九龙江口水体中1995年磷的转移

1995年3个航次的调查研究结果表明,九龙江口水体总磷含量受悬浮物含量控制,在S＜5的低盐度区,悬浮泥沙和磷产生明显的絮凝沉降,在S＞5时,它们的迁移接近于理想混合。溶解磷的河口转移与其在河流端的浓度密切相关。当河端浓度低时,磷略呈溶出现象;而河端浓度高时则接近于理想混合过程。估算得出九龙江河流总磷的平均入海通量为2．9×103t／a,其中溶解磷和颗粒磷各占一半左右。     

胶体磷在河口IX随盐度变化的研究

研究了胶体磷在河口海区随盐度变化的趋势,并将其与颗粒态、真溶解态磷随盐度的变化趋势进行对比,分析胶体态磷在河口的行为与颗粒态磷和真溶解态磷二者的异同.探讨磷在颗粒相,胶体相和真溶液相之间的分配及其与悬浮颗粒物浓度的关系,研究胶体磷在河口海区中的迁移转化作用.研究结果表明,胶体相中总磷、有机磷和活性磷浓度由河端向海端降低,表明陆源输入是其主要来源.胶体有机磷占总磷比例随盐度增加而下降,表明有机磷受胶体去除过程的影响较明显,胶体磷在河口海区的浓度变化趋势及胶体中有机磷和活性磷的比例都与真溶解相接近而与颗粒相差别较大.     

胶体磷在河口区随盐度变化的研究

研究了胶体磷在河口海区随盐度变化的趋势,并将其与颗粒态、真溶解态磷随盐度的变化趋势进行对比,分析胶体态磷在河口的行为与颗粒态磷和真溶解态磷二者的异同。探讨磷在颗粒相、胶体相和真溶液相之间的分配及其与悬浮颗粒物浓度的关系,研究胶体磷在河口海区中的迁移转化作用。研究结果表明,胶体相中总磷、有机磷和活性磷浓度由河端向海端降低,表明陆源输入是其主要来源。胶体有机磷占总磷比例随盐度增加而下降,表明有机磷受胶体去除过程的影响较明显,胶体磷在河口海区的浓度变化趋势及胶体中有机磷和活性磷的比例都与真溶解相接近而与颗粒相差别较大。     

冷胁迫下红树植物白骨壤和桐花树叶片热值的变化

对九龙江口不同土壤盐度的白骨壤和桐花树离体叶片进行1－2℃冷胁迫处理，结果表明，随着冷胁迫时间的延长，白骨壤和桐花树叶片的热值逐渐下降，电解质渗出率呈现不同程度的上升，其中土壤盐度高的澳头白骨壤和桐花树叶片的变化幅度较土壤盐度低的白骨壤和桐花树小。白骨壤和桐花树叶片总含水量在冷处理过程中变化不大，但其自由水含量呈显著下降趋势，而束缚水含量及束缚水与自由水含量的比值则呈显著上升趋势。还原糖、可溶性糖和淀粉含量在冷胁迫过程中逐渐下降，蔗糖含量则逐渐上升。土壤盐度高的澳头白骨壤和桐花树叶片的自由水和束缚水含量的变化幅度大于土壤盐度低者，而还原糖、蔗糖、可溶性糖和淀粉含量的变幅则小于土壤盐度低者。     

饲料中钙、磷和水体盐度对南美白对虾幼虾生长的影响

用不同钙、磷含量的配合饲料在不同的盐度水体中对南美白对虾幼虾 (Penaeus vannamei)进行饲养试验.试验采取 L9(3 4),磷添加量设 3个水平 0%, 0.75%, 1.5%;钙添加量设 3个水平 0%, 0.75%, 1.5%;水体盐度设 3个水平 4, 17, 30.结果显示,各因素对南美白对虾体质量日增率、饲料系数、成活率的影响大小为盐度 >磷 >钙,对蛋白质效率的影响大小为盐度 >钙 >磷.盐度 4时,不添加钙的组体质量日增率、饲料系数、成活率和蛋白质效率最差;盐度 17时,饲料中磷的添加非常重要.南美白对虾幼虾最适的生长因素是盐度为 17,钙添加量为 1.5%,磷添加量为 1.5%     

