起伏地形下河南省太阳散射辐射的分布式模拟

利用河南省及周边145个气象站1961－2000年常规气象观测资料和河南省1:25万DEM数据,充分考虑起伏地形下太阳散射辐射的天空因素与地面因素后,基于分布式开阔度模型和天文辐射模型,实现了起伏地形下河南省太阳散射辐射的分布式模拟.计算了100m×100 m分辨率下河南省1－12月气候平均太阳散射辐射及多年平均年散射辐射总量的空间分布.结果表明:在充分考虑经验系数的时空分布特征后,模拟精度有了进一步提高.与郑州站的观测资料对比验证表明,模拟精度较高,年平均绝对误差为3.06 MJ·m-2,年平均相对误差为1.67％;局地地形对太阳散射辐射的影响比较明显;通过个例年验证对模型性能和模拟结果进行考察,年平均相对误差不足11％.综上表明模型的时空模拟性能良好.     

起伏地形下我国太阳散射辐射分布式模拟

基于1km×1km分辨率的数字高程模型(DEM)数据,考虑了地形因子对太阳散射辐射的影响,改进了开阔度的计算模型,确定了我国气候平均情况下月散射系数的空间分布,实现了实际起伏地形下我国太阳散射辐射的分布式模拟,计算了我国范围内1km×1km分辨率1-12月气候平均太阳散射辐射的空间分布.结果表明:局地地形对太阳散射辐射空间分布的影响比较明显;模拟结果可靠,可进行大数据量处理,适用于遥感图像处理、地理信息系统等数据处理平台.     

起伏地形下我国太阳直接辐射的分布式模拟

运用数据集群技术,建立了我国不同时空尺度直接透射率的估算模式,对比分析了不同模式的拟合精度。基于1km×1km分辨率的数字高程模型(DEM)数据,全面考虑了地形因子对太阳直接辐射的影响,实现了实际起伏地形下我国太阳直接辐射的分布式模拟,计算了我国范围内1km×1km分辨率1—12月气候平均太阳直接辐射的空间分布。结果表明:局地地形对太阳直接辐射空间分布的影响非常强烈,尤其是在太阳高度角较低的冬季和秋季;模拟结果可靠,可进行大数据量处理,适用于遥感图像处理、地理信息系统等数据处理平台。     

基于DEM的复杂地形下太阳散射辐射分布式模拟——以贵州高原为例

由于坡度、坡向和地形之间相互遮蔽等局地地形因子的影响,确定实际复杂地形下太阳散射辐射是比较困难的.本文在前人研究的基础上,对以前的模型进行了一些改进,考虑了坡度、坡向和地形相互遮蔽作用对复杂地形下天文辐射的影响,基于数字高程模型(DEM)数据,研制了以复杂地形下天文辐射为起始数据的复杂地形下太阳散射辐射的分布式模型,在模型中还考虑了散射辐射的各向异性.以地形复杂的贵州高原为例,应用100 m×100 m分辨率的DEM数据及气象站常规观测气象资料,计算了贵州高原复杂地形下各月及年的太阳散射辐射精细空间分布.结果表明:(1)局地地形因子(如坡度、坡向和地形遮蔽)对贵州高原复杂地形下太阳散射辐射的空间分布影响较大,随着地形的起伏变化,太阳散射辐射的空间分布明显不同,纬向分布特征不明显.(2)对于太阳散射辐射而言,地形对其的影响仍然很大,在太阳散射辐射计算时也是不容忽视的.     

贵州高原起伏地形下日照时间的时空分布

由于坡度、坡向和地形之间相互遮蔽等局地地形因子的影响, 实际起伏地形下的日照时间与水平面上的日照时间有一定差异。该文建立了一种基于数字高程模型 (DEM) 的起伏地形下日照时间的模拟方法, 计算了起伏地形下贵州高原100 m×100 m分辨率日照时间的时空分布。结果表明:坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽对日照时间的影响较大, 实际起伏地形下日照时间的空间分布具有明显地域特征。1月太阳高度角较低, 坡度、坡向的作用非常明显, 地形遮蔽面积较大, 日照时间的空间差异较多, 日照时间为16~142 h, 最大值约为最小值9倍; 7月太阳高度角较高, 地形遮蔽面积相对较小, 日照时间的空间差异相对较少, 日照时间为133~210 h, 最大值为最小值1.6倍, 但由于7月日照时间相对较多, 局地地形对日照时间影响仍明显。4月、10月日照时间及其变化幅度介于1月和7月之间。     

