体外膜肺氧合在心脏死亡器官捐献中的应用

心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)中供者器官不可避免地要经历热缺血损伤,移植术后原发性移植物无功能、移植物丢失以及缺血性胆管疾病等并发症的发生率较高.因此,如何避免、减少或修复DCD器官热缺血损伤进而保护移植受者的安全是当前DCD研究的一个热点.广州军区广州总医院肝脏移植中心于2009年2月开始使用体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)对DCD器官进行保护,目前共完成了52例ECMO辅助下DCD器官获取,均获得满意疗效.ECMO对DCD器官热缺血损伤的保护和修复机制不仅在国际DCD器官移植领域显示出良好的应用前景,更是解决我国DCD热缺血损伤的有效方法.笔者认为:这些机制对进一步扩大ECMO在我国DCD的应用范围,建立适合我国国情的人体器官捐献和获取标准流程和技术规范具有十分重要的意义.     

体外膜肺氧合用于心死亡供肝的初步经验

目的 总结体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)保护心死亡供肝的初步经验.方法 回顾分析2009年7月至2011年5月期间广州军区总医院肝移植中心施行的17例心死亡肝移植供者临床资料,了解供者原发病和有关指标、供者捐献与获取流程、ECMO使用方法.结果 17例供者均先诊断脑死亡然后等待心脏停跳,属于脑心双死亡供者(DBCD).在心死亡过程全部应用了ECMO,ECMO时间51～380(平均187)min.所有供者均成功获取了供肝并用于受者.受者全组无手术死亡.术后肝功能恢复满意,未发生原发性移植肝无功能并发症.术后1个月内因肺部感染死亡1例,其余16例顺利康复出院并随访至今,随访最长时间为29个月.结论 DBCD是我国公民心死亡供体的特殊类型.ECMO可以控制DBCD热缺血损伤且没有伦理学争议,对我国公民心死亡器官捐献有着十分重要的作用.     

体外膜肺氧合在器官移植领域中的应用进展

体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)是一种能代替心肺功能、维持器官持续灌注的体外循环技术。近年来,因其出色的心肺支持功能,ECMO被越来越多地运用于器官移植领域,从器官捐献供者器官的保护,到器官移植受者移植前的安全过渡、移植中生命支持及移植后呼吸循环系统并发症的处理。ECMO在扩大供者来源、提高移植手术安全性和移植受者存活率方面发挥了重要作用。本文就ECMO在器官移植领域中的应用研究进展进行综述。     

肺移植患者应用体外膜肺氧合的护理

目的探讨肺移植患者体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）应用过程中的观察内容及护理要点。方法对6例肺移植应用EC—MO患者采取开始转流后的常规护理。ECMO管路的管理，生命体征与实验室指标观察，营养支持等护理措施。结果4例患者在肺移植术后即撤离ECMO；1例房间隔缺损伴Eisetnenger患者由于术后血流动力学不稳定，连续使用EC—MO34h后顺利撤离；1例双肺移植因术中出血多，血流动力学不稳定，术中紧急行ECMO支持,术后第7天顺利撤离。全组患者未发生ECMO相关并发症。术后4例患者顺利出院，出院后生活质量良好；1例由于术后出现MODS于术后第9天死亡，另1例再次移植患者处于术后恢复中。结论ECMO应用过程选择合理的护理方案及手段，可及时发现应用过程中存在的问题，为医生及时、正确的处理提供依据。     

