一层随机分布球形粒子的被动辐射特性研究

一层球形粒子的被动辐射特性一直没有被全面系统地进行研究.文中基于矢量辐射传输方程,对一层随机分布的球形粒子进行数学建模,采用特征值特征向量法分别计算了瑞利球形粒子和Mie球形粒子,得到了两种粒子在各种不同参数条件下的辐射亮度温度,研究了模型中的参数对粒子被动辐射特性的影响并加以分析,给出合理的物理解释以保证数据的正确性,该研究结果可以为以后将矢量辐射传输方程应用到对单个大尺寸粒子的被动辐射特性的研究提供基础.     

肺叶支气管堵塞时非球形微米粒子在人体上呼吸道中的沉降

在真实的人体上呼吸道模型中模拟了正常情况和肺叶支气管堵塞时的流场和粒子沉降.利用粒子形状因子研究了平静呼吸和肺叶支气管堵塞情况下上呼吸道流场分布以及球形微米粒子和非球形微粒子的沉降.肺叶支气管的堵塞情况分为左肺叶支气管堵塞、右肺叶支气管堵塞、左上、左下、右上、右中、右下肺叶支气管堵塞7种情况.非球形粒子的形状因子越小,沉降率越高;肺叶支气管堵塞时会影响流场分布,增加粒子人体上呼吸道内整体沉降率,且明显影响粒子的沉降部位;一侧肺叶支气管堵塞基本不会改变主气管及以上部位的粒子的沉降却能明显增加其它支气管的粒子的沉降;进一步表明微米粒子在人体上呼吸道内的沉降机制主要以拖拽作用下的惯性撞击为主.     

磷酸钴纳米粒子的微波辐射制备法

介绍用微波辐射法对磷酸钴纳米粒子的制备方法和分离方法.并对磷酸钴纳米粒子进行了结构和组成的测试,讨论了影响粒子形成的主要因素.通过实验得到了平均粒径为50.64nm的球形微粒的磷酸钴纳米粒子.     

近红外波段气溶胶粒子形状和性质对散射特性的影响

为了研究近红外波段气溶胶粒子的形状和性质对散射特性的影响,将气溶胶粒子视为非球形粒子,并用T矩阵理论对0.94 μm波段的气溶胶粒子进行了一系列计算分析.计算结果表明:进行单个气溶胶粒子的散射计算时其形状因子是不可忽视的元素,单个气溶胶粒子的散射相函数随着粒子形状的不同在前向和后向有明显变化;进行气溶胶粒子前向体散射计算时非球形粒子近似成球形粒子带来的误差较小,后向误差仍较大;气溶胶粒子性质的不同,即折射指数和数密度的不同对散射特性影响较大.     

微波辐照下均分散氧化亚铜超细粒子的制备

在微波辐射条件下,用沉淀法制备了氧化亚铜均分散超细粒子,实验表明：随加热方式、CuSO4浓度、表面活性剂或螯合剂的不同,粒子的开状呈方形、雪花形、球形多种形态,特别是雪花形粒子,尚未见文献报道,与传统加热方式相比,微波辐照制备的粒子均分散性更好、形状更规整。     

松针状憎水性纳米金的微波辐射合成与表征

利用十八胺(C18NH2)/正丁醇/正庚烷/甲酸/HAuCl4·4H2O W/O型微乳液体系,在微波辐射条件下,由甲酸还原氯金酸,合成了具有球形和松针状等形貌的憎水性金纳米粒子.由C18NH2稳定的金纳米颗粒运用紫外可见光谱、透射电镜、X射线衍射和接触角等手段分别进行了表征和分析,探讨了微乳液体系中C18NH2与氯金酸摩尔比、甲酸用量等对形成的金纳米粒子形貌、尺寸的影响.结果显示,随着胺与金摩尔比的减小,形成的金纳米粒子尺寸逐渐增大,粒子的形貌从球形逐渐向松针状转变;胺与金的摩尔比不变时,增加甲酸用量也能成功实现金纳米粒子从球形向松针状的转变.     

