棉花花后临界氮浓度稀释模型的建立及在施氮量调控中的应用

在大田栽培条件下,于江苏南京(长江中下游棉区)和河南安阳(黄淮棉区)设置了棉花氮素水平试验,依据Justes的临界氮浓度稀释曲线确定方法,建立了棉花花后临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型。结果表明,2试点的临界氮浓度与地上最大生物量间均符合幂指数关系,尽管不同气候区域间的模型存在一定差异,但临界氮稀释曲线斜率相同。棉花最高(Nmax)、最低(Nmin)氮浓度稀释模型也符合幂指数关系,且2试点最高、最低氮稀释曲线斜率亦分别相同。2试点氮稀释模型参数值的差异表明,对于相同的地上部生物量,安阳试点棉株的氮累积能力高于南京。基于临界氮浓度稀释模型,建立了棉株地上部氮素与干物质累积量之间的异速生长模型和氮营养指数模型(NNI),前者可作为施氮量调控的判别指标,后者作为实际与临界氮浓度的比值,能客观、定量地诊断棉株的氮素营养状况。基于临界氮浓度稀释条件下的异速生长参数、氮营养指数及动态临界氮累积量等指标得到施氮量调控的结果一致:(1)尽管安阳、南京2试点的地上生物量、产量差异较大,但临界氮稀释曲线条件下不同气候区域棉花达到最高产量的瞬时氮吸收速率的变化趋势、氮素快速累积期、最大氮吸收速率出现日等基本一致;(2)安阳、南京2试点的适宜施氮量应控制在360 kg.hm-2和240kg.hm-2水平上。由于临界氮浓度具有合理的生物学意义,因而所建模型有精确、简单和生物学意义明确等特点,可以直接用于评估作物的需氮量,亦可用于作物氮动态模拟的复杂模型中,为适时精确施肥提供了新的思路。     

施氮量对花铃期棉花果枝生物量累积时空变异特征的影响

试验在黄河流域黄淮棉区的河南安阳和长江流域下游棉区的江苏南京棉花大田进行, 氮素设0（N₀）、120（N₁）、240（N₂）、360（N₃）、480（N₄） kg·hm^-2 5个水平,定量分析了不同施氮量对美棉33B花铃期棉花果枝生物量累积时空变异特征的影响.结果表明： 不同施氮量下,两试验点棉株不同果枝部位营养器官、生殖器官、生物量累积时间变异特征均表现为Logistic曲线,空间变异特征存在明显差异.安阳点360 kg·hm^-2施氮量、南京点240 kg·hm^-2施氮量处理具有快速增长期起始时间早、持续时间短、最大速率大等特征,说明该施氮量水平有利于棉花生物量的快速累积,以形成较高的产量与品质;而施氮量过多或不足均不利于棉株不同果枝部位生物量的累积.可以通过不同的施氮量来调节棉株不同果枝部位快速生长期的生长特征值,以提高棉花的产量和品质.     

基于临界氮浓度的小麦地上部氮亏缺模型

基于3年的大田试验,选择代表性的中蛋白小麦品种（扬麦16）和低蛋白小麦品种（宁麦13）,分别构建了小麦地上部干物质临界氮浓度(N_cnc)稀释曲线模型、氮营养指数（NNI）模型和氮亏缺(N_and)模型.结果表明： 小麦地上部干物质临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型具有明确的生物学意义,小麦临界氮浓度与地上部最大干物质（DM）符合幂函数关系（扬麦16为N_cnc=4.65DM^-0.44;宁麦13为N_cnc=4.33DM^-0.45）;小麦地上部氮营养指数模型可以准确诊断氮素营养状况;小麦地上部氮亏缺模型可以定量调控氮肥管理措施.利用2007-2008年的独立试验资料对小麦地上部干物质临界氮浓度稀释模型、氮营养指数模型和氮亏缺模型进行检验和测试,结果表明模型的准确性较高,普适性较强.本文所构建模型可以直接用于诊断调控小麦氮素营养,为小麦生产中精确施肥管理提供了较好的技术途径和理论基础.     

