喷动床干燥工艺综述

喷动床干燥是对传统流化床干燥的革新和改造 ,它不仅能顺利地干燥谷物等颗粒粗大的物料 ,而且适用于热敏性物料的干燥 ,同时还可以进行多项化工单元操作。与国外发展成熟的喷动床技术相比 ,国内这方面的进展则显得较为缓慢。因此 ,本文从喷动床的起步、特点、结构、流化形式及喷动机制等方面入手 ,对其进行了较为系统的介绍 ,并给出了部分参数的计算公式及热质传递方程。     

喷床床干燥工艺综述

喷动床干燥是对传统流化床干燥的革新和改造,它不仅能顺利地干燥谷物等颗粒粗大的物料,而且适用于热敏性物料的干燥,同时还可以进行多项化工单元操作。与国外发展成熟的喷动床技术相比,国内这方面的进展则显得较为缓慢,因此。本文从喷动床的起步、特点、结构、流化形式及喷动机制等方面入手,对其进行了较为系统的介绍,并给出了部分参数的计算公式及热质传递方程。     

喷动干燥床技术研究及应用

阐述了喷动干燥床技术研究的进展,介绍了喷动干燥床的工作原理和系统设计要求.并对喷动床干燥聚碳酸酯粉料效果进行研究。     

惰性粒子喷动床中反应干燥集成化制备超细碳酸钙

在一内径为42mm的惰性粒子喷动床中, 以CO2气体和Ca(OH)2悬浮液制备超细碳酸钙粒子为研究对象,实验考察了进气中CO2气体浓度、Ca(OH)2悬浮液浓度、反应温度,静床高等操作条件对产物制备的影响。结果表明,利用惰性粒子喷动床反应与干燥集成化的特点,获得了平均粒度为80 nm、含水量低于0.15%的方解石型超细碳酸钙粒子,开发了一步法制备超细碳酸钙的新工艺。     

大尺寸喷动床最低喷动速度的估算

最低喷动速度是喷动床设计的重要参数之一。过去人们习惯采用Mathur-Gisher公式来计算,但由于该公式是建立在小直径床层(D_c=0.076～0.3m)实验的基础上的,故在大直径床层上应用时,产生明显的偏差。本文通过实际数据分析,提出了大直径喷动床层最低喷动速度计算的经验公式。     

喷动床研究与进展

叙述了近年来出现的几种改型喷动床，包括多喷头喷动床、喷动流化床、带导向管的喷动床、性粒子旋转射流式喷动床、射流喷动床的研究与进展。它们在传统柱锥形喷动床的基础上，通过增加喷口、导向管、流化气、惰性粒子或增加喷动气速等方法，来克服原有喷动床应用的局限性，拓展其应用领域。     

加压喷动床中细颗粒喷动特性

在内径分别为 186mm和 80mm的加压喷动床中 ,以空气为喷动介质 ,在 10 1～ 70 0kPa的压力范围内考察了几种不同粒度的细颗粒在加压下的喷动特性 .研究结果表明在不同的Re_t 内压力对最小喷动速度的影响不同 .实验还发现 ,随着压力的升高 ,喷动区直径增大 ,稳定操作区域增大 ,加压可明显改善喷动床的操作稳定性     

多气体入口的喷动床的喷动过程

本文叙述了一种适合于颗粒涂覆用的,具有特殊的多气体入口的喷动床。研究了这种喷动床在不同气流量和松装体积时的五种特征状态,给出了各种状态下的颗粒循环特点,并描述了在不同气流量和松装体积区间内出现不同喷动状态的相图。     

喷动床发展与现状

介绍了流化床的一个分支——喷动床的发展与现状。首先简述了喷动床的发展史，然后着重讲解了有关喷动床的几个基本概念，并对喷动床的流动特性及其与传统流化床的异同点作了描述。给出了一些喷动床的床型变化及应用实例，并提供了一份有关喷动床研究的较完整的文献清单     

Pyrolysis with partial combustion of oil shale fines in a spouted bed

Pyrolysis with partial combustion of oil shale fines from the Irati Formation in Brazil has been investigated in a 30 cm diameter spouted bed reactor. Experiments were carried out at atmospheric pressure and temperatures between 450 and 600°C. The oi] shale particle size was less than 6.35 mm. Spouting gas temperatures ranged from 20 to 565°C. Three inlet gas pipe diameters and two spouted bed heights were studied. Operation of the process was found to be stable over a wide range of test conditions. Results are presented for oil and gas quality, efficiency of retorting and overall performance of the plant.     

