生态补偿理论、方法研究进展

对近年来国内外生态补偿的概念内涵、理论依据、补偿标准、补偿模式和补偿效应评价等多方面研究内容做了梳理和评析,进而对国内生态补偿研究提出几点展望,包括生态补偿的GIS时空分配模型、风险式补偿和差别化补偿、补偿模式的系统整合研究、模式选择模型和补偿预期效率研究、补偿社会经济效果和环境影响评价研究,并结合我国建设生态友好型社会和区域共同发展的需要角度,提出了开展符合我国生态国情的区域生态补偿理论与方法研究的必要性和基本内容.     

基于三维生态足迹模型的长江中游城市群平衡性分析与生态补偿研究

长江中游城市群是长江经济带的重要组成部分,明晰生态足迹平衡性对城市群区域间生态补偿以及长江中游城市群生态可持续发展具有重要意义。研究采用三维生态足迹模型和基尼系数,核算长江中游城市群各市生态足迹及生态承载力,并对其生态足迹空间平衡性进行分析;同时依据三维生态足迹相关理论,计算各市生态补偿金额。结果表明:(1)2000—2015年长江中游城市群整体生态足迹持续上升,由65.52 hm²/人增加至139.38 hm²/人,年增长率为7.52%,武汉城市圈和襄荆宜城市群对生态足迹增长的贡献最大;(2)生态承载力呈下降趋势,由11.25 hm²/人减小至10.73 hm²/人,从土地利用类型来看,耕地和林地是提供生态承载能力的最主要因素;(3)生态足迹的综合基尼系数处于0.425-0.488之间,整体上处于"集聚程度较大"的区间范围,空间分布显示出不平衡性;(4)2000—2015年长江中游城市群生态补偿支付区和补偿金额持续增加,各子城市群生态补偿差异大小关系为:环鄱阳湖城市群>环长株潭城市群>...     

岷江上游人口特征

通过提取岷江上游5县1986～2003年统计年鉴的人口和经济数据,以研究区行政区划图（1：250000）为地理信息基础数据,在ArcGIS平台上,建立人口空间数据库,采用传统人口统计和GIS空间分析相结合的方法。对岷江上游5县的人口空间分布特征与变化以及影响其变化的因索进行了研究。结果表明。研究区是以藏族、羌族、回族等少数民族为主的聚居区,其人口总量规模小、人口增长缓慢、人口密度偏小;人口的空间结构状况趋于不均衡化,人口再分布活力明显下降;人口重心从1950～2003年由北到南移动了6．30km。反映出研究区经济发展良好的区域在南部（即汶川县）方向;影响人口分布的主要因素有河流、道路、海拔、土地的利用方式和经济吸引力等。     

基于生态足迹视角的长江流域生态补偿额度测算

随着我国城市化进程的加快,导致的生态问题日益严重,发展与保护的矛盾日渐突出,如何客观定量地对生态环境受到破坏的区域进行补偿,发展与环境健康并行是生态建设中面临的重要任务之一。以长江流域的十九个省级行政区作为研究对象,基于"省公顷"模型,对均衡因子及产量因子进行修正,计算生态足迹及生态承载力,利用GIS平台进行并对其进行空间分析;结合生态系统服务价值,建立了动态化长江流域的生态补偿标准模型;对长江流域各行政区生态补偿额度进行测算,并基于流域尺度、城市群尺度、省级尺度进行差异化分析。研究结果表明：（1）在2015-2017年,长江流域的生态足迹与生态承载力无明显变化,三年内基本持平。长江流域省级行政区的生态安全指数均大于1,表明整个流域处于不安全状态,需要对其进行补偿。（2）对于长江流域整体而言,生态补偿额度三年平均为1169.11亿元。（3）流域尺度上,上游、中游、下游的生态补偿额度呈现逐渐升高的趋势;城市群尺度上,成渝城市群最低,长江三角洲城市群最高;省级尺度上,上海最高,西藏最低。本文通过生态足迹及生态承载力计算得到的生态安全指数,可对生态环境所处的状态进行定量补偿及分析,并对生态补偿区域的确定提供指导性建议。     

构建森林生态补偿机制的关键问题

构建森林生态补偿机制的关键问题主要有三个方面:利益相关者的界定、补偿金额的确定及补偿方式。目前存在的较大争议是森林生态效益货币化计量结果与实际补偿额度之间有巨大差异,一方面森林经营者认为补偿额远远不能满足投入需求,应以生态效益产出为补偿金额的计算依据;另一方面,森林生态效益的很大部分来自自然投入,不能以货币化的形势简单计量。森林生态补偿的国际案例表明:世界各国因森林资源产权制度不同,其森林生态补偿机制有所差异,私有林偏重于市场补偿机制,公有林则偏重于政府主导的补偿机制。森林生态补偿资金主要来自森林生态系统服务用户付费、政府代表受益方付费及国际组织捐赠;在补偿方式上,以政府投资为主,以用户付费和基于市场的认证授权交易为辅。借鉴国际经验,结合我国森林生态效益补偿现状,森林经营者是生态系统服务供给方是确定的,而森林生态系统服务获取方的确定则非常困难。因此,政府主导和第三方介入应是解决森林生态补偿资金来源和补偿的主要方式,受损方及其受损成本是森林生态补偿金额的计算依据。     

