我国边销茶中蒽醌（以9,10-蒽醌为代表）的污染状况,评估我国边销茶饮用人群的暴露水平及健康风险。方法 用气相色谱串联质谱法（GC-MS/MS）测定边销茶样品中蒽醌（以9,10-蒽醌为代表）的含量,基于2016—2017年边销茶中9,10-蒽醌食品安全风险监测数据,结合内蒙古自治区、西藏自治区、青海省居民的边销茶消费量数据,通过简单分布评估法对当地居民通过饮用边销茶蒽醌的暴露量进行估计,并与每日允许摄入量（ADI,6.8 μg/kg·BW）比较后进行风险评估。结果 141份边销茶样品中蒽醌总检出率为75.18%,平均含量为0.029 2 mg/kg,我国尚未制定茶叶中蒽醌的限量标准,以2014年欧盟法规条例（EU）No 1146/2014中规定的茶叶中蒽醌最大残留限量0.02 mg/kg作为参考,总超标率为57.45%。定型包装和散装的边销茶蒽醌超标率分别为64.63%和47.46%。简单分布评估结果显示,我国内蒙古自治区、西藏自治区和青海省饮茶者全人群每日通过边销茶摄入蒽醌的平均水平为9.37×10^-4 μg/kg·BW,占ADI的0.013 8%;边销茶高消费人群的每日暴露量（P95暴露量）为3.12×10^-3 μg/kg·BW,占ADI的0.045 9%。不同性别-年龄组中,45~59岁女性组每日平均暴露量和P95暴露量最高,分别为1.41×10^-3和6.16×10^-3 μg/kg·BW,远低于ADI值。结论 内蒙古自治区、西藏自治区和青海省居民经边销茶摄入的蒽醌对人体造成的健康风险较低,处在可接受水平。但我国边销茶中普遍存在蒽醌污染,需要进一步对茶叶中蒽醌进行溯源分析并控制污染源。另外,为积极应对欧盟等国家和地区对我国出口茶叶的蒽醌含量限定,建议相关部门研究制定茶叶中蒽醌的合理限量规定。     

婴幼儿辅助食品中矿物油的污染水平及其健康影响评估

目的 了解我国婴幼儿辅助食品中烃类矿物油的污染水平,并评估其对我国0～3岁婴幼儿消费人群的潜在健康影响。方法 采用在线高效液相-气相色谱法检测饱和烃矿物油（MOSH）和芳香烃矿物油（MOAH）的含量。结合2015年中国居民食物消费量数据,采用简单分布法对我国0～3岁婴幼儿矿物油膳食暴露开展风险评估。结果 4类（罐装辅助食品、米粉、面条、饼干或磨牙棒）共计138份市售婴幼儿辅助食品中,MOSH（C16～C35）的总检出率为45.65%,在各类辅食中平均污染水平范围为0.55～4.40 mg/kg。MOAH仅在1个面条样品和4个饼干或磨牙棒样品中检出,总检出率为3.62%。我国0～3岁婴幼儿辅食消费人群MOSH（C16～C35）每日平均暴露量及高食物消费量人群（P95）暴露量分别为6.21和19.27 μg/kg·BW,各年龄组暴露限值均大于100。结论 我国0～3岁婴幼儿经辅食中MOSH膳食暴露导致的健康风险很低。需要关注婴幼儿辅食中MOAH的污染。     

山东省小麦粉镉污染状况调查及膳食暴露评估

目的 了解山东省各市小麦、小麦粉的镉污染水平,对居民经小麦粉摄入镉的健康风险进行初步评估。方法 在山东省16市农贸市场、商店超市、农户中采集小麦、小麦粉共计1 789份样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法进行镉含量测定;结合小麦粉消费量数据,对山东省居民通过小麦粉途径的镉暴露风险进行评估。结果 检测数据表明,小麦镉含量明显高于小麦粉中镉含量（Z=-12.50,P<0.001）。小麦和小麦粉镉含量均存在地区差异。风险评估结果显示,小麦粉平均消费水平的人群每月镉摄入量（EMI）为1.18 μg/kg·BW,占暂定每月耐受摄入量（PTMI）的4.72%;小麦粉高消费人群EMI为2.87 μg/kg·BW,占PTMI 的11.47%。结论 山东省居民平均消费人群通过小麦粉途径的镉暴露风险较低,但镉含量较高的地市的小麦粉高消费人群膳食镉暴露风险仍需进一步关注。     

2020—2021年山东省小麦中镉污染状况及健康风险评估

目的 了解山东省16个地市小麦中镉的污染状况，并对其膳食暴露量及健康风险进行评估。方法 采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测2020—2021年山东省16个地市小麦中镉含量，结合山东省居民小麦消费量计算镉膳食暴露量，采用安全限值法（MOS）和美国环境保护局推荐的健康风险评价模型评价镉引起的健康风险。结果 山东省小麦中镉含量的中位数为0.020 2 mg/kg，检出率为97.5%；小麦中镉的污染呈现山东省南部及胶东半岛较高，西北部较低的分布；山东省居民每月经小麦摄入镉的平均暴露量为1.80 μg/kg·BW，低于每月可耐受摄入量参考值（25 μg/kg·BW）；通过小麦的镉暴露量的MOS为13.9，风险可以接受；个人致癌平均年风险为0.46×10^-5/年，低于国际放射防护委员会推荐的最大可接受年风险水平。结论 山东省居民通过小麦摄入镉的健康风险处于可接受水平，但不同地区的小麦污染存在区域差异。     

