一种面向视点绘制的深度图像后处理方法

基于深度图像的绘制是三维视频系统中的一项关键技术。然而,深度编码失真会对后续虚拟视点绘制的性能产生极大的影响。提出了一种面向虚拟视点绘制的深度图像后处理方法,利用基于置信区间的交点规则确定深度图像中每个像素点的滤波窗口,利用最小均方逼近多项式技术估计每个像素点的深度值,再利用加权模式滤波器对估计的深度图像进行滤波处理,得到深度滤波图像。实验结果表明,该方法能够精确地恢复出真实深度信息,提高虚拟视点图像的绘制性能。     

基于结构相似的H.264帧间预测改进算法

H.264/AVC通过帧间多模式预测、率失真优化及其它新技术.大大提高了视频压缩效率.失真测度的选择对帧间预测模式及运动估计中匹配块的选择有很大影响.在H.264帧间预测过程中,失真测度选用的是当前块和候选块之间的绝对差和(SAD)及平方差和(SSD).结构相似度(SSIM)是新提出的一种图像质量评价方法,与其他评价方法相比,它更加符合人眼视觉系统(HVS)且计算量不大.文中将SSIM引入到H.264帧间预测作为失真测度,提出了基于结构相似的帧间预测方法(IPBSS).该方法是在作者前期工作积累上的进一步改进.实验结果显示,该算法可以在保持视觉质量不下降的前提下,平均节约13%的码流.     

基于空间加权的虚拟视点绘制算法

在自由视点视频系统中,如何能在视频终端得到高质量的视频图像已成为基于深度图的绘制（DIBR）技术所研究的主要任务,其中虚拟视点像素插值是该技术中影响绘制质量的一个重要环节。针对虚拟视点绘制标准方案中存在的问题,提出了一种基于空间加权的像素插值算法。它是通过对多个投影像素点的深度值和水平方向绝对距离进行加权操作来实现像素插值的。在插值过程中,该算法考虑了不同区域投影像素点个数对像素插值准确性的影响,从而剔除了部分失真像素点,并且在图像输出前还分别对左、右参考虚拟视点进行了失真检测和矫正。实验结果表明,该算法改善了绘制的主、客观质量,其中,PSNR平均提高0.30 dB,SSIM平均提高0.001 3。因此,该算法可以有效地抑制像素插值过程引入的噪声,提高像素插值的精度。     

基于图像金字塔修复的虚拟视点绘制

针对虚拟视点绘制中由于区域暴露引起的空洞问题,提出一种基于图像金字塔修复的虚拟视点绘制方法.利用视点变换方程生成虚拟视点,对含有空洞的视点采用图像金字塔修复进行处理,设计含有深度项的权值函数,在深度的约束下进行高斯加消零的滤波和下采样,对低分辨率图像的上采样,利用采样的图像信息对空洞进行填充.实验结果证明,该方法得到图像的主观视觉效果和峰值信噪比计算结果优于传统的非对称高斯滤波算法,且图像绘制的虚拟视点不失真,可抑制物体边缘处的伪像生成.     

基于结构失真分析的立体图像质量客观评价模型

在立体图像?视频系统编码、传输、解码等环节中,立体图像质量评价是图像失真的一个重要评判准则.考虑到图像结构特性能较好地反映立体图像质量变化,提出一种基于结构失真的立体图像质量客观评价模型,该模型包括左右视点图像质量和深度感知质量评价两部分.首先根据人眼对图像中不同区域的敏感度存在差异且自然图像具有一定方向奇异性的特性,得到左右视点图像质量评价值;然后利用左右视点的绝对差值图像,采用奇异值向量差异和均值偏差率来描述立体图像深度感的畸变;最后融合前面两部分的评价值得到最终的立体图像质量评价值.实验结果表明,文中模型与主观感知存在较好的一致性,对于高斯模糊、高斯白噪声、JPEG压缩、JP2000压缩以及H.264编码,其评价结果与主观感知之间的相关系数高于0.93,Spearman秩相关系数高于0.92,均方误差低于6.6.     

基于纹理和亮度感知特性的率失真优化策略

率失真优化(RDO)策略在视频编码体系中对编码效率有着重要影响。当前主流的率失真优化策略以MSE或类似的方法描述失真,不能很好反映人眼的主观感受。为了提高视频编码的主观感知质量,首先建立一种新的感知失真模型。该模型利用人眼对纹理和亮度的敏感特性,使评价结果能够更好地反映主观质量。在此基础上,提出一种基于纹理和亮度感知特性的率失真优化策略,简称TL-RDO(texture and luminance based RDO)策略。该策略对不同的区域自适应地调整拉格朗日乘子,使得编码结果更好地符合人眼的观察特性。实验结果表明,TL-RDO相比现有最常用的QP-RDO方法,编码效率显著提高;与一些典型的基于感知失真特性的率失真优化策略相比,TL-RDO策略计算复杂度较低,适合于实时编码系统。     

结合结构相似度的AVS帧间模式选择算法

AVS帧间模式选择率失真优化使用绝对误差和(SAD)作为失真度度量,方法简单,但不能很好符合人的人眼视觉系统(HVS);最近提出的结构相似度(SSIM)图像质量评价方法更符合HVS的特性,但率失真优化使用SSIM作为失真度度量,计算复杂,不利于实时编码。结合SAD和SSIM的优点,采用两者的结合作为失真度度量。取SAD的最优值和次优值,计算其差值,根据差值和阈值的比较判断是否需要SSIM计算。需要计算SSIM值时,根据SSIM的最优值和次优值的情况判断是否需要对帧间模式进行修正。实验结果表明,该算法较传统算法有较好的主观质量,编码时间增加很少。     

深度图像的分块自适应压缩感知

针对基于空域上下采样的深度编码框架中,由边缘信息损失带来的视点绘制质量下降的问题,提出了一种面向视点绘制质量的深度图像分块自适应压缩采样方法。在基于分块压缩感知和光滑Landweber投影重构的BCS_SPL框架下,利用图像块的方差表征其边缘信息,并据此进行自适应采样,以提高深度图像重构和视点合成质量。结果表明,在相同的采样率下,相比上下采样和BCS_SPL方法,本文提出的分块自适应压缩感知方法在绘制视点的PSNR和主观质量上都有提高。     

视频编码失真估计综述

编码失真是评价视频算法性能的主要因素之一,如率失真优化、码率控制和最佳量化等算法设计中,在不进行复杂预编码的情况下精确估计编码失真,是达到良好率失真性能的必要途径。虽然部分编码失真估计方法已经被采用并作为编码算法的基础,然而,与对码率估计的关注度不同,失真估计并未引起人们的足够关注。系统地回顾总结了视频编码失真估计方法,实验并给出了一些比较结果。将失真估计方法分为四类：1)基于DCT系数分布的建模;2)ρ域;3)λ域和4)基于失真传播的建模。概述了这些方法的基本原理,并且根据实验结果对模型的精度进行了简要对比分析。     

一种基于人眼视觉特性的高效视频编码优化方法

基于HEVC(High Efficiency Video Coding)新的编码结构,本文提出了一种基于视觉特性的率失真优化方法。首先基于分歧归一化与量化之间的关系,提出了一种适合HEVC编码结构的视觉因子的计算方法,并提出使用非线性模型对视觉因子进行缩放,进而用于对量化参数的调整。其次,基于视觉因子和HEVC的四叉树结构,提出一种基于视觉特性的率失真代价模型用于模式决策,以提升视频编码的主观性能。实验结果表明,本文算法可以有效提升重构视频的主观质量,在RA和LDP配置下,平均主观性能提升为7.21%和11.46%。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).