带电粒子沟道辐射在高能物理中的一种可能应用

引入正弦平方势,并在抛物线近似下解析地处理了沟道辐射的瞬时辐射强度和平均辐射强度.结果表明沟道辐射的平均辐射强度与相对论因子γ的平方成正比.于是指出了可望用它来识别超高能粒子,而且强调了粒子能量越高越容易被识别.注意到沟道辐射大部分都集中在粒子运动方向、角宽θ≈1/γ的范围内,可见粒子能量越高角宽越窄,这又为超高能粒子的识别进一步提供了有利条件.最后,以正电子在碳单晶中的(110)面沟道辐射为例进行了计算,揭示了如何从平均辐射强度来识别超高能粒子的可能性.     

低维纳米材料异常红外性能的局域电场诱发机理研究

低维纳米材料具有异常的红外性能,其本质与纳米材料的尺度、结构、与外场的相互作用等密切相关.本文利用电偶极子间相互作用近似计算了多粒子体系纳米粒子间的局域电场,表征了球形纳米粒子表面及附近局域电场随粒子半径R的变化,以及CO分子吸附于球形纳米粒子表面时的受力及分布情况.结果在一定程度上诠释了低维纳米材料异常红外性能的本质.     

基于时域有限差分法的冰晶粒子群多次散射特性

为了精确地利用雷达回波信号反演降雪粒子的微观物理参数,建立满足Gamma谱分布的两类非球形降雪粒子群模型,利用XFDTD软件计算了这两类非球形冰晶粒子群模型在94 GHz频率下的雷达散射截面,分别为-37.690 0和-40.301 0dB·m~2,与简单叠加计算的结果对比后发现绝对误差分别达到0.334 4和0.733 7 dB.在冰水含量一定时,满足Gamma谱分布的两类非球形降雪粒子群模型在分别考虑多次散射和单次散射下雷达反射率因子的绝对误差分别为0.334 6和0.733 7 dB,因此粒子群的多次散射效应在实际气象探测中必须加以考虑.     

球形孔多孔镁的渗流铸造工艺探究

基于粉体成型技术制备出规则球形NaCl填隙粒子,并利用热处理提升了球形填隙粒子的强度,解决了盐粒子难以脱溶的问题;革新了原有的渗流装置,引入真空和加压装置,利用真空结合惰性气体加压同步操作的渗流方法,成功制备出力学性能优良、孔结构规则可调多孔镁金属材料.多孔镁孔结构的多样化可以通过球形颗粒尺寸组合及堆积方式的设计来实现.     

Global estimate of aerosol direct radiative forcing from satellite measurements

Atmospheric aerosols cause scattering and absorption of incoming solar radiation. Additional anthropogenic aerosols released into the atmosphere thus exert a direct radiative forcing on the climate system. The degree of present-day aerosol forcing is estimated from global models that incorporate a representation of the aerosol cycles. Although the models are compared and validated against observations, these estimates remain uncertain. Previous satellite measurements of the direct effect of aerosols contained limited information about aerosol type, and were confined to oceans only. Here we use state-of-the-art satellite-based measurements of aerosols and surface wind speed to estimate the clear-sky direct radiative forcing for 2002, incorporating measurements over land and ocean. We use a Monte Carlo approach to account for uncertainties in aerosol measurements and in the algorithm used. Probability density functions obtained for the direct radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere give a clear-sky, global, annual average of -1.9 W m(-2) with standard deviation, +/- 0.3 W m(-2). These results suggest that present-day direct radiative forcing is stronger than present model estimates, implying future atmospheric warming greater than is presently predicted, as aerosol emissions continue to decline.     

