虚拟企业伙伴选择的双种群自适应遗传算法

针对虚拟企业伙伴选择这一多目标优化问题,采用理想点法将其转换为多个单目标问题,并应用双种群自适应遗传算法进行问题求解。该算法涉及两个种群和自适应交叉、变异概率。在遗传过程中,每个种群的个体都根据适应度自动选择其交叉和变异概率,使个体对环境变化具有自适应调节能力;在一代遗传完成后,种群间交换优秀个体携带的遗传信息,以增加种群的多样性,避免陷入局部极值。通过算例,证实了该算法能很好地解决虚拟企业伙伴选择这一多目标优化问题。     

基于进化个体适应值灰度的自适应交互式遗传算法

为将交互式遗传算法成功应用于复杂优化问题,有必要提高交互式遗传算法的性能。提出基于进化个体适应值灰度的交互式遗传算法,该算法采用灰度衡量进化个体的适应值评价不确定性;通过适应值区间的分析,提取反映进化种群分布的信息;基于此,给出了进化个体的交叉和变异概率。将该算法应用于服装进化设计系统,结果表明该算法在每代可以获取更多的满意解。     

适应值共享对遗传算法选择概率的影响分析

研究了采用遗传算法进行多蜂函数优化时引入适应值共享机制对选择概率的影响。引入种群共享因子这一参数，描述个体选择概率、小生境中多个个体的选择概率之和在适应值比例选择策略下的变化情况。分析和仿真实验表明，适应值共享可在一定程度上保持种群多样性，适应值函数的取值范围将对优化结果产生较大的影响。     

包含交叉和变异操作的交互式遗传算法

传统交互式遗传算法在优化隐式性能指标时会使用户产生疲劳,影响优化质量与优化效率。为此,提出一种改进的交互式遗传算法。采用二元排序确定适应值评价的不确定度,根据评价序列的最大信息差异计算种群的收敛率,通过收敛率衡量种群进化状态,基于适应值不确定度和种群收敛率设计自适应交叉算子和变异算子,给出交叉概率和变异概率的计算公式,利用包含用户偏好信息的遗传策略引导进化,从而使进化结果更加客观。将该算法应用于服装进化设计系统,结果表明,与传统交互式遗传算法( T-IGA)相比,该算法可获取更多的满意解,提高了优化效率。     

一种带融合操作的实数多种群遗传算法

提出了一种带融合操作的实数多种群遗传算法。该算法由多个种群组成,根据各个种群中最优个体的适应值及其成长性优化计算资源分配;引入融合操作,利用各种群中的最优个体产生新个体,取代各种群中的最差个体,改善种群的遗传进程。实例计算表明该算法是有效的。     

一种基于对称调和的遗传算法

提出了一种基于对称调和的遗传算法。此算法根据遗传进程中各个体适应值的变化情况来有选择性地投放对称调和个体,使种群的多样性得到了较好的保持,从而有效地防止了早熟现象的出现。算法采用最优保存策略来保证全局收敛性。对典型优化问题在采用与不采用对称调和策略下进行了对比试验,结果表明对称调和策略的有效运用将大大改进遗传算法的性能。     

求矩阵复特征值的双种群改进遗传算法

针对矩阵复特征值的特点,提出采用双种群改进遗传算法并行求解复特征值的近似值.该算法中双种群采用实数编码,在遗传过程中每个种群都根据适应度自动选择其交叉概率和变异概率,使个体对环境变化具有自适应调节能力.变异中采用了柯西变异,可以使个体很快跳出局部极小.仿真结果表明,此算法可以达到一定的精度,具有一定的通用性,并给求矩阵复特征值提供了一种快速的方法.     

求解动态优化问题的多种群热力学遗传算法

多种群方法已被证明是提高演化算法动态优化性能的重要方法之一。提出了多种群热力学遗传算法（multi-population based thermodynamic genetic algorithm,MPTDGA）。该算法使用一个概率向量在热力学遗传算法迭代过程中不断演化优化与竞争学习,环境变化时分化成三个概率向量,并分别抽样产生原对偶和随机迁入三个子种群,依据这三个种群和记忆种群最好解的情况,选择新的工作概率向量进入新环境进行学习。在动态背包问题上的实验结果表明,MPTDGA比原对偶遗传算法跟踪最优解的能力更强,有很好的多样性,非常适合求解0-1动态优化问题。     

基于区间适应值灰度的交互式遗传算法

针对交互式遗传算法缺乏衡量评价的不确定性问题,采用区间数评价进化个体适应值,利用灰度衡量评价的不确定性。通过区间适应值的灰度分析,提取反映种群进化分布的信息,给出进化个体的自适应交叉和变异概率。应用于服装进化设计系统的分析结果表明,该算法可有效缓解人的疲劳,提高优化效率。     

旅行商和覆盖路径规划问题的自适应遗传算法

针对无人机在区域覆盖中的路径规划问题,对于有障碍物的环境,一种有效方法是将环境分解为多个区域,覆盖所有区域即覆盖整个环境。访问多个区域并回到原点的最短路径看做旅行商问题(TSP),每个区域内部为覆盖路径规划问题(CPP),以上综合问题称为TSP-CPP。为进一步提高规划效率,提出了一种自适应遗传算法,设计了自适应交叉算子和变异算子,随种群个体的适应度动态调整交叉概率和变异概率,保留精英个体;变异方式改为倒置变异,保持种群多样性,加快算法地收敛速度。在4种不同障碍物设置的仿真环境下进行了实验。结果表明,当环境复杂时,上述算法比动态规划法快约3000倍,比基于改进算子的遗传算法快约2倍。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).