贵州高原起伏地形下可照时间的时空分布

该文建立一种基于数字高程模型(DEM)的起伏地形下可照时间模拟方法;在此基础上得到起伏地形下贵州高原100m×100m分辨率的可照时间的时空分布。结果表明:地形遮蔽对可照时间的影响较大,要大于纬度的影响。由于坡度坡向等局地地形因子的影响,使起伏地形下的可照时间空间差异明显。贵州高原起伏地形下1月可照时间为155.0~320.3h,1月太阳高度角较低,地形遮蔽面积较大,可照时间的空间分布具有明显的地域分布特征。7月可照时间为337.7~423.7h,7月太阳高度角较高,地形遮蔽面积较小,地域差异比1月小得多,呈明显的纬向分布。贵州高原起伏地形下年可照时间为2692.7~4367.5h,最大值是最小值的1.6倍,且纬向分布并不明显。     

基于地形起伏度的四川省地面气象站点适宜性研究

为科学确定气象站点地形起伏特征,基于先进星载热发射和反射辐射仪全球数字高程模型（AdvancedSpaceborneThermalEmissionandReflectionRadiometerGlobalDigitalElevationModel,ASTER GDEM）30 m数据,利用均值变点分析法确定四川省地形起伏度模型的最佳分析窗口。提取地面气象观测站所处的地形起伏特征,探究气象站点布设的区域代表性空间格局。结果表明：（1）四川省地形起伏度的最佳窗口为39×39个像元矩形邻域,对应面积1.369 km2。建立的地形起伏度模型与山脉走向一致,能够捕捉到地表各种尺度的地形起伏状况,符合四川省地貌特征。（2）国家站和区域站所处地势以台地、丘陵和小起伏山地为主,地形起伏较小的国家站占比明显高于区域站,即国家站更具有区域代表性。（3）四川省气象观测站点布设的适宜地区主要集中在盆地、川西高原的北部和西部及攀西地区的东部和南部,占全省面积的69.74%。均值变点分析法确定的分析窗口面积可以兼顾各种地貌类型,提取的地形起伏度能较好地反映气象站点所处地形特征,可为气象站点布局和站网优化提供重要参考...     

起伏地形下深圳市天文辐射的空间分布

以起伏地形下天文辐射的分布模型为基础,借助地理信息系统(GIS)处理数据,将深圳市1∶250,000DEM数据作为地形的综合反映,模拟计算了起伏地形下(坡度、坡向和地形遮蔽)深圳市天文辐射,分析了起伏地形下深圳市天文辐射的分布规律,完成了深圳市100m×100m分辨率的各月及全年的天文辐射的空间制图。结果表明:对于局部地形起伏引起的天文辐射的变化,秋、冬季最为显著,向阳坡和背阴坡的极值差异较大,这和太阳高度角随着季节变化而冬半年相对较低、夏半年相对较高有关。坡度对天文辐射的影响在冬半年较大,随着坡度的增大,辐射差值增大的幅度呈递减趋势。     

地形起伏对模式地表长波辐射计算的影响

初步探讨了数值模式中次网格区地形起伏(高度、坡度)对长波辐射计算的影响。结果表明,地形高度的次网格变化对辐射计算结果的影响较小,其相对误差一般<2%,但不同分辨率的地形高度场会产生不同的坡度计算误差,低分辨率地形资料所计算的坡度分布相差不大,但坡度的量级存在较大偏差。地形的分辨率越高,实际计算结果的偏差越小。而高分辨率地形资料计算实例表明,地形坡度引起的区域相对辐射误差可达到10%以上。因此,在数值模式中,网格区地表长波辐射计算结果对地形起伏的敏感性应给予足够的重视。     

起伏地形下重庆市水汽压的空间分布

利用重庆市1∶25万电子地图和100m×100m分辨率的DEM资料,建立了基于常规气象观测资料的实际起伏地形下重庆市水汽压空间分布模型,计算了重庆市各月月平均和年平均水汽压的空间分布,并完成其制图同时详细分析了重庆市实际地形下水汽压的空间分布。分析表明:随着海拔高度的增加,水汽压逐渐减小;各月水汽压的最小值出现在东北山区;重庆市水汽压的季节变化很明显。     

