VISCOSITY OF WATER IN OIL EMULSIONS

Increase in water cut in oil fields generally calls for an increase in the capacity of transport pipelines. Proper design and operation of the latter requires good knowledge of the thermophysical properties of flow resistance of crude-oil water mixtures. An experimental program aimed at measurements of oil-water emulsion viscosity for water cuts prior to the inversion point was conducted.

The present work reports on measurements of Nimr crude oil-water mixtures viscosity for different water cuts and a typical range of temperatures representative of field conditions (20°-50°C). Three mixing intensities of 10⁶, 5×10⁶ and 15×10⁶ erg/cm-sec generated by a dynamic coalescer and directly relevant to field conditions were used.

The results suggest that the inversion point occurs around a value of water cut of 35%. Both Newtonian and non-Newtonian (pseudo-plastic) behaviour were observed, and the ASTM viscosity model is found to be applicable to the emulsions. The effect of the mixing intensity on the resulting emulsion viscosity was found to be important at low temperatures and decreased at high temperatures. The experimental data fitted the available correlations in the literature.     

VISCOSITY BEHAVIOR: CORRELATION OF WATER-IN-OIL EMULSIONS IN PRESENCE OF SOLIDS

This is a study of viscosity behavior of oil-water emulsions-solid mixtures. It uses three oils in the presence of different volume fractions (0.005 - 0.02) of fine solids that have different affinities for water. It has been revealed that suspensions and emulsion-solid mixtures of each oil have identical viscosity at the same shear rate. This is an indication that emulsions behave as continuous phase, whilst solids behave as dispersed phase. Consequently, it is possible to correlate the relative viscosity (η_r) data with formulas available in literature for predicting the viscosity of suspensions and emulsions. Relative viscosity is defined as the emulsion-solid mixture viscosity over the pure emulsion viscosity. It has also been found out that Richardson equation [η_r = exp(a ϕ_s)] with values of 80 and 87 for the parameter a, fits the relative viscosity data of the two light oils used and the heavy one, respectively. The emulsion-solid mixtures prepared in the presence of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic solids were correlated by the same model. Furthermore, The viscosity of pure emulsions of two of the oils studied was found to fit both Krieger's hard sphere model and Roscoe's model but the third oil was found to fit Eilers' model.     

水包稠油乳状液中孤岛稠油组分间相互作用初探

 研究了孤岛稠油脱沥青质油、胶质、沥青质及胶质与沥青质混合物对水包稠油乳状液界面性质的影响。结果表明，具有高芳碳率、低烷基碳率、高芳香环缩合程度的沥青质组分界面活性较高。在水包稠油乳状液形成过程中，芳香分的存在有利于以稠合芳香环系为核心的胶质粒子的溶解，促进胶质单元结构在油滴表面的吸附，使脱沥青质油的界面活性高于胶质。胶质对沥青质有很好的分散作用，使沥青质在油相中溶解度增加，沥青质分子以较小的缔合体或以自由分子状态存在，沥青质分子中所有极性基团较易到达表面上，使油水界面张力降低。稠油组分与阴离子乳化剂LAS存在正的协同作用，与非离子乳化剂OP-10存在负的协同作用。稠油各组分共同与乳化剂作用形成稳定的水包稠油乳状液。     

VISCOSITY BEHAVIOR: CORRELATION OF WATER-IN-OIL EMULSIONS IN PRESENCE OF SOLIDS

This is a study of viscosity behavior of oil–water emulsions-solid mixtures. It uses three oils in the presence of different volume fractions (0.005 – 0.02) of fine solids that have different affinities for water. It has been revealed that suspensions and emulsion-solid mixtures of each oil have identical viscosity at the same shear rate. This is an indication that emulsions behave as continuous phase, whilst solids behave as dispersed phase. Consequently, it is possible to correlate the relative viscosity (η_r) data with formulas available in literature for predicting the viscosity of suspensions and emulsions. Relative viscosity is defined as the emulsion-solid mixture viscosity over the pure emulsion viscosity. It has also been found out that Richardson equation [η_r = exp(a ?_s)] with values of 80 and 87 for the parameter a, fits the relative viscosity data of the two light oils used and the heavy one, respectively. The emulsion-solid mixtures prepared in the presence of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic solids were correlated by the same model. Furthermore, The viscosity of pure emulsions of two of the oils studied was found to fit both Krieger's hard sphere model and Roscoe's model but the third oil was found to fit Eilers' model.     

