黏度法测定部分水解聚丙烯酰胺相对分子质量教学实验的改进

黏度法是测定部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）相对分子质量的最常用方法。针对当前实验教学中没有考虑HPAM水解度的差异所带来的相对分子质量测定偏差,建议通过酸碱滴定的方法测定试样的水解度,并以水解度作为选择相对分子质量计算参数的依据,从而得到正确的HPAM相对分子质量。     

紫外可见分光光度计测定POM塑料中甲醛含量的不确定度评价

建立了分光光度法测定POM塑料中甲醛含量的不确定度评定数学模型。根据JJF 1059.1-2012标准要求与VDA 275-1994方法进行测定,从试样质量称量、重复性试验、试样水溶液的甲醛浓度、吸收液体积以及含水率测试五个方面分析测定过程中不确定度来源,并分别对其进行量化和和合成。结果表明,POM塑料中甲醛含量为5.015 mg/kg,扩展不确定度为0.254 mg/kg(k=2)。测定结果的不确定度主要来源于试样水溶液的甲醛浓度测试引入的不确定度,占比90.82%,其中线性拟合分量引入的不确定度贡献最大,占75.58%,其次是标液配制和仪器引入的不确定度分量,分别占13.41%和7.62%。因此在实际测量过程中,应重视仪器和量具的检定与核查,增加标准工作曲线的更新频次,以及规范试验操作步骤以提高测试结果的准确性;另一方面,称量、标液、含水率测试所引入的不确定度非常小,可忽略不计。     

液相原子荧光测定裙带菜中无机砷含量的不确定度评定

采用液相原子荧光测定裙带菜中无机砷含量,评定了测定过程的不确定度。通过对重复性实验引入的不确定度、标准物质和配制过程引入的不确定度、标准曲线拟合引入的不确定度、试样的称量质量引入的不确定度、仪器引入的不确定度以及定容体积引入的不确定度的计算,结果表明标准曲线的拟合是影响不确定度的主要因素,其次是重复实验和五价砷标样配制过程引入的不确定度。对某裙带菜待测样品,无机砷含量为0.080 5 mg/kg时,扩展不确定度为0.006 7 mg/kg。     

速冻蔬菜中氯氰菊酯残留量的测量不确定度评定

依据GB/T 5009.146-2003《植物性食品中有机氯和拟除虫菊酯类农药多种残留的测定》方法,对速冻蔬菜中氯氰菊酯残留量的测量不确定度进行分析和评定。该测量过程所产生的测量不确定度主要来源于气相色谱仪引入的测量不确定度,其次是氯氰菊酯标准工作溶液引入的测量不确定度。标准溶液引入的测量不确定度则主要来源于标准溶液的稀释过程所产生的测量不确定度。     

聚氯化铝中氧化铝含量的测量不确定度评定

对GB15892-2003测定聚氯化铝中氧化铝含量的测量不确定度进行评定。通过对样品测定过程中影响测量不确定度的因素进行分析和量化,求得聚氯化铝中氧化铝含量测量结果的合成相对标准不确定度为0.0025。     

分光光度法测量焚烧飞灰中总砷含量的不确定度评定

通过研究分光光度法测定焚烧飞灰中总砷含量的过程可知,该方法测量不确定度的主要来源包括:由回归方程计算砷的质量引入的不确定度,样品稀释引入的不确定度,飞灰质量测定引入的不确定度以及重复性测量引入的不确定度.对不确定度分量进行了计算,分光光度计测量飞灰中砷含量的结果表示为(11. 15±2. 36)%(k=2).     

原子吸收法测定某推进剂中铜含量的不确定度评定

对原子吸收分光光度法测定某推进剂中铜含量的测量不确定度进行了评定。对样品称量、试样溶液定容体积、曲线拟合、测量重复性等引入的不确定度分量进行了分析和量化,计算了合成不确定度。当推进剂中铜含量为0.96%时,扩展不确定度为0.08%(k=2)。     

双柱双检测器气相色谱法同时进样分析非甲烷烃的不确定度

双柱双检测器气相色谱法同时进样分析非甲烷烃,对甲烷、总烃、氧气和仪器引入的不确定度进行了评定.结果显示,本法测定不确定度的主要来源为标准气体的不确定度,其次是色谱分析仪器引入的不确定度,相对分子质量引入的不确定度可忽略不计.环境空气中非甲烷烃测定结果为(0.85±0.14)mg/m<'3>,k=2.     