Some turbulence characteristics of convectively mixed layers over rugged and homogeneous terrain

Turbulence characteristics of convectively mixed layers over rugged and homogenous terrain are presented, and their differences are sought. The data used in the study were obtained from aircraftborne instruments. Apart from statistics related to the mixing ratio q, there does not seem to be a marked difference between the two sets of data. This lack of difference is attributed to the degree of ruggedness of the terrain and the dominant wind direction. The behaviour of some statistics related to q is attributed to the entrainment effect of the unstable layer of the moist, cool air above the mixed layer.This work was initiated and a large part of it was completed while all three authors were with CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation), Australia.Formerly at: Division of Atmospheric Research, CSIRO, Epping, NSW, Australia.Formerly at: Division of Mathematics and Statistics, CSIRO, Lindfield, NSW, Australia.     

Evaluation and estimation of daily global solar radiation from the estimated direct and diffuse solar radiation

Active layer plays a key role in regulating the dynamics of hydrothermal processes and ecosystems that are sensitive to the changing climate in permafrost regions. However, little is known about the hydrothermal dynamics during freeze-thaw processes in permafrost regions with different vegetation types on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). In the present study, the freezing and thawing processes at four sites (QT01, 03, 04, and 05) with different vegetation types on the QTP was analyzed. The results indicated that the impact on the soil water and heat during the summer thawing process was markedly greater than that during the autumn freezing process. Furthermore, the thermal-orbit regression slopes for all sites exhibited a homologous variation as the depth increased, with the slowest attenuation for the meadow sites (QT01 and QT03) and a slightly faster attenuation for the desert steppe site (QT05). The air and ground surface temperatures were similar in winter, but the ground surface temperature was significantly higher than the air temperature in summer in the radiation-rich environment at all sites on the QTP. The results also indicated that the n-factors were between 0.36 and 0.55 during the thawing season, and the annual mean temperature near the permafrost table was between − 1.26 and − 1.84 °C. In the alpine desert steppe region, the thermal conditions exhibited to show a warming trend, with a current permafrost table temperature of − 0.22 °C. The annual changing amplitude of the ground temperature at the permafrost table was different for different vegetation types.     

Analysis of solar radiation on the surface estimated from GWNU solar radiation model with temporal resolution of satellite cloud fraction

Preliminary analysis with a solar radiation model is generally performed for photovoltaic power generation projects. Therefore, model accuracy is extremely important. The temporal and spatial resolutions used in previous studies of the Korean Peninsula were 1 km × 1 km and 1-h, respectively. However, calculating surface solar radiation at 1-h intervals does not ensure the accuracy of the geographical effects, and this parameter changes owing to atmospheric elements (clouds, aerosol, ozone, etc.). Thus, a change in temporal resolution is required. In this study, one-year (2013) analysis was conducted using Chollian geostationary meteorological satellite data from observations recorded at 15-min intervals. Observation data from the intensive solar site at Gangneung-Wonju National University (GWNU) showed that the coefficient of determination (R²), which was estimated for each month and season, increased, whereas the standard error (SE) decreased when estimated in 15-min intervals over those obtained in 1-h intervals in 2013. When compared with observational data from 22 solar sites of the Korean Meteorological Administration (KMA), R² was 0.9 or higher on average, and over- or under-simulated sites did not exceed 3 sites. The model and 22 solar sites showed similar values of annual accumulated solar irradiation, and their annual mean was similar at 4,998 MJ m^?2 (3.87 kWh m^?2). These results show a difference of approximately ± 70 MJ m^?2 (± 0.05 kWh m^?2) from the distribution of the Korean Peninsula estimated in 1-h intervals and a higher correlation at higher temporal resolution.     

A comparison of several diffuse solar radiation models for Greece

Summary This paper attempts to test the applicability of existing correlation models to the estimation of diffuse radiation with respect to measured values at a station. There are two types of model: The first type depends on the fraction of monthly average daily diffuse radiation to total solar radiation, , as a function of the clearness index, . The second type expresses the fraction or as a function of the sunshine fraction Therefore, it presents statistically based correlations between global radiation and its diffuse component on a horizontal surface and suggests two equations to determine the ratio of diffuse radiation to total radiation received on a horizontal surface. The results of these correlation equations are compared with other accepted equations.With 3 Figures     

A simple method of computing the variation of annual precipitation over mountainous terrain