VISCOSITY OF WATER-OIL EMULSIONS WITH ADDED NANO-SIZE PARTICLES

The viscosity of emulsion and suspensions in the presence of two types of nano-size particles that, have different affinity for oil, have been investigated. It has been found out that both oil-solid suspensions and oil-water-solid mixtures behave as pseudoplastic fluids at all studied solid concentrations. The viscosity of emulsion-solid mixtures does not seem to get affected by water concentration, yet it is a function of solid concentration.

The ability of solids to act as emulsifying agents has also been investigated. It has been established that neither of the two types of solids used is capable of stabilizing water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsions in the absence of surfactants. At low concentrations of solids and in the presence of an oil-soluble surfactant, both oil-wet and water-wet solids, however, are capable of stabilizing water-in-oil emulsions. In the presence of water-soluble surfactant, only water-wet solids are capable of stabilizing oil-in-water emulsions.     

齿轮油的低粘化

论述了摩擦磨损的机理，介绍在使用新型极压抗磨剂时，润滑油低粘化的可能性，以及在实际应用中取得的经济效益。     

MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF OIL SANDS PROCESSING EMULSIONS

ABSTRACT

Microscopic characterization of oil sands emulsions can be important in the prediction of processing characteristics and process yields in the extraction of oil from oil sands. The size distribution of the emulsion can determine how efficiently the oil can be separated from the water and by what means: mechanically or chemically. In addition, it is possible to characterize the nature of the dispersed phase by using fluorescence behaviour under an optical microscope or via x-ray analysis with a scanning electron microscope. In certain cases it is also possible to characterize the interface between the dispersed and the continuous phases. This paper presents results from our laboratory using microscopic techniques and illustrates their utility, not only for determining the morphology of these economically important emulsions, but also to characterize the composition of the interface itself.     

HG系列降粘剂对宁一联原油乳状液流变性的影响

研究了ＨＧ系列降粘剂对不同含水率的华北油田宁一联原油乳状液流变性的影响。ＨＧ系列降粘剂为华北油田常用降粘剂，其主剂为多乙烯多胺起始的嵌段聚醚表面活性剂。研究结果表明，在含水率１０％－６０％的宁一联原油乳状液中加入ＨＧ降粘剂民状液流变行为指数ｎ增大，稠度系数ｋ减少，粘度降低，低温屈服值减小，凝点降低，转相点降低；降粘剂对不含水原油和含水率≤１０％的原油乳状液无效；降粘剂的效果随含水率增大而增大。对于     

MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF OIL SANDS PROCESSING EMULSIONS

Microscopic characterization of oil sands emulsions can be important in the prediction of processing characteristics and process yields in the extraction of oil from oil sands. The size distribution of the emulsion can determine how efficiently the oil can be separated from the water and by what means: mechanically or chemically. In addition, it is possible to characterize the nature of the dispersed phase by using fluorescence behaviour under an optical microscope or via x-ray analysis with a scanning electron microscope. In certain cases it is also possible to characterize the interface between the dispersed and the continuous phases. This paper presents results from our laboratory using microscopic techniques and illustrates their utility, not only for determining the morphology of these economically important emulsions, but also to characterize the composition of the interface itself.     

液压油的稳定有效粘度

以静压轴承和液压滑环的简化模型———旋转对称环形缝隙为例，结合Ｖｏｇｅｌ 粘温方程，提出了液压系统稳定工作点和液压油稳定有效粘度的概念，为合理地确定液压油粘度值提供了新的方法和依据。     

植物油、脂肪酸和植物油甲酯在塔河稠油掺稀降黏中的应用评价

稠油由于富含沥青质、胶质等重质组分而具有很高的黏度，给稠油的开采和运输带来了很大的困难。降低稠油黏度进而改善其流动性成为一项十分重要的工作。以植物油、脂肪酸及植物油甲酯为掺稀介质，以塔河油田稠油为研究对象，考察对比了3种不同的掺稀介质对稠油的掺稀降黏效果。研究结果表明，3种掺稀介质对稠油具有良好的掺稀降黏效果，在同一掺稀比下，植物油甲酯对稠油的降黏效果最显著，其次是脂肪酸，再次是植物油。通过斑点试验考察了掺稀介质和稠油的相容性和体系稳定性。结果显示，植物油甲酯与稠油相容性和稳定性最好，脂肪酸和植物油与稠油的相容性和稳定性相对较差。     