水氮运筹对棉花花后生物量和氮素利用率的影响

在池栽和大田条件下,以‘美棉33B’为材料,研究不同水分(自然降水、自然降水 灌水)和氮素(0、240、480kgN/hm2)运筹下棉花花后生物量和养分累积及氮素利用率动态变化特征。结果表明:施氮使棉花(整株、营养器官、生殖器官)生物量和养分快速累积期持续时间缩短、最大累积速率增大且出现时间提前、累积量及皮棉产量增加。灌水使240 kgN/hm2处理棉花(整株、营养器官、生殖器官)生物量和养分快速累积期持续时间缩短、最大累积速率出现时间提前、最大累积速率和累积量增大、氮素累积利用率和产量提高;而使480 kgN/hm2处理棉花营养器官生物量和养分快速累积期持续时间延长、最大累积速率出现时间推迟、生物量和养分最大累积速率及累积量增大、氮素累积利用率提高,而生殖器官相应指标呈降低趋势;灌水对不施氮处理棉花生物量和养分累积各项特征参数影响较小。营养器官生物量和氮磷钾最大累积速率出现时间较生殖器官早23 d左右,而快速累积期持续时间长于生殖器官11 d左右。研究发现,水分和氮素运筹可通过影响棉花生物量和养分累积的动态特征参数来影响棉花生长,进而影响最终产量品质形成;在本实验条件下,以灌水的240 kgN/hm2处理棉花的生长特征参数最为协调,皮棉产量和氮素利用率最高,品质较优。     

大气CO2浓度增加与氮肥对棉花生物量、氮吸收量及土壤脲酶活性的影响

试验设置半开顶式CO₂人工气候室,研究了不同CO₂浓度处理(360、540 μmol·mol^-1)与施氮(N)量(0、150、300 和450 kg·hm^-2)对棉花干物质的积累与分配、氮素吸收量及土壤脲酶活性的影响.多样性指数和主成分分析表明: 各施N水平下,CO₂浓度增加下棉花蕾、茎、叶和整株的总干物质积累量显著增加;2个CO₂浓度下,300 kg·hm^-2-N (N₃₀₀)处理棉花蕾、茎、叶、根及整株干物质量显著高于其他3个N肥处理,合理的氮肥施用可显著提高棉花干物质积累量.棉花蕾和茎的氮素吸收量受CO₂浓度影响显著,与360 μmol·mol^-1CO₂浓度相比,CO₂浓度为540 μmol·mol^-1条件下蕾和茎的氮含量显著增加,其中N₃₀₀处理下蕾的氮含量最高,N₁₅₀和N₃₀₀处理茎的氮含量高于N₀和N₄₅₀处理;叶的氮素吸收量受CO₂和N的交互作用影响显著,在N₀、N₁₅₀、N₃₀₀处理下,540 μmol·mol^-1CO₂浓度下叶的氮含量增加;棉花根的氮素吸收量受施N的影响显著,540 μmol·mol^-1CO₂浓度下根的氮含量随着施N量的增加显著增加.总体上,540 μmol·mol^-1CO₂浓度下棉花的氮素吸收量高于360 μmol·mol^-1 CO₂浓度,各CO₂和N组合处理下,棉花各器官的氮素积累量蕾铃最高,叶片居中,其次是茎秆,根系最低.各施N水平下,两个土层的土壤脲酶活性随着CO₂浓度升高而显著增加;不同CO₂浓度处理下,0~20 cm土层土壤脲酶活性随着施N量的增加而增加,20～40 cm土层N₃₀₀处理下的土壤脲酶活性高于其他N肥处理;CO₂和N互作下,0~20 cm土层土壤脲酶活性的平均值显著高于20~40 cm土层.大气CO₂浓度为540 μmol·mol^-1、氮肥施用量为300 kg·hm^-2可显著提高棉花干物质积累量和氮素吸收量.     

