双泵浦两段高非线性光纤级联的光纤参量放大器

提出和设计了一种宽带宽、高增益和增益平坦的光纤参量放大器,它具有双泵浦和两段高非线性光纤级联的结构.选择光纤的四阶色散系数作为优化的指标之一,用普通的数组循环计算法,对双泵浦及两根高非线性光纤组成的系统进行模拟,获得了峰值增益62.46 dB,起伏小于5 dB,带宽高达424nm的光纤参量放大器.     

Analytical model of a semiconductor optical amplifier

The spatial dependence of the material gain is introduced in the model of a semiconductor optical amplifier. Analytical expressions of the profiles of the carrier density, spontaneous emission, and amplified fields are obtained for amplifiers with arbitrary facet reflectivities. The nonuniformity of the carrier density is demonstrated in the case of low facet reflectivities. The model predicts the output saturation power and gain ripple, with good agreement with experimental results in resonant and traveling-wave amplifiers. Very low-gain ripple measured in low facet reflectivities amplifiers is explained by the model. A comparison with the uniform gain model shows that important deviations can occur in the case of low facet reflectivities. It is also shown that with the currently achievable low facet reflectivities, the maximum available gain is limited by spontaneous emission     

Improvement of cascaded semiconductor optical amplifier gates byusing holding light injection

The cascadability of semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) gates by using holding light injection is numerically and experimentally investigated. Our experimental results show that the signal bit error rate after two cascaded SOA gates will be larger than 10^-9 without holding light injection; however 11 SOA gates can be cascaded with holding light injection. The results show that the number of cascaded SOA gates by using holding light injection can be strongly increased     

Automatic gain control in cascaded erbium doped fibre amplifier systems

Automatic gain control for erbium doped fibre amplifiers is achieved via active stabilisation of the amplifier output power. This technique automatically compensates for any changes in the amplifier gain caused by local environmental and optical effects. Output power is also stabilised for changes in optical input signal, allowing for a full 5 dB repair margin per link in long span systems.<>     

Accurate performance evaluation of weakly coherent optical systems

An accurate performance evaluation approach which uses a closed-form exact analytical expression of the phase noise moments is presented. This enables one to derive a high-order Gaussian quadrature rule for the integrations needed to take into account the phase noise in the computation of error probability. A systematic comparison with results obtained through a Monte Carlo simulation shows that the approach is more accurate than previous methods. The analysis is performed on ASK and FSK heterodyne receivers with integrate-and-dump filtering, envelope detection, and optimized postdetection low-pass filtering. The feasibility of ASK and FSK heterodyne systems at bit rates comparable to the spectral line bandwidth of the laser sources is confirmed. The theory applied seems to be adequate to attack other problems, such as the evaluation of the effects of crosstalk between the FSK filters or among frequency division multiplexed channels     

Analytical model for the performance evaluation of DWDM transmission systems

We present a novel analytical model to assess the signal quality in nonlinear dense wavelength-division-multiplexed (DWDM) transmission. The nonlinear impairment dependence on various system parameters is reported. The good agreement with numerical simulations indicates that the proposed model can be of significant value in the search for optimized DWDM systems.     

Practical limitations on optical amplifier performance

Practical issues are considered to determine if significant improvements in the sensitivity, of 1.55-μm optical receivers can be realized through the use of semiconductor laser preamplifiers. It is found that practical problems related to realizable values of population inversion parameter, input coupling losses, external optical filter requirements, polarization effects, and source laser stability make it unlikely that optical preamplifiers can approach their optimum performance at data rates below several Gbit/s. The most promising application of optical preamplifiers will therefore be to increase the sensitivity of receivers in future fiber optic communication systems operating at multigigabit data rates.     