心脏死亡器官捐献中应用体外膜肺氧合的配合与监护

目的探讨在心脏死亡器官捐献中应用体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)的护理配合与监护要点。方法对24例脑-心双死亡的器官捐献者持续严密地进行心电和血压的监测,重点监测收缩压、平均动脉压和心电图,及时为医师提供启动和中止ECMO的时机;配合医师进行ECMO的置管与运转以及各参数的监测与维护;做好拟献器官功能的监测与维护等。结果 24例脑-心双死亡的器官捐献者,在脑死亡后等待心脏停跳的过程中全部应用ECMO,ECMO支持时间51～380min。成功获取肝脏24个、肾脏34个、心脏2个、角膜46个,器官热缺血时间全部为0。24个供肝全部有效地用于24位肝移植患者,受者术后肝功能恢复满意,痊愈出院。结论在心脏死亡器官捐献中应用ECMO,对捐献者的严密监测、ECMO系统的维护以及对拟捐献器官功能的保护是护理工作的重点。     

肺移植患者应用体外膜肺氧合的护理

目的 探讨肺移植患者体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)应用过程中的观察内容及护理要点.方法 对6例肺移植应用ECMO患者采取开始转流后的常规护理,ECMO管路的管理,生命体征与实验室指标观察,营养支持等护理措施.结果 4例患者在肺移植术后即撤离ECMO;1例房间隔缺损伴Eisemenger患者由于术后血流动力学不稳定,连续使用ECMO 34 h后顺利撤离;1例双肺移植因术中出血多,血流动力学不稳定,术中紧急行ECMO支持,术后第7天顺利撤离.全组患者未发生ECMO相关并发症.术后4例患者顺利出院,出院后生活质量良好;1例由于术后出现MODS于术后第9天死亡,另1例再次移植患者处于术后恢复中.结论 ECMO应用过程选择合理的护理方案及手段,可及时发现应用过程中存在的问题,为医生及时、正确的处理提供依据.     

体外膜肺氧合用于脑心双死亡供者器官获取的流程和方法

目的 总结体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)用于脑心双死亡供者(DBCD)器官获取的流程和方法.方法 回顾分析2009年1月至2012年12月完成的39例DBCD器官捐赠.39例供者中,男性30例,女性9例,年龄(28.1±10.2)岁,体质量指数为(21.3±2.5)kg/m2;原发病为重型脑外伤29例,脑血管意外8例,以及缺血缺氧性脑病2例.评估供者危险指数为1.27±0.28.39例供者在捐赠器官过程中均使用了ECMO支持.结果 ECMO使用时间为(161±77)min.ECMO起始流量为(3.14±0.24) L/min,平衡流量为(1.76±0.58)L/min,复灌流量为(3.10±0.48) L/min.供者器官热缺血时间均为0 min.供者评估时、ECMO使用前、器官获取前供者胆红素总量、丙氨酸转氨酶均无显著性差异,但获取前血清肌酐水平显著升高,尿量显著减少.共获取38个肝脏,78个肾脏,分别实施了37例肝移植、64例肾移植.1个肝脏因合并乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原阳性未匹配到合适受者而未使用,14个肾脏因肾功能不全、肾结石未使用.结论 供者家属和伦理委员会对使用ECMO没有争议,ECMO辅助DBCD器官获取可避免热缺血损伤,获得更满意的移植效果.     

体外膜肺氧合在供者维护中的应用进展

器官移植是治疗终末期疾病的有效手段之一,但供者来源不足桎梏了器官移植的发展。体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）可以改善器官低氧状态及低灌注情况,缩短热缺血时间,在器官紧急获取或血流动力学不稳定等情况下,有效维护供者器官功能,使供者器官得到充分利用,造福更多亟需器官移植的患者。本文总结了ECMO在供者维护中的应用进展,为其在器官移植中的应用提出建议。     

体外膜肺氧合在肺移植前支持过渡中的应用

目的 探讨体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)在肺移植前支持过渡中应用的可行性和疗效.方法 终末期肺病患者5例,原发病为特发性肺间质纤维化3例,结核性毁损肺1例,淹溺致吸入性肺炎合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)1例.药物治疗和呼吸机无法纠正呼吸衰竭,紧急行E...     