氮素水平对初花后棉株生物量、氮素累积特征及氮素利用率动态变化的影响

在大田栽培条件下,分别在长江流域下游棉区(江苏南京)和黄河流域黄淮棉区(河南安阳)设置棉花氮素水平试验,定量研究氮素水平对花后棉株生物量、氮素累积特征及氮素累积利用率动态变化的影响,结果表明:棉株总生物量和氮素累积量随花后棉株生育进程的动态变化符合S型曲线,安阳、南京试点分别以360kg.hm-2、240kg.hm-2氮素水平的总生物量、氮素累积最多,其动态累积模型的特征参数值最为协调,皮棉产量最高。因此,可以通过改变施肥量来调节初花后棉株生长特征值,从而获得高产。棉株氮素累积利用率随初花后棉花生育进程的推进,呈现为不规则的S型曲线变化趋势,计算两试点的氮素累积利用率、瞬时利用率,安阳试点以360 kg.hm-2的施氮水平为最优,南京以240 kg.hm-2最高;施肥过多不仅利用率低,而且易造成营养器官比例加大,棉株虽可获得较大的干物质和氮素累积,但不能适时向生殖器官转移,皮棉产量降低。     

施氮量和种植密度对东北特早熟棉区棉花生物量和氮素累积的影响

以辽棉19号和美棉33B为材料,于2008年在东北特早熟棉区设置不同的棉花种植密度(每公顷75000、97500、120000株)和施氮量(0、240、480 kg·hm^-2),研究了施氮量和种植密度对东北特早熟棉区棉花生物量、氮素累积特征和氮素累积利用率的影响.结果表明： 两个品种的棉花生物量和氮素累积量随棉花生育进程的动态变化均符合Logistic模型;种植密度和施氮量显著影响棉花氮素累积动态特征以及棉花产量和品质;氮素的快速累积起始日较生物量早13 d左右.在种植密度为每公顷97500株、240 kg·hm^-2施氮量处理下,两个品种棉花的生物量和氮素动态累积模型的特征参数最为协调,皮棉产量最高,纤维品质最优,氮素利用效率最高.在东北特早熟棉区,较早的生物量和氮素快速累积及较高的累积速率有利于棉花较高产量的形成.     

光照和氮交互作用对水曲柳幼苗生长、生物量和氮分配的影响

采用温室沙培方式,对水曲柳幼苗进行了不同光强（2个水平）和氮浓度（4个水平）处理,分析了其生长、生物量和氮分配对环境变化的响应.结果表明：与全光照处理相比,低光处理下水曲柳幼苗冠根比（S/R）和净氮吸收速率（NNUR）极显著提高（P<0.01）,但相对生长速率（RGR）和净同化速率（NAR）极显著下降（P<0.01）;低光处理下的幼苗根、茎、叶和整株生物量分别较全光照处理降低了36.8%（P<0.01）、1.7%、12.7%（P<0.05）和24.3%（P<0.01）;低光处理使幼苗分配到根系的氮比例明显下降,而叶片的分配比例增加.无论光强大小,氮对幼苗生长都具有十分明显的促进作用,而且幼苗S/R和叶片的氮分配比例都随氮供给浓度的增加而明显提高.光强和氮浓度对水曲柳幼苗的基径、S/R、RGR和生物量（根和叶）分配比例具有显著的交互作用（P<0.05）.     

棉花花铃期短期干旱下氮素对干物质及氮素累积分配的影响

通过盆栽试验进行水分(正常灌水和干旱后复水)和施氮处理(0、240、480kgN·hm-2),研究花铃期短期干旱再复水后氮素对棉花各器官干物质重、氮素累积与分配及产量与品质的影响.结果表明:花铃期土壤干旱显著降低了棉株各器官的干物质重与氮素累积量,而增大了棉株各器官的氮素含量,同时亦降低了棉株干物质与氮素在叶片中的分配指数,但提高了在根系的分配指数,从而增大了根冠比;增施氮肥可以提高干旱条件下棉株的干物质重与氮素累积量,但亦增大水分胁迫指数.复水对干旱处理棉株生长具有明显的补偿效应,尤其是根系的干物质重与氮素累积量显著高于相应正常灌水处理,且增施氮肥可以提高棉株的补偿效应.花铃期干旱结束时与复水后第10天,干旱处理棉株均以240kgN·hm-2水平下的生殖器官干物质重与分配指数最高,而根冠比最小,地上部与地下部生长最为协调,最终籽棉产量最高、纤维品质最优;而施氮不足(0kgN·hm-2)或过量(480kgN·hm-2)均不利于棉花产量的提高与纤维品质的改善.     