国家标准方法测定锌精矿中锌的不确定度评定

对沉淀分离EDTA滴定法测定锌精矿中锌含量的测量不确定度来源进行了分析,并对EDTA标准溶液的滴定度、试样的质量、滴定体积、测定过程随机误差等不确定度分量进行了分析和量化,合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度分别为0.20%和0.40%。     

芥子气纯度测定不确定度分析与评定

采用酸碱滴定法测定芥子气纯度,对测量结果的不确定度进行评定。分析了测定过程中不确定度来源,包括滴定剂的标定、消耗滴定剂体积、样品称量等引入的不确定度及其计算方法,最后合成得到标准不确定度。当芥子气纯度测定结果为94.78%时,扩展不确定度为0.34%(k=2)。实验结果表明,样品称量引入的不确定度对测量结果的影响最大。     

利用物质磁化率和磁导率性质定性分析不同相对分子质量的大分子聚丙烯酰胺

介绍了一项正在研发中的创新分析技术“电磁感应式磁化率化学定性分析方法”的原理和装置结构。采用该技术定性分析不同相对分子质量的大分子-聚丙烯酰胺样品,并对实验数据进行了分析讨论。该技术利用不同单组分样品磁化率、磁导率性质不同的原理,采用电磁感应电动势方法检测样品在磁场中所产生的附加磁场变量强度,以进行定性分析。实验结果说明,磁化率定性分析技术可以分析800万相对分子质量以下的大分子-聚丙烯酰胺样品。     

分光光度法测定空气中甲醛不确定度评定

采用分光光度法测定空气中甲醛,对测定结果的不确定度进行评定。采用酚试剂分光光度法测定空气中甲醛,分析测定过程中的各项不确定度来源,包括样品采集、标准工作溶液配制、标准工作曲线拟合、测定仪器以及重复测定等引入的不确定度,计算合成不确定度,最后获得相对扩展不确定度。当空气中甲醛质量浓度为0.0244~0.2218 mg/m^3时,测定结果在95%置信区间时的相对扩展不确定度为0.1172(k=2)。不确定度主要来源于A类不确定度和系列标准工作溶液制备、标准工作曲线拟合、水中甲醛溶液标准物质的稀释引入的不确定度。     

Determination of molecular weight of polyethylene glycol using size-exclusion chromatography with multi-angle laser light scattering and acid–base titration

Size-exclusion chromatography with multi-angle laser light scattering (SEC-MALLS) and acid–base titration were used to determine the molecular weight of a polyethylene glycol with low molecular weight. All potential uncertainty factors for each measurement were evaluated using cause-effect diagrams. Weight analysis was applied to harmonize the two different measurement results. It was found that the main uncertainty sources of SEC-MALLS measurement arose from the dn/dc value, the calibration constant of the differential refractive index (DRI) detector, and the intermediate precision of the instrument, while the sample mass, the titration volume and the concentration of titrant contributed to the uncertainty of titration measurement. The weighted mean value of the two measurement results was taken as the molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol.     

气相色谱–质谱法测定食用植物油中短链脂肪酸的测量不确定度评定

采用气相色谱–质谱法(GC–MS)测定食用植物油中短链脂肪酸含量,对测量结果的不确定度进行评定,探讨提高测量准确度的方法。依据方法建立数学模型,分析得出不确定度主要来源于样品制备过程、计量器具的使用、标准溶液配制、测量设备、人员读数误差、方法回收率,计算各不确定度分量,得到相对标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。结果表明,当食用植物油中短链脂肪酸测定结果为13.1 mg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为1.8 mg/kg(k=2)。测量设备、标准溶液配制过程引入的不确定度较大,应在实验过程中予以控制和关注。     

Uncertainty assessment in instrumental neutron activation analysis of biological materials

Summary The expression of measurement uncertainties in a standardized form is a requirement for result reliability as it imposes implications to the interpretation of analytical results. In this work, sample mass, elemental standard mass, element decay constant and sample and elemental standard activities were identified as the most important uncertainty sources for the relative method of instrumental neutron activation analysis. The contribution of these sources to the expanded standard uncertainty in the concentration of As, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Na, Se and Zn in biological materials of marine origin was assessed and sample activity was identified as the major contribution.     