Extinction efficiencies of mixed aerosols measured by aerosol cavity ring down spectrometry

A cavity ring down spectroscopy instrument was introduced and designed for measuring extinction efficiencies of pure and mixing aerosols in this paper.Through averaging 500 individual waveforms,the minimal detectable aerosol extinction coefficient of 8.4 × 10-7 m-1 was achieved.By the test results using the NaCl particles,we concluded that this system could measure the extinction efficiencies of an aerosol with an uncertainty less than 3% under laboratory controlled experimental conditions.The refractive indices of different aerosols were retrieved through comparing the measured extinction efficiencies of each aerosol type with which predicted by Mie theory.Aerosols composed of ammonium sulphate and succinic acid with different weight ratios were used to create a model of mixed aerosols using these two materials,whose extinction efficiencies and complex refractive indices were derived.The refractive indices of the mixed aerosols were also calculated by various optical mixing rules.We found that all the molar refraction/absorption mixing rule,the volume ratio linear rule,and Maxwell-Garnett rule did provide comparable results,of which the volume ratio linear rule gave a slightly worse fit than the others.     

Large differences in tropical aerosol forcing at the top of the atmosphere and Earth's surface

The effect of radiative forcing by anthropogenic aerosols is one of the largest sources of uncertainty in climate predictions. Direct observations of the forcing are therefore needed, particularly for the poorly understood tropical aerosols. Here we present an observational method for quantifying aerosol forcing to within +/-5 per cent. We use calibrated satellite radiation measurements and five independent surface radiometers to quantify the aerosol forcing simultaneously at the Earth's surface and the top of the atmosphere over the tropical northern Indian Ocean. In winter, this region is covered by anthropogenic aerosols of sulphate, nitrate, organics, soot and fly ash from the south Asian continent. Accordingly, mean clear-sky solar radiative heating for the winters of 1998 and 1999 decreased at the ocean surface by 12 to 30 Wm(-2), but only by 4 to 10 Wm(-2) at the top of the atmosphere. This threefold difference (due largely to solar absorption by soot) and the large magnitude of the observed surface forcing both imply that tropical aerosols might slow down the hydrological cycle.     

在特定环境中气溶胶组分光学特性的分析

基于Mie散射的OPAC软件包,分析了在激光雷达探测气溶胶时的3种特定环境(大陆洁净、大陆污染、海上污染)下各种气溶胶组分对光学特性(消光系数、散射系数、吸收系数、激光雷达比)的影响,对比了在550、1 000 nm这2个波长下的变化规律.研究结果表明:在550、1 000 nm这2个波长下不同环境中气溶胶组分的消光系数、散射系数随水滴数浓度的增加均呈线性递增,大陆洁净型和大陆污染型气溶胶环境的吸收系数变化均比较缓慢.在海上污染型气溶胶环境中,当气溶胶组分为积聚模态海盐和粗模态海盐时,水滴数浓度的变化率为0,这表明在这2种气溶胶组分环境下,吸收系数不随水滴数浓度的变化而变化; 激光雷达比受雷达波长和气溶胶环境组分2个因素的影响,该值在大陆污染型气溶胶环境下的变化最为明显,在水溶性和非水溶性组分下大幅递减,而在煤烟组分下大幅递增.     

Observational evidence of a change in radiative forcing due to the indirect aerosol effect

Anthropogenic aerosols enhance cloud reflectivity by increasing the number concentration of cloud droplets, leading to a cooling effect on climate known as the indirect aerosol effect. Observational support for this effect is based mainly on evidence that aerosol number concentrations are connected with droplet concentrations, but it has been difficult to determine the impact of these indirect effects on radiative forcing. Here we provide observational evidence for a substantial alteration of radiative fluxes due to the indirect aerosol effect. We examine the effect of aerosols on cloud optical properties using measurements of aerosol and cloud properties at two North American sites that span polluted and clean conditions-a continental site in Oklahoma with high aerosol concentrations, and an Arctic site in Alaska with low aerosol concentrations. We determine the cloud optical depth required to fit the observed shortwave downward surface radiation. We then use a cloud parcel model to simulate the cloud optical depth from observed aerosol properties due to the indirect aerosol effect. From the good agreement between the simulated indirect aerosol effect and observed surface radiation, we conclude that the indirect aerosol effect has a significant influence on radiative fluxes.     