Signal linewidth broadening due to nonlinear Kerr effect inlong-haul coherent systems using cascaded optical amplifiers

Signal spectral linewidth broadening due to the interaction between nonlinear Kerr effect and spontaneous emission from optical amplifiers in long-haul coherent optical fiber communication systems using optical amplifiers is examined theoretically and experimentally. By theoretical consideration and recirculating-loop experiments, it is shown that this effect becomes an essential limitation on maximum transmission length in transoceanic coherent optical fiber submarine cable systems     

Optical time domain reflectometry on optical amplifier systems

The use of optical time-domain reflectometry (OTDR) on long-span fiber transmission systems containing in-line optical amplifiers is discussed. Having identified the specific requirements for OTDR equipment, measurements were carried out on systems of up to 300 km in length, containing three semiconductor laser amplifiers. The results demonstrate that OTDR can be used not only for fault location on fiber links several hundred kilometers in length but also as an alternative to standard system supervisory techniques, thus providing the potential for minimizing the hardware in the optical amplifier stages of future long-span fiber optic transmission systems     

Design of broadband transimpedance amplifier for optical communication systems

This paper describes the design and analysis of broadband transimpedance amplifiers (TIAs) based on Regulated Cascode (RGC) configuration. The focus is to deal with bandwidth restriction occurring in optical receivers coming from TIA input parasitic capacitances. Despite the conventional method for broadband RGC TIA design that a ladder matching network is employed to isolate the input capacitance of TIA and the photodiode capacitance, the proposed TIA eliminates the effects of these parasitic components by absorbing them in a T-matching network. The conventional broadband RGC TIA is analyzed and the disadvantages of the ladder matching network is demonstrated in a TIA design example. The proposed RGC TIA is simulated on 0.18-μm standard RF CMOS process. The simulation results presented show that the Gain-Bandwidth product (GBW) is extended by a larger factor compared to that of the conventional broadband RGC TIA while the biasing conditions and the value of the photodiode capacitance are considered the same.     

Transmission performance of chirp-controlled signal by usingsemiconductor optical amplifier

We examine the fiber transmission performance of the optical signal whose chirp is controlled by utilizing phase modulation in semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) with both simulations and experiments. This chirp control technique converts a positive chirp created by electroabsorption (EA) modulator into negative chirp, which reduces the waveform degradation due to the chromatic dispersion in transmission over standard single-mode fiber (SMF). It also provides an optical gain that is sufficient to compensate the insertion loss of the EA modulator. We investigate how the chirp control is affected by the input power to the SOA and the carrier lifetime of the SOA. As the SOA input power increases, the negative chirp becomes large, while the waveform is largely distorted due to gain saturation. However, the waveform distortion at high SOA input powers can be shaped by using a frequency discriminator. The acceleration of the carrier lifetime also reduces the waveform distortion due to gain saturation. We demonstrate that the chirp control technique is effective even for a high bit rate optical signal up to 10 Gb/s, when the carrier lifetime is expedited by optical pumping     

Monitoring optical network performance degradation due to amplifier noise

The relationship between optical performance as monitored within a network and the end terminal optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) and bit error ratio (BER) is measured for the case of performance degradation due to amplified spontaneous emission noise. Measurements on 10-Gb/s signals reveal that performance monitoring sensitivity to OSNR levels of 26 dB is sufficient for identifying degradations that impact the end terminal BER.     

Long-haul high-speed optical communication systems using asemiconductor laser amplifier

High-speed long-haul systems using semiconductor laser amplifiers, which eliminate the need for high-speed electronics in repeaters and are transparent to the transmission speed are considered for application in undersea high-speed transmission systems. The potential of laser-amplifier-repeated transmission systems has been explored by transmission experiments, showing that a high-speed system above 2 Gb is possible by filtering out the spontaneous emission power of the laser amplifier. A theoretical estimation of SNR degradation due to noise accumulation of chained laser amplifiers shows that systems are possible, using 30 to 40 laser amplifier repeaters, if narrow-bandwidth optical filters are used     

Temperature dependence of a 1300 nm polarization-insensitivemultiple quantum well laser amplifier and its implications for theultimate capacity of cascaded amplifier systems