我国进口干酪制品中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量调查及暴露风险评估研究

目的 了解我国进口干酪制品中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量水平,并评估我国成人干酪消费人群健康风险。方法 基于我国市售的进口干酪制品中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量和2012年我国居民干酪消费量数据,通过概率评估方法,对我国成人干酪消费人群的膳食硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐暴露量进行估计,并分别与联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会（JECFA）制定的硝酸盐每日允许摄入量（ADI）和欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）制定的亚硝酸盐ADI比较后进行风险表征。结果 162份进口干酪样品中,硝酸盐的检出率为89.5%,平均含量为11.23 mg/kg;亚硝酸盐仅2份检出,含量为0.4和0.6 mg/kg。不同种类进口干酪制品中硝酸盐的平均含量从高到低依次为软质、半硬质、其他、硬质。我国成人通过进口干酪硝酸盐的平均暴露量为5.13 μg/kg BW/d,占ADI的0.14%,高暴露人群（P95）为20.06 μg/kg BW/d,占ADI的0.55%。结论 我国进口干酪制品中硝酸盐的检出率较高,且不同种类进口干酪制品其含量存在差异,而亚硝酸盐检出率很低。我国成人通过进口干酪暴露硝酸盐的健康风险较低。     

青海省成年居民膳食铝暴露风险评估

目的 评价青海省成年居民膳食铝的暴露水平及潜在的健康风险。方法 利用2015—2020年青海省7类共499份主要含铝食品的铝含量数据,以及《第五次中国总膳食研究》和2010—2013年中国居民营养与健康监测中的食物消费量数据,采用点评估的方法,评估青海省不同年龄-性别组成年居民的铝暴露水平及潜在风险。结果 7类主要含铝食品铝的平均含量为72.210 mg/kg,最大值为1 220.000 mg/kg。总检出率为77.96%(389/499),总超标率为19.72%(57/289)。其中,即食海蜇的检出率和超标率均为最高,分别为100.00%(11/11)、90.91%(10/11)。青海省成年居民铝的平均每日暴露量为0.080 mg/(kg·d),占暂定每周耐受摄入量(PTWI)的27.86%,谷物及其制品对青海省成年居民膳食铝暴露的贡献率最高,达88.07%。不同年龄-性别组成年居民以≥60岁年龄组女性每日铝暴露量最高,平均为0.086 mg/(kg·d),占PTWI的30.05%。各年龄-性别组成年居民膳食铝中位暴露量(铝含量取P50)和平均暴露量(铝含量取均值)占PTWI百分比均＜1。结论 青海省成年居民膳食铝摄入的健康风险较低,谷物及其制品为主要贡献食品。     

天津市市售畜肉及肝脏中β-受体激动剂残留状况及膳食暴露风险评估

目的 了解天津市市售畜肉及肝脏中β-受体激动剂残留水平及人群膳食暴露风险。方法 2016—2021年在天津市超市、网店和农贸市场采集市售猪、牛、羊肉及肝脏样品583份。按照《国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》的相关标准程序进行克伦特罗、莱克多巴胺、沙丁胺醇和特布他林4种β-受体激动剂的检测，结合居民食物消费量采用食品安全指数法评价人群膳食暴露风险。结果 583份样品总检出率为13.89%（81/583）。克伦特罗为主要检出的β-受体激动剂，占总检出样品的98.77%（80/81），仅1份样品检出沙丁胺醇，而其他两种β-受体激动剂则均未检出。检出率位于前3位的食品种类为牛肝33.96%（36/106）、羊肉15.79%（18/114）、牛肉13.22%（16/121），猪肉、猪肝检出率较低，分别为1.19%（1/84）、2.00%（1/50），差异有统计学意义（χ²=56.11，P?0.05）。农贸市场采集样品检出率显著高于超市及网店（χ²=10.91，P?0.05）。暴露评估结果显示，天津市居民通过猪肉、牛肉、羊肉的β-受体激动剂的平均暴露量范围为0.000 1~0.000 4 μg/kg·BW；食品安全指数（IFS）范围为0.022 0~0.095 0，IFS值均小于1。结论 天津市市售畜肉及肝脏中β-受体激动剂存在一定程度的检出，但通过猪肉、牛肉、羊肉β-受体激动剂的平均膳食暴露的食品安全风险处于较低水平。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Detection of adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum by capillary electrophoresis and polarized light microscopy

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and polarized light microscopy (PLM) were utilized in the detection of the adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum. For CE analyses, standards of locust bean and guar gums were extracted with 30% CH₃CN, removing the residual proteins from the gum matrix. A 8.75 mM NaH₂PO₄-20.6 mM Na₂B₄O₇ buffer, pH 9, was used to separate these proteins and to identify marker proteins that were present in the guar gum. These markers did not co-migrate with components in the extracts of mechanically processed locust bean gum, and are used as indicators of adulteration. Using PLM with toluidine blue and iodine staining techniques, unadulterated locust bean gum samples were distinguished from mixed samples through the differential staining of components in locust bean versus guar and tara gums. These experiments in the use of CE and PLM provide orthogonal and complementary methods for the verification of 'true' positives and the elimination of 'false' positives.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.