Analysis of the dynamics of paste drying in a spouted bed

Although there are some models available in the literature for paste drying in spouted beds, few of them have focused on transient analysis of dynamical systems. Our objective was to integrate experiments and simulations of a dynamic model to investigate the transient response to disturbances and interruptions in the feed flow during paste drying in a spouted bed with inert particles. The spouted bed consisted of a cylindrical column with 50.0?cm of height and 20.0?cm of diameter. Drying tests were performed at inlet gas temperatures of 70?°C and 100?°C and inlet air flow 30% above the minimum spouting velocity. A 5% w/w suspension of calcium carbonate was used as paste material, and glass spheres of 2.2?mm were used as inert materials. Different patterns of step function changes were tested in the paste feed flow rate. A lumped parameter model was used to predict mass and heat transfer during the drying. Experiments and simulations were in good agreement.     

Spouted bed and microwave-assisted spouted bed drying of parboiled wheat

The effect of spouted bed and microwave-assisted spouted bed drying on drying rates of parboiled wheat was investigated. In addition, the effective moisture diffusivities of parboiled wheat were calculated. The drying experiments were performed using 200 g of parboiled wheat, at three different air temperatures (50, 70, 90 °C) and at two different microwave powers (3.5 W/g (db), 7.5 W/g (db)). Microwave-assisted spouted bed drying at microwave power of 3.5 W/g and 7.5 W/g reduced drying time by at least 60% and 85%, respectively compared to spouted bed drying. The effective diffusivity values were in the range of 1.44 × 10^?10–3.32 × 10^?10 in spouted bed drying while they were between 5.06 × 10^?10 and 11.3 × 10^?10 in microwave-assisted spouted bed drying at different experimental conditions.     

Experimental and numerical analysis of oil shale drying in fluidized bed

The main objective of this work was to experimentally and numerically investigate the Liu Shu River oil shale drying by the means of flue gas in a fluidized bed dryer. Several experiments were performed under different temperatures conditions. The moisture content of oil shale was measured during the experiments. The two-stage drying model was incorporated in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package FLUENT via user-defined functions (UDF) and utilized for simulation of heat and mass transfer of oil shale drying in the fluidized bed dryer. The simulation results for solid moisture content agreed well with experimental data. The effects of the temperature and velocity of flue gas, initial bed height, and the particle size on the drying characteristics were predicted and analyzed. It is shown that the gas temperature and velocity are the important parameters in the whole drying process. The particle size has more obvious influence in the falling drying period than the constant drying period. The temperatures of gas and solid phases were monitored. It is shown that the so-called “near gas distributor zone” is the most effective heat transfer zone, which agrees well with the calculated value. The system quickly reached thermal equilibrium, characterizing a nearly isothermal bed. The developed model provides a very good demonstration to describe the oil shale drying in the fluidized bed dryer, and may provide important information for design, optimization of operation conditions.     

Preparation of silica aerogel from oil shale ash by fluidized bed drying

The silica aerogel with high specific surface area and large pore volume was successfully synthesized using oil shale ash (OSA) via ambient pressure drying. The oil shale ash was burned and leached by sulfuric acid solution, and then was extracted using sodium hydroxide solution to produce a sodium silicate solution. The solution was neutralized with sulfuric acid solution to form a silica gel. After washing with water, the solvent exchange with n-hexane, and the surface modification with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDZ), the aged gel was dried by fluidization technique and also using a furnace to yield silica aerogels. The physical and textural properties of the resultant silica aerogels were investigated and discussed. The results have been compared with silica aerogel powders dried in a furnace. From the results, it is clear that the properties of silica powders obtained in fluidized bed are superior to that of powders dried in the furnace. Using fluidization technique, it could produce silica aerogel powders with low tapping density of 0.0775 g/cm³, high specific surface area (789 m²/g) and cumulative pore volume of 2.77 cm³/g.     