岷江上游干旱河谷耕地和居民用地的空间特征

以岷江上游干旱河谷耕地和居民用地为对象,用景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS3.3计算了4个景观格局指数,利用ARCMAP9.0分析了耕地和居民用地与其它景观类型间的空间邻接特征,基于数字高成模型(DEM)研究了耕地和居民用地与海拔及坡度的关系。结果表明:灌木林地是干旱河谷的景观基质;耕地和居民用地斑块的平均面积和密度较小,形状简单;耕地大多在1700~3000m的区域,陡坡耕种比较严重,与灌木林地具有较高的邻接长度和数目;居民用地间隔较远,在低海拔地区分布相对较密,高海拔地区分布比较分散;对居民用地在空间结构影响最大的是耕地的分布。     

基于生态系统服务的黑河中游退耕还林生态补偿研究

退耕还林工程是迄今为止世界上最大的生态建设工程,对我国生态恢复发挥了重要作用,而生态补偿机制构建则是保障该工程顺利实施的关键。以黑河中游为研究区,评估了区域水源涵养、土壤保持和气体调节等生态系统服务及其退耕还林增量;利用最小数据法耦合机会成本和服务增量,推导退耕还林补偿曲线;通过政策目标设定3种情景,比较不同情境下的补偿标准、退耕比例和范围以及生态系统服务增量。结果表明:①退耕还林有助于提高生态系统服务的能力,单位面积水源涵养、土壤保持和固碳三种生态系统服增量分别为8.87 mm/m~2、105.67 kg/m~2和43.16 g/m~2;②如不实施生态补偿,仅有1.42%的耕地愿意实施退耕还林;当补偿标准达到4381.35元/hm~2时,可实现5.17%耕地退耕,且全部属于高度适宜和适宜还林的耕地;而当补偿金额达到7500元/hm~2时,可实现退耕比例13.98%,且多数属于宜林的地块;当补偿标准为2803.06元/hm~2时,退耕比例仅为2.55%,但全部适宜林地生长;③最小数据法可求得理论上相对高效和经济的补偿标准,目前实施的7500元/hm~2的政策标准在合理的补偿范围内。研究结果为完善黑河中游生态补偿机制、提高生态补偿效率提供科学指导。     

The effect of ecological management in the upper reaches of Heihe River

Heihe River is the second largest inland river in northwest China which flows through Qinghai Province, Gansu Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Because of the rapid development of social economy, the sharp increase of water utilization in the middle reaches and the aggravation of contradiction of supply and demand on water resources, the water to the lower reaches decreases and the ecological environment deteriorates constantly. According to the severe situation of ecology system depravation in Heihe River basin, Chinese government decided to invest 2.35 billion RMB to carry out 3 years ecological management in Heihe River basin from August in 2001. After 3 years ecological management, the depravation of ecological environment is controlled effectively. This paper researches the ecological management engineering in the upper reaches of Heihe River and evaluates the effect of the ecological management engineering. The methods of field sampling and measuring are used to obtain the index indicating the ecology change in the upper reaches of Heihe River in 2006. The effects of fencing grassland, fencing natural forest, and artificial afforestation to the ecology are evaluated. The result suggests that: Firstly, in fencing grassland area, the yield of grass had increased by 42–113%, average height of the grass had increased by 60–100%, and the degree of coverage had increased by 67–100%. Secondly, in fencing natural forests area, the degree of coverage had increased by 15–33%, the shade density had increased by 50–100%, average height had increased by 80–125%, and the crown size had increased by 63–186%. Thirdly, the growth increment of the trees in artificial afforestation area is bigger than that outside artificial afforestation area. In conclusion, ecological management leads to obvious ecological effect in the upper reaches of Heihe River.     

The effect of ecological management in the upper reaches of Heihe River

Heihe River is the second largest inland river in northwest China which flows through Qinghai Province, Gansu Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Because of the rapid development of social economy, the sharp increase of water utilization in the middle reaches and the aggravation of contradiction of supply and demand on water resources, the water to the lower reaches decreases and the ecological environment deteriorates constantly. According to the severe situation of ecology system depravation in Heihe River basin, Chinese government decided to invest 2.35 billion RMB to carry out 3 years ecological management in Heihe River basin from August in 2001. After 3 years ecological management, the depravation of ecological environment is controlled effectively. This paper researches the ecological management engineering in the upper reaches of Heihe River and evaluates the effect of the ecological management engineering. The methods of field sampling and measuring are used to obtain the index indicating the ecology change in the upper reaches of Heihe River in 2006. The effects of fencing grassland, fencing natural forest, and artificial afforestation to the ecology are evaluated. The result suggests that: Firstly, in fencing grassland area, the yield of grass had increased by 42–113%, average height of the grass had increased by 60–100%, and the degree of coverage had increased by 67–100%. Secondly, in fencing natural forests area, the degree of coverage had increased by 15–33%, the shade density had increased by 50–100%, average height had increased by 80–125%, and the crown size had increased by 63–186%. Thirdly, the growth increment of the trees in artificial afforestation area is bigger than that outside artificial afforestation area. In conclusion, ecological management leads to obvious ecological effect in the upper reaches of Heihe River.     

岷江上游景观变化评价

通过NetWeaver设计模糊知识库,利用EMDS模型定量评价了岷江上游1986--2000年景观变化．结果表明：整个流域景观的斑块类型、面积、数量及空间配置均发生了较大变化,且朝着有利于生态恢复的方向变化．森林类型的变化主要发生在北部（松潘县和黑水县）．草地类型的变化主要发生在北部（松潘县）和最南部（汶川县）．流域景观变化是人类活动强度增大和自然变化共同作用的结果．