The organ preservation and enhancement of donation success ratio effect of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in circulatory unstable brain death donor

Between 2010 and 2013, we recorded 66 cases of failed organ donation after brain death (DBD) due to the excessive use of the vasoactive drugs resulting in impaired hepatic and/or renal function. To investigate the effect of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in donor management, ECMO was used to provide support for DBD donors with circulatory and/or respiratory failure from 2013 to 2015. A retrospective cohort study between circulatory non‐stable DBD with vasoactive drugs (DBD‐drug) and circulatory non‐stable DBD with ECMO (DBD‐ECMO) was designed to compare the transplant outcomes. A total of 19 brain death donors were supported by ECMO. The incidence rate of post‐transplant liver primary non‐function (PNF) was 10% (two of 20) in DBD‐drug group and zero in DBD‐ECMO group. Kidney function indicators, including creatinine clearance and urine production, were significantly better in DBD‐ECMO group, as well as the kidney delayed graft function (DGF) rate was found to be decreased by the use of ECMO in our study. Donation success rate increased steadily from 47.8% in 2011 to 84.6% in 2014 after the ECMO intervention. The use of ECMO in assisting circulatory and respiratory function of DBD can reduce liver and kidney injury from vasoactive drugs, thereby improving organ quality and reducing the organ discard rates.     

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support of donor abdominal organs in non-heart-beating donors

Both family consent and legal consent were required for organ/tissue donation from non-heart-beating donors (NHBD) in Taiwan. A district attorney had to come to the bedside to confirm the donor's asystole, confirm the family consent, and complete some legal documents before a legal consent was issued for organ donation. The resultant warm ischemic time would be unpredictably long and in fact precluded the organ donation from NHBD in Taiwan. We developed a method of using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to maintain NHBD for a longer time and prevent warm ischemic injury of the donor abdominal organs. After ventilator disconnection in NHBD, phentolamine and heparin were injected and mannitol infusion was given. After the donor's asystole was confirmed by the electrocardiogram (EKG) strip recording, the ECMO support was set up through the right femoral veno-arterial route, an occlusion balloon catheter was inserted through the left femoral artery to occlude the thoracic aorta, and bilateral femoral arteries were ligated. Usually, the ECMO could begin within 10 min after the donor's asystole. The ECMO, combined with a cooler, provided cold oxygenated blood to the abdominal visceral organs, and prevented their warm ischemic injuries. Under the ECMO support (range: 45-70 min), eight renal grafts were procured from 4 NHBD. With the exception of the first two renal grafts with delayed function, all others had immediate function postoperatively and dialysis was no longer needed. In conclusion, by our ECMO technique, NHBD could be maintained for a longer time and the renal grafts had better immediate postoperative function than those reported by other methods.     

The ethics of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in brain‐dead potential organ donors

Organ‐preserving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (OP‐ECMO) is defined as the use of extracorporeal support for the primary purpose of preserving organs for transplantation, rather than to save the patient's life. This paper discusses the ethics of using OP‐ECMO in donation after brain determination of death (DBDD) to avoid the loss of organs for transplantation. We review case reports in the literature and analyze the ethical issues raised. We conclude that there is little additional ethical concern in continuing OP‐ECMO in patients already on ECMO if they become brain dead. The implementation of OP‐ECMO in hemodynamically unstable brain‐dead patients is ethically permissible in certain clinical situations but requires specific consent from relatives if the patient's wish to donate is not clear. If no evidence of a patient's wish to donate is available, OP‐ECMO is not recommended. In countries with presumed consent legislation, failure to opt out should be considered as a positive wish to donate. If a patient is not‐yet brain‐dead or is undergoing testing for brain death, OP‐ECMO is not recommended. Further research on OP‐ECMO is needed to better understand the attitudes of professionals, families, and lay people to ensure agreement on key ethical issues.     