高效液相色谱法测定马来酸氯苯那敏含量的测量不确定度

分析了高效液相色谱法测定马来酸氯苯那敏含量测量不确定度的来源,评定了马来酸氯苯那敏含量测量过程中测量的重复性、天平、吸管、容量瓶、马来酸氯苯那敏对照品的纯度、对照品色谱峰面积和供试品色谱峰面积等因素对马来酸氯苯那敏含量测定不确定度的影响,计算得测定结果的相对扩展不确定度为2．0％。     

气相色谱法测定人体血液中乙醇含量的测量不确定度评定

对气相色谱法测定人体血液中乙醇含量的测量不确定度进行评定。人体血液中乙醇含量测量结果的测量不确定度主要来源于相对定量校正因子、检材量、检材中添加内标物叔丁醇的体积、检材中乙醇峰面积的平均值与添加内标物叔丁醇峰面积的平均值之比、无水乙醇的纯度及密度等参数引起的不确定度。当检材中乙醇的含量为0．915mg／mL时,扩展不确定度为O．030mg/mL(k=2)。     

Observation of sodium gel-induced protein modifications in dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and its implications for accurate molecular weight determination of gel-separated proteins by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) can potentially provide accurate molecular weight information of proteins separated by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Several issues related to resolution and accuracy of molecular weight measurement are investigated by using a time-lag focusing MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer. The effects of the gel components SDS, glycerol, and tris buffer on the mass spectral signals are studied systematically. Glycerol and tris buffer are shown to have little or no effect on resolution and mass accuracy, whereas SDS degrades sensitivity, resolution, and mass accuracy even at low concentrations. A simple and fast gel extraction technique is presented which is capable of detecting proteins loaded at the low-picomole level on the gel. The sample preparation procedure used in this work appears to remove most of SDS from the gel, thereby reducing the peak broadening effect caused by SDS and resulting in high resolution and accurate measurement of proteins. However, for proteins containing cysteines, the molecular ions are composed of a distribution of acrylamide-protein adducts likely formed by reaction with unpolymerized acrylamide in the gel during the gel separation process. The implications of gel-induced protein modifications on the accurate molecular weight measurement of gel-separated proteins are discussed.     

Uncertainty estimation to evaluate mass balances on a combustion system

Mass balances of ash and potassium for a fluidized bed combustor were performed incorporating measurement uncertainties. The total output mass of ash or a chemical element should be equal to the mass in the input fuel; however, this is not often achieved. A realistic estimation of recovery uncertainty can support the reliability of a mass balance. Estimation of uncertainty helps to establish a reliable evaluation of the recovery ratio of ash mass and elemental mass. This may clarify whether any apparent lack in closing the mass balance can be attributed to uncertainties. The evaluation of measurement uncertainty for different matrices, namely coal, biomass, sand and ashes from different streams was based on internal quality control data and external quality control data, namely analysis of samples from proficiency tests or use of a certified reference material. The evaluation of intermediate precision and trueness allowed the estimation of measurement uncertainty. Due to the different physic and chemical characteristics of the studied matrices, the uncertainty of precision was evaluated using R-charts of data obtained from the analysis of duplicates for the majority of samples. This allowed evaluating sample heterogeneity effects. The instrumental acceptance criterion was also considered and included in the combined uncertainty. The trueness was evaluated using data from several proficiency tests and from analysis of a certified reference material or sample spiking. Statistically significant bias was included.     

气相色谱法测定汽油中苯含量不确定度的评定

通过分析气相色谱法测定汽油中苯含量的操作流程对汽油中的苯含量测量结果的不确定度进行了评定,不确定度主要来源于相对定量校正因子、样品中添加内标物丁酮的体积、样品的体积、样品中苯与内标物丁酮面积的平均值之比、标准物质苯的纯度等参数引入的不确定度。其中相对校正因子引入的不确定度最大。当汽油样品中苯的体积分数为0.57%时,苯含量的扩展不确定度为0.02%(k=2)。