不同滴灌方式下棉花生物量和产量的水氮调控效应

通过3个水平的灌水量和施氮量（低、中、高）的田间试验,研究了田间不同滴灌方式下棉花生物量和产量的水氮调控效应.结果表明：在1带4行、2带4行、2带6行滴灌模式下灌水量由低（分别为90、140、140 mm）到中（分别为150、200、200 mm）时,地上部干物质量分别提高9.2%、37.9%和23.5%,籽棉产量分别提高19.1%、14.1%和16.0%;灌水量由中到高（分别为210、260、260 mm）时,地上部干物质量分别提高15.8%、19.1%和16.7%,籽棉产量分别提高7.7%、11.2%和9.5%.施氮量由低（67.6 kg·hm^-2）到中（95.2 kg·hm^-2）时,地上部干物质量2带4行模式提高14.3%,籽棉产量1带4行模式提高22.2%,其他模式无显著变化;施氮量由中到高（122.8 kg·hm^-2）时,籽棉产量3种模式分别提高7.4%、13.9%和9.9%,地上部干物质量无显著变化.与1带4行和2带6行模式相比,2带4行模式地上部干物质量和籽棉产量的水氮调控效应更明显,相同水氮处理下2带4行地上部干物质量和籽棉产量均高于2带6行和1带4行.表明2带4行是最有利于滴灌棉花田间水氮管理的模式.     

Accumulation characteristics of biomass and nitrogen and critical nitrogen concentration dilution model of cotton reproductive organ

Several nitrogen (N) field experiments were carried out in Nanjing and Anyang, China, to study the dynamic characteristics of biomass accumulation and N uptake, and to define the dilution curve for critical N concentration in cotton reproductive organ over the growth period. The results show that the total biomass and N accumulation were affected significantly by the rate of N application, exhibiting a sigmoid curve over time. The beginning time of fast N accumulation was 1–5 d earlier than that of biomass accumulation. The cotton lint yield was correlated with N concentration in the reproductive organ and fluctuated with varying N concentration, indicating the existence of luxurious N consumption in the cotton reproductive organ. The N concentration increased with increasing N application rates, and decreased gradually during the growth period. The relationship between biomass and N concentration can be described with a power equation. The patterns of the N concentration dilution model were consistent at both experimental sites, but the model parameter values of a differed. The results presented in this paper indicate that a critical N concentration dilution curve for cotton reproductive organ is independent of ecological region and can be described with a power equation.     

Accumulation characteristics of biomass and nitrogen and critical nitrogen concentration dilution model of cotton reproductive organ

Several nitrogen (N) field experiments were carried out in Nanjing and Anyang, China, to study the dynamic characteristics of biomass accumulation and N uptake, and to define the dilution curve for critical N concentration in cotton reproductive organ over the growth period. The results show that the total biomass and N accumulation were affected significantly by the rate of N application, exhibiting a sigmoid curve over time. The beginning time of fast N accumulation was 1–5 d earlier than that of biomass accumulation. The cotton lint yield was correlated with N concentration in the reproductive organ and fluctuated with varying N concentration, indicating the existence of luxurious N consumption in the cotton reproductive organ. The N concentration increased with increasing N application rates, and decreased gradually during the growth period. The relationship between biomass and N concentration can be described with a power equation. The patterns of the N concentration dilution model were consistent at both experimental sites, but the model parameter values of a differed. The results presented in this paper indicate that a critical N concentration dilution curve for cotton reproductive organ is independent of ecological region and can be described with a power equation.     

Impacts of small hydropower plants on macroinvertebrate communities

Several nitrogen (N) field experiments were carried out in Nanjing and Anyang, China, to study the dynamic characteristics of biomass accumulation and N uptake, and to define the dilution curve for critical N concentration in cotton reproductive organ over the growth period. The results show that the total biomass and N accumulation were affected significantly by the rate of N application, exhibiting a sigmoid curve over time. The beginning time of fast N accumulation was 1–5 d earlier than that of biomass accumulation. The cotton lint yield was correlated with N concentration in the reproductive organ and fluctuated with varying N concentration, indicating the existence of luxurious N consumption in the cotton reproductive organ. The N concentration increased with increasing N application rates, and decreased gradually during the growth period. The relationship between biomass and N concentration can be described with a power equation. The patterns of the N concentration dilution model were consistent at both experimental sites, but the model parameter values of a differed. The results presented in this paper indicate that a critical N concentration dilution curve for cotton reproductive organ is independent of ecological region and can be described with a power equation.     