体外膜肺氧合联合血液净化治疗肺移植术后移植物功能丧失患者的护理

8例肺移植术后患者早期发生3级原发性移植物功能丧失,在常规专科治疗的同时实施体外膜肺氧合联合连续性肾脏替代治疗。加强体外膜肺氧合及连续性肾脏替代治疗的护理,加强原发性移植物功能丧失的护理、并发症的观察并及时进行处理。结果8例患者4例好转,1例血液透析维持生命,3例死亡。患者病情凶险,及时行体外膜肺氧合联合连续肾脏替代治疗,加强专科护理,有效地支持患者心肺肾的功能,可为治疗赢得时间。     

Expanding the donor pool: use of renal transplants from non-heart-beating donors supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Abstract:  In response to organ shortage, we used the renal grafts from non-heart-beating donors (NHBDs). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was used to maintain NHBDs before organ procurement. We compared the results of renal transplantation from different donors, including heart-beating donors (HBDs), living-related donors (LDs), and NHBDs supported with ECMO. From February 1998 to June 2003, we recruited 219 patients receiving renal transplantation at National Taiwan University Hospital. Among them, 31 received kidneys from NHBDs supported with ECMO, 120 from HBDs, and 68 from LDs. Multiple organ transplant recipients were not included in this study. We compared the graft survival, serum creatinine levels, and estimated glomerular filtration rates of the three groups. The rate of delayed graft function was higher in NHBD recipients (41.9%) than in HBD recipients (27.0%) and LD recipients (10.9%) (p = 0.003). In the NHBD group, the recipients of grafts with delayed function had significantly longer ECMO runs (63.1 ± 3.0 min) than those without delayed function (53.7 ± 2.5 min) (p = 0.024). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (p = 0.472) and mean serum creatinine level (p = 0.286) were not significantly different between the three groups using a longitudinal approach. The 5-yr graft survival rates for NHBD (88.4%, 95% CI: 0.680–0.962), HBD (83.2%, 95% CI: 0.728–0.899), and LD transplant recipients (89.3%, 95% CI: 0.619–0.974) were not significantly different (p = 0.239). The 5-yr patient survival rates for NHBD, HBD, and LD transplant recipients were 100, 93.0 (95% CI: 0.859–0.966) and 100% respectively. The long-term allograft survival and function of kidneys from NHBDs supported by ECMO, HBD, and LD did not differ significantly. Long ECMO running time tended to delay graft function.     

暴发性心肌炎患儿行清醒体外膜肺氧合治疗的护理

对5例暴发性心肌炎患儿行清醒状态下静脉-动脉模式体外膜肺氧合治疗,在实施体外膜肺氧合前行唤醒护理,治疗期间加强病情观察、疼痛护理、早期活动引导、人文关怀护理等。结果1例患儿治疗72 h后出现室性心动过速,再次行气管插管机械通气,其余4例患儿治疗50～163 h后顺利撤机,转普通病房进一步康复治疗。5例患儿清醒体外膜肺氧合治疗期间均无导管移位、脱落等不良事件和相关并发症发生。     

Potential of organ donation from deceased donors: study from a public sector hospital in India

Deceased donor organ programme is still in infancy in India. Assessing deceased donation potential and identifying barriers to its utilization are required to meet needs of patients with organ failure. Over a 6‐month period, we identified and followed all presumed brainstem dead patients secondary to brain damage. All patients requiring mechanical ventilation with no signs of respiratory activity and dilated, fixed and nonreacting pupils were presumed to be brainstem dead. All events from suspicion of brainstem death (BSD) to declaration of BSD, approach for organ donation, recovery and transplants were recorded. Subjects were classified as possible, potential and effective donors, and barriers to donation were identified at each step. We identified 80 presumed brainstem dead patients over the study period. The mean age of this population was 35.9 years, and 67.5% were males. When formally asked for consent for organ donation (n = 49), 41 patients’ relatives refused. The conversion rate was only 8.2%. The number of possible, potential and effective donors per million population per year were 127, 115.7 and 9.5, respectively. The poor conversion rate of 8.2% suggests a huge potential for improvement. Family refusal in majority of cases reflects poor knowledge and thus warrants interventions at community level.