非球形气溶胶对光波传输特性的影响

为分析非球形气溶胶对光波传输特性的影响,依据非球形气溶胶相函数的变化特征,提出了相函数分段加权采样方案,改进了Monte Carlo模型中散射角抽样方法,并验证了其有效性。采用T矩阵法模拟了非球形气溶胶散射特性,讨论了0.55μm光波透过率、反射率随气溶胶形状、传播距离的变化规律,将结果与H-G相函数抽样方案的模拟结果进行了比较。结果表明,相函数分段加权采样方案可显著减小散射角抽样误差与相函数抽样偏差;粒子形状对透过率与反射率影响显著,且传播距离越长,影响越大,形状对反射率影响强于透射率;与H-G相函数抽样方案模拟结果相比,本模型模拟的光波透过率偏大,反射率偏小。     

Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols

Aerosols affect the Earth's temperature and climate by altering the radiative properties of the atmosphere. A large positive component of this radiative forcing from aerosols is due to black carbon--soot--that is released from the burning of fossil fuel and biomass, and, to a lesser extent, natural fires, but the exact forcing is affected by how black carbon is mixed with other aerosol constituents. From studies of aerosol radiative forcing, it is known that black carbon can exist in one of several possible mixing states; distinct from other aerosol particles (externally mixed) or incorporated within them (internally mixed), or a black-carbon core could be surrounded by a well mixed shell. But so far it has been assumed that aerosols exist predominantly as an external mixture. Here I simulate the evolution of the chemical composition of aerosols, finding that the mixing state and direct forcing of the black-carbon component approach those of an internal mixture, largely due to coagulation and growth of aerosol particles. This finding implies a higher positive forcing from black carbon than previously thought, suggesting that the warming effect from black carbon may nearly balance the net cooling effect of other anthropogenic aerosol constituents. The magnitude of the direct radiative forcing from black carbon itself exceeds that due to CH4, suggesting that black carbon may be the second most important component of global warming after CO2 in terms of direct forcing.     

基于OPAC的典型环境中气溶胶组分的光学特性分析

利用基于Mie散射理论的云和气溶胶粒子的光学特性软件(OPAC)在不同激光雷达探测波段对一般大陆(典型气溶胶组分:水溶性、不溶性和烟尘气溶胶)、沙漠(典型气溶胶组分:水溶性、核模态矿物、积聚模态矿物和粗模态矿物气溶胶)和洁净海洋(典型气溶胶组分:水溶性、积聚模态海盐和粗模态海盐)3种环境下的气溶胶光学参数(散射系数、光学厚度和激光雷达比)进行了仿真研究,分析了各环境中光学参数随气溶胶组分数浓度的变化规律以及各组分对光学特性的影响.结果表明消光系数和光学厚度在不同激光波段、不同环境下均随组分数浓度线性递增,在上述环境中对消光系数和光学厚度影响最大的组分依次为水溶性气溶胶、积聚模态矿物气溶胶和积聚模态海盐气溶胶.激光雷达比变化规律十分复杂,受探测波长及气溶胶组分的双重影响,一般大陆环境中非水溶性气溶胶在2个波段上的影响占主导地位;沙漠环境中,不同波段上积聚模态矿物气溶胶对激光雷达比的影响最大;洁净海洋环境中,积聚模态海盐气溶胶对激光雷达比的影响最强.     

基于Mie理论的四种典型水云的光散射计算

在Mie理论的基础上,利用修正伽马函数来描述水云的粒子尺度分布,计算了一类层云、二类层云、一类层积云和二类层积云这四种典型水云的消光系数、单次散射反照率、不对称因子和散射相函数.结果表明,粒子的消光系数、单次散射反照率和非对称因子随着入射波长的增加有较大的起伏,后两者随着波长的增加其变化趋势基本一致;消光系数主要受云中液态水含量的影响;对于单次散射反照率来说,在可见光波段,反照率非常接近于1;在短波段,粒子的非对称因子变化较小,并且随着波长的增加,非对称因子会逐渐增大;Mie相函数随着散射角的增加呈现出先减小后增大的趋势,但相函数随着波长的增加,并没有呈现出简单的线性关系.