盐度对瘤背石磺幼贝存活、生长性能和肌肉生化成分的影响

为探讨盐度对瘤背石磺(Onchidium struma)幼贝生长和肌肉生化成分的影响,用不同盐度水平(5、15、25、35和45)的人工海水饲养瘤背石磺幼贝[干质量(2.96±1.02)g]60 d后测定瘤背石磺生长性能和肌肉营养成分。结果显示:(1)瘤背石磺在盐度25~45时生长良好,成活率在90%以上。同时,在盐度25时增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率均显著高于其余各盐度组(P0.05),而饲料系数也显著降低(P0.05)。(2)随着盐度的升高,瘤背石磺肌肉水分显著降低(P0.05),粗灰分呈先下降后上升趋势,但对肌肉钙和磷含量影响差异不显著(P0.05);粗蛋白含量在盐度25时最高,为76.66%,而粗脂肪在高盐度时呈显著上升趋势(P0.05),分别在盐度25和45时含量最低和最高。(3)除了谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸和脯氨酸等呈味氨基酸受盐度影响差异显著外,大多数氨基酸均随着盐度升高呈现先上升后下降的趋势,且在盐度25最高,但差异不显著。(4)盐度对于每一种脂肪酸的影响均差异显著,在盐度5至35范围内,n-3 PUFA和n-6 PUFA均呈现上升趋势,但n-3 PUFA/n-6 PUFA值也逐渐升高。与大多数海水贝类不同的是,瘤背石磺DHA含量远低于EPA。试验结果表明,盐度对瘤背石磺生长性能以及肌肉生化成分有显著影响,适宜的盐度可改善瘤背石磺的肌肉品质和风味。     

河口悬浮物中磷的化学形态分布与转化

本文研究长江口和九龙江口悬的中磷的化学形态分布及不同环境条件下的转化与释放。结果表明，长江口和九龙江口悬浮物中易于溶解释放的非磷灰石无机磷分别占总磷含量之２１．３％和４８．１％。水体盐度增大、缺氧环境以及海洋浮游植物渗出物和海洋细菌的作用，均可不同程度也促进悬浮物中磷释放到水相，同时引起固相内部磷形态的转化。     

杭州湾口附近水中的硅、氮、磷

本文描述了杭州湾口水中硅、氮、磷的分布和变化特征。经调查研究表明,其分布和变化特征主要由钱塘江径流、长江冲淡水和外海水决定。硅酸盐与盐度在12月呈正相关,5、7、10月呈负相关;硝酸盐与盐度都呈负相关;磷酸盐与盐度无明显相关。经初步计算,钱塘江径流硅、氮、磷的年输出通量分别为:101千吨Si/年,42.5千吨N/年和67.1×10~(-2)千吨P/年。     

九龙江口生物可利用磷的行为与入海通量

于1995年3、5月在九龙江口进行两个航次的现场调查,研究不同形态磷的河口行为,并估算生物可利用磷的入海通量。结果表明,在S＜20区域内,溶解活性磷（DRP）的行为受控于“缓冲机制”,其含量在8～10μg／dm3水平上下波动。颗粒磷中MgCl2。可提取磷（MgCl2-P）含量随盐度增大而增大,并与叶绿素a以及悬浮物中Fe、Mn、Al含量呈正相关关系。NaOH／NaCl可提取磷（NaOH／NaCl－P）随盐度增大按指数关系下降,其含量与悬浮物中Fe、Mn、Al含量呈正相关关系。HCl可提取磷（HCl－P）在河口区的行为表现为保守混合。九龙江口生物可利用磷入海通量约517t／a,其中潜在生物可利用磷（PBAP）的贡献为溶解活性磷（DRP）的3倍。     

低盐度水体南美白对虾对饲料中钙、磷的需求

低盐度水体中 ,以不同钙、磷含量的试验饲料对南美白对虾 (Penaeus vannamei)幼虾(0 .0 1 79± 0 .0 0 2 8) g进行饲养试验。结果表明 ,饲料钙磷的交互作用对南美白对虾的特定生长率、成活率及饲料系数有显著的影响 (P<0 .0 5 )。饲料中不添加钙、磷 ,南美白对虾幼虾的生长、成活率和饲料系数最差 ;饲料中钙、磷添加量分别为 0 .8%,1 .2 %时 ,南美白对虾生长最好。饲料钙、磷对南美白对虾体组织钙、磷含量存在显著的影响 (P<0 .0 5 )。特定生长率与肌肉 Ca/ P比 ,甲壳厚 /体质量比呈显著负相关关系。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.