Functional analysis of a reproductive organ predominant expressing promoter in cotton plants

Transgenic Bt insect-resistant cotton plants have high insect resistance in the early stage of development, but relatively low resistance in the late stage. Substituting a reproductive organ-specific promoter for the CaMV35S promoter presently being used could be an ideal solution. For the first time, the promoter sequence of ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (arf1) gene was isolated from Gossypium hirsutumY18 by means of inverse PCR. The sequencing result discovered the unique structure of the arf1 promoter, including four promoter-specific elements, the initiator, TATA box, CAAT box and GC box, and also an intron in 5′-untranslation region. Four plant expression vectors were constructed for functional analysis of the promoter. Based on the pBI121 plant expression vector, four truncated arf1 promoters took the place of the CaMV35S promoter. These vectors were different only in their promoter regions. They were introduced into cotton plants via pollen tube pathway. Histochemical GUS staining and fluorescence quantitative analyses were performed to examine the expression patterns of the GUS gene driven by the 4 arf1 truncated promoters in transgenic cotton plants respectively. The results showed that the arf1 promoter was a typical reproductive organ-specific promoter. Hopefully, the arf1 promoter can be a regulatory element for designing cotton reproductive organs with desired characteristics.     

Functional analysis of a reproductive organ predominant expressing promoter in cotton plants

The successful development and application of transgenic Bt cotton is a milestone of cotton produc-tion in China[1]. However, the CaMV35s promoter is commonly used for driving Bt gene expression in transgenic cotton plants. During infection, the CaMV35S promoter can direct the synthesis of 35RNA [2]. From the aspect of bio-security, it would be more secure and compatible if the promoter of cot-ton plants could be utilized for transgene expression[3]. In addition, studies showed that unde…     

施氮量和种植密度对东北特早熟棉区棉铃生物量和氮素累积的影响

以辽棉19号和美棉33B为材料,研究了不同施氮量(0、240、480 kg ·hm-2)和不同种植密度(75000、97500、120000 plants·hm-2)对东北特早熟棉区棉花棉铃生物量和氮素累积特征的影响.结果表明： 棉花单铃、棉籽和纤维的生物量及其氮素累积随棉花生育进程的动态变化均符合“S”型曲线,种植密度和施氮量可以显著影响棉铃各部分生物量和氮素累积的动态特征,以及棉花产量与品质;在施氮量240 kg·hm-2和种植密度97500 plants·hm-2处理下,单铃、棉籽和纤维的生物量均达到最大,生物量和氮素累积的快速累积起始时间和终止时间较早但持续时间较短,生物量快速累积速率最大,生物量和氮素在铃壳中的分配系数最低,在棉籽和纤维中分配系数最高.     

棉花临界需氮量动态定量模型

在大田栽培条件下,于江苏南京和河南安阳两个生态区设置棉花氮素水平试验,基于作物临界氮浓度稀释模型和干物质动态累积模型,建立了棉花花后动态临界氮吸收速率、临界氮需求量的定量化模型.结果表明,两生态区的临界最大氮吸收速率均出现在花后42 d,分别为5.3和4.4 kg·hm^-2·d^-1,临界快速氮累积期分别在花后的23～59 d和23～61 d,安阳的最大临界日需氮量明显大于南京.根据模型得到：安阳生态区适宜施氮量在240～360 kg·hm^-2 之间,且360 kg·hm^-2 条件下其氮累积接近临界需求,南京生态区240 kg·hm^-2施氮量的氮累积与临界值相近.两区域基肥施用量分别占总施肥量的26%和27%,且适宜的追肥时间应在花后22 d左右.由于模型的建立是基于不同氮处理试验,有合理可靠的生理依据,为定量确定不同气候区域的动态施肥量提供了理论依据.