The temperature characteristics of a 1300 nm polarization-insensitive multiple quantum well laser amplifer are investigated at a constant level of the amplified spontaneous emission. Upon increasing the amplifier temperature from O°C to 40°C, a 20% increase in the gain bandwidth and a twofold increase in the saturation output power, due to an increase in Auger recombination, are observed. The implications of these results on the ultimate capacity of cascaded amplifier systems is evaluated using the concept of the maximum length amplifier cascade. When operated at 40°C, this length extends to 6000 km, which is of great relevance for the design of 1300 mm soliton systems, because these short pulses are considered to be able to traverse these large lengths of optical fiber without distortion     

高性能光纤参量放大器的设计与应用

近年来,光纤参量放大的发展非常迅猛。分析了提高光纤参量放大增益、扩展带宽、降低偏振灵敏度的几种重要方法,并就光纤参量在分立式集中放大、透明的波长转换、归零脉码生成、OTDM开关、全光抽样、可擦除全光缓存、3R再生等方面的典型应用进行了全面综述。光纤OPA在DWDM系统、全光网等领域将有非常广泛而重要的运用。     

Parametric instability of optical amplifier noise in long-distanceoptical transmission systems

In this paper, the optical amplifier noise accumulation in long-distance optical transmission systems is analyzed under the influence of the parametric process caused by the Kerr effect and group-velocity dispersion. By considering the input signal as a continuous-wave (CW) carrier and the optical amplifier noise as the small modulation, the general theory on the evolution of the optical amplifier noise along the system is proposed. This theory enables us to treat all of the noise enhancement effects, the so called parametric instability, discussed so far in a unified manner. The validation of the theory is finally confirmed by using extensive computer simulations     

The compression of optical pulses using self-phase-modulation andlinearly chirped Bragg-gratings in fibers

We report the first demonstration of pulse compression in optical fiber using linearly chirped Bragg gratings as quadratic compressors for pulses spectrally broadened by self-phase modulation. With the system investigated an initial 2 ps, bandwidth limited pulse is compressed by a factor of >10. The experimental results are found to be in good agreement with analytical and numerical calculations. Such a system allows high quality compression of pulses in optical fiber for the first time     

Reduction of semiconductor optical amplifier switching times bypreimpulse step-injected current technique

A practical way to implement a technique for the reduction of the semiconductor optical amplifier electrooptic switching time is presented. The technique, called PISIC (preimpulse step-injected current), was tested and achieved a reduction of the SOA switching times from almost 2 ns (simple-step current response) to little more than 200 ps (step with prepulse response). Forecasts obtained through simulations, using optimized values of current step and prepulse, showed even a faster optical switch response, with switching time reduction to values around 10 ps     

Analysis of optical amplifier noise in coherent opticalcommunication systems with optical image rejection receivers

A detailed theoretical analysis of optical amplifier noise in coherent optical communication systems with heterodyne receivers is presented. The analysis quantifies in particular how optical image rejection receiver configurations reduce the influence of optical amplifier noise on system performance. Two types of optical image rejection receivers are investigated: a novel, all-optical configuration and the conventional, microwave-based configuration. The analysis shows that local oscillator-spontaneous emission beat noise (LO-SP), signal-spontaneous emission beat noise (S-SP), and spontaneous-spontaneous beat noise (SP-SP) can all be reduced by 3 dB, thereby doubling the dynamic range of the optical amplifier. A 2.5-dB improvement in dynamic range has been demonstrated experimentally with the all-optical image rejection configuration. The implications of the increased dynamic range thus obtained are also discussed from a systems point of view     

Overcoming optical amplifier intermodulation distortion usingcoding in multichannel communications systems

In future optical networks on frequency division multiple access (FDMA), e.g. TV distribution, optical amplifiers will be required to assure adequate reception. A key figure of merit is η, the efficiency with which channels can be packed into a given bandwidth relative to the ideal packing of 100% corresponding to abutting channels (channel spacing=channel bandwidth). Packing can be severely limited by intermodulation distortion due to inherent amplifier nonlinearity. Assuming constant envelope signaling, the authors use a recently developed amplifier model to show that, by employing practical coding methods, η can be greatly increased. A simple, general algebraic formula for η is derived in terms of amplifier, receiver, and code parameters. For illustrative purposes the authors consider the packing of 50-Mb/s channels into a 1-THz optical bandwidth, assuming typical amplifier and receiver parameters