A method for computing the distribution of annual precipitation for mountainous areas is presented. As a pilot study, the South Thompson River basin in British Columbia is examined. In addition to data from climatological (valley) stations, annual precipitation is estimated for snow course (mountain) locations from the water equivalent of the snowpack on April 1.An equation for the dependence of precipitation amount on orography is derived from simple physical considerations. Regression equations based on this are then computed and the calculated precipitation is checked with runoff data. A basic predictor is the mean vertical water vapor transport through a horizontal unit area due to flow over undulating terrain. This depends on the average slope of a region 3 deg long by 2 deg lat centered on each grid point. The transport at the earth's surface has a simple correlation coefficient with the combined valley and mountain precipitation data of 0.76. When the transport is computed at the mean cloud base (taken as 1800 m above sea-level), the correlation coefficient rises to 0.87.     

内蒙古自治区太阳总辐射的气候学计算及其时空分布特征

通过对比分析国内外太阳总辐射的气候学计算方法,最终给出内蒙古太阳辐射最佳计算公式。根据内蒙古及周边地区24个太阳辐射观测站历年各月的总辐射和日照百分率,采用最小二乘法拟合出公式中的经验系数,并在分区基础上通过内插将a、b系数推广到内蒙古108个气象站点上,从而建立了内蒙古太阳总辐射计算模型。结果表明：内蒙古太阳总辐射年际变化总体呈下降趋势,但不显著,而且不同区域在减小速率上差异明显。年变化则表现为单峰型变化趋势,以5月辐射量最大,6、7月次之,12月最小。全年和各月总辐射的空间分布形态一致,总的分布趋势由东北向西南逐渐递增。全区年总辐射在4633～6616 MJ·m^-2之间,太阳能资源丰富程度均在丰富级别以上,而且大部分地区属于资源最丰富区和很丰富区,太阳能开发利用潜力巨大。     

伊春气温因子的时空变化特征

选取伊春市1971-2010年的气温观测资料,进行气温因子的时空变化特征分析.结果表明,伊春近40a的年平均气温呈明显的上升趋势,平均上升0.39 ℃/10 a.1971-1987年处于偏冷期,1988-2010年为增暖期,气温增幅明显.伊春近40a的高温天气日数呈上升趋势,低温天气日数呈显著下降趋势.年平均气温逐年代上升,幅度较大,71-80年代气温非常寒冷,近代变暖显著.     

Decadal variation of surface solar radiation in the Tibetan Plateau from observations, reanalysis and model simulations

In this study, the annual and seasonal variations of all-sky and clear-sky surface solar radiation (SSR) in the eastern and central Tibetan Plateau (TP) during the period 1960–2009 are investigated, based on surface observational data, reanalyses and ensemble simulations with the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM. The mean annual all-sky SSR series shows a decreasing trend with a rate of ?1.00 Wm^?2 decade^?1, which is mainly seen in autumn and secondly in summer and winter. A stronger decrease of ?2.80 Wm^?2 decade^?1 is found in the mean annual clear-sky SSR series, especially during winter and autumn. Overall, these results confirm a tendency towards a decrease of SSR in the TP during the last five decades. The comparisons with reanalysis show that both NCEP/NCAR and ERA-40 reanalyses do not capture the decadal variations of the all-sky and clear-sky SSR. This is probably due to a missing consideration of aerosols in the reanalysis assimilation model. The SSR simulated with the ECHAM5-HAM global climate model under both all-sky and clear-sky conditions reproduce the decrease seen in the surface observations, especially after 1980. The steadily increasing aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm over the TP in the ECHAM5-HAM results suggests transient aerosol emissions as a plausible cause.     

华北霾日的时空分布特征分析

利用1961—2011年共51 a华北地区50个站冬季及12月—2月逐月不同级别的霾日资料,研究了华北地区霾日的时空分布特征,结果发现:霾日的分布很不均匀,霾日大值区大多为工业城市、高度发达的城市以及煤炭生产基地,"浊岛"现象明显,华北地区霾日大值区呈西南—东北向分布,来自京津冀外区域的污染物跨城市群输送的影响非常显著。研究还表明,除山西平均霾日一直呈增长趋势外,其他地区霾日近年均呈下降趋势。从各大城市的变化特点看,太原、石家庄和呼和浩特呈一致的增长趋势,济南市、北京市和天津市的霾日均呈下降趋势。大城市冬季霾日出现最多的集中在12月和1月。