Energy analysis of intermittent drying in the spouted bed

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate different intermittency ratios applied to a spouted bed used to dry alumina, from the energy perspective. Two types of intermittency (reduction and total interruption of the air flow) and five different intermittency profiles were evaluated, including the use of time-variant intermittency ratios. The use of intermittency provided higher energy efficiency and better use of the energy supplied, compared to the continuous process. Reductions of energy consumption in the range from 13.2% to 67.2% were obtained, relative to the continuous process. The findings showed that the use of intermittency is a promising way to optimize energy consumption in spouted beds.     

The drying of barley malt in the spouted bed dryer

The drying of barley malt was studied in a batch spouted-bed dryer using three inlet air temperatures (60, 80 and 90°C) and three initial masses of malt (25, 30 and 35 kg). One of the conclusions was that the drying can be conducted at higher temperatures than in the classical equipment. A general correlation was obtained through the use of reduced moisture and reduced time. A mathematical model which assumes only an external resistance of diffusion or heat transfer does not apply. Also, the model based on internal water diffusion does not predict the results. A new semi-empirical model based on semi-permeable membranes has been proposed. A method of using batch laboratory drying data to predict the performance of continuous spouted-bed driers has been outlined.     

鸡西油页岩非等温干燥特性分析

以鸡西油页岩为原料,利用热重分析仪进行了3种不同升温速率的干燥试验。结果表明:干燥速率随干基含水率的变化曲线分成3个阶段;对于含水率wX>wXA阶段,是表面水蒸发干燥过程,主要受物理脱附作用影响;wXA>wX>wXB阶段,失去的水分是较大毛细孔内的水,主要受油页岩样品体积收缩和内部毛细孔浓缩共同作用影响;wXB>wX>0阶段,这一阶段的主要是小毛细孔和中孔水分的蒸发。有效水分扩散系数有3段不同变化趋势,开始急剧增长,随之增长平缓,最后下降;在干燥的末端出现一个明显的突变点,该点之后有效水分扩散率有一个明显的激增。干燥速率随着升温速率的增加而增加;同时随着升温速率的增加水分有效扩散系数升高和降低趋势更加明显。     

Usage of solar-assisted spouted bed drier in drying of pea

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of solar-assisted spouted bed and open sun drying on the drying rate and quality parameters of pea. Color, shrinkage, bulk and apparent densities, internal and bulk porosities, rehydration capacity and microstructure were the quality parameters investigated in dried product.Drying rate for solar-assisted spouted bed was about 3.5 times of drying rate for open sun drying. Air temperature changed between 20 °C and 27.4 °C during open sun drying while temperature of air at the inlet of solar-assisted spouted bed dryer varied between 35.3 °C and 65.5 °C during the experiments. Effective diffusivities were found to be 0.64 × 10^?10 and 3.27 × 10^?10 m²/s for open sun and solar-assisted spouted bed drying of pea, respectively. In color analysis, it was observed that a* value increased while b* value decreased for both drying methods. Bulk density and apparent density of peas dried under open sun was higher than that in solar-assisted spouted bed drier. In both drying methods, internal and bulk porosities decreased. Shrinkage was more for open sun dried samples. Rehydration capacity for solar-assisted spouted bed dried sample was higher than the one for open sun dried.     

内蒙古锡盟油页岩失水能耗

在氮气吹扫作用下利用TG-DSC联用方法对5种油页岩样品的收到基、空干基、干燥基和纯水进行实验,首先对其中一种油页岩样品采用不同升温速率进行热重实验分析,升温速率分别为3℃/min、10℃/min和20℃/min,得到单位质量水分析出所需要的能耗曲线,实验结果表明常态水析出所需能量基本保持不变,约为2321kJ/kg。收到基和空干基能量曲线中的不同阶段表征油页岩中不同水分析出过程。根据油页岩中水分的存在形式,可得三种升温速率下油页岩中外在水、内在水、表面水和吸附水析出所需平均能耗,与常态水的平均能耗比分别为1:1.18:1.95:1.60:1.97、1:1.10:1.84:1.58:1.90和1:1.14:1.88:1.59:1.93,表明升温速率几乎对脱水能耗没有影响或是说影响不大。进而对其他4种含水量接近的油页岩样品以3℃/min的升温速率进行相同热重分析,计算结果表明含水量接近的不同种类油页岩析水能耗也基本相同。