油水同层偏油偏水性的判断

本讨论了利用完井测井曲线判断油水同层是否偏油，偏水的方法，指出了其偏油的测井 特征以及偏水的测井曲线特征，为射孔，动态调整开发提供依据。     

植物油、脂肪酸和植物油甲酯在塔河稠油掺稀降黏中的应用评价

稠油由于富含沥青质、胶质等重质组分而具有很高的黏度,给稠油的开采和运输带来了很大的困难。降低稠油黏度进而改善其流动性成为一项十分重要的工作。以植物油、脂肪酸及植物油甲酯为掺稀介质,以塔河油田稠油为研究对象,考察对比了3种不同的掺稀介质对稠油的掺稀降黏效果。研究结果表明,3种掺稀介质对稠油具有良好的掺稀降黏效果,在同一掺稀比下,植物油甲酯对稠油的降黏效果最显著,其次是脂肪酸,再次是植物油。通过斑点试验考察了掺稀介质和稠油的相容性和体系稳定性。结果显示,植物油甲酯与稠油相容性和稳定性最好,脂肪酸和植物油与稠油的相容性和稳定性相对较差。     

特稠油井筒降粘工艺技术的试验

通过对辽河油区冷家堡油田冷43块E_3s_(1-2)段特稠油油藏的井筒降粘工艺研究,提出采用改质法与化学法进行特稠油降粘实验,取得了良好的效果,并为生产提供了依据。     

动态超声原油脱盐脱水的实验研究

以鲁宁管输原油为研究对象，按照工厂实际电脱盐流程设计了超声波-电脱盐联合破乳实验装置进行原油脱盐实验。比较了超声波-电脱盐联合作用和单一电脱盐作用的脱盐脱水效果；考察了操作温度、超声发生器输出电压、混合阀前后压差对原油破乳脱盐效果的影响；并设计了正交试验，分析各因素的影响程度。在超声一电脱盐联合作用下，盐质量浓度可从39．463mg／l降至3．283mg／l，水质量分数可降至0．24％，小于工厂脱盐指标5．0mg／l和脱水指标0．3％。正交试验各因索对原油破乳脱盐效果影响由大到小的顺序为：超声发生器输出电压、混合阀前后压差和操作温度。动态超声原油脱盐的最佳试验条件为：超声发生器输出电压为70V，系统操作温度80℃，混合阀前后压降为0．45MPa。经软件Statistica 6．0预测的原油脱盐后盐质量浓度为3．225mg／1，验证实验的结果为3．283mg／1，两者数据相吻，说明该预测数据可信。     

高含水油井新型防蜡降粘剂HW—01

本文介绍了根据高含水油井采出液特点研制的高含水油井新型防蜡降粘剂ＨＷ０１，给出了ＨＷ０１的乳化降粘性能、对水包油型原油乳状液油珠聚结温度的降低作用、防蜡效果以及以ＨＷ０１为乳化剂配制的水包油型原油乳状液的热沉降脱水性能，并与ＡＥ１９１０进行了比较。本文还探讨了高含水油井防蜡降粘剂的作用机理，提出了高含水油井防蜡降粘剂研制开发的新思路。     

VISCOSITY MODELLING OF AMERICAN CRUDE OIL FRACTIONS

ABSTRACT

The applicability of a recently proposed viscosity-temperature correlation for conventional crude oil, based on a single viscosity measurement, is extended to new data on light crude oil fractions. The correlation yielded predictions with an overall average absolute deviation of 0.86% from experimental values for 32 data sets consisting of 2 67 individual measurements.

For the lighter fractions, with viscosity below 3 cSt at 30°C, the correlation is shown to be capable of predicting the viscosity with an average absolute deviation of less than 1%. The prediction was based on a single viscosity point at 37.78°C (100°F) estimated by curve-fit method for each data set.     

APPLICATION OF PETROLEUM DEMULSIFICATION TECHNOLOGY TO SHALE OIL EMULSIONS

ABSTRACT

Demulsification, the process of emulsion separation, of water-in-oil shale oil emulsions produced by several methods was accomplished using commercial chemical demulsifiers which are used typically for petroleum demulsification. The shale oil emulsions were produced from Green River shale by one in situ and three different above-ground retorts, an in situ high pressure/ high temperature steam process, and by washing both re tort-produced and hydrotreated shale oils.     

加氢基础油生产高粘度白油技术

针对国内润滑油加氢技术应用特点，石油化工科学研究院研制了贵金属型精制催化剂RLF-10W，开发了以加氢基础油为原料经加氢精制(一段法)生产优质白油技术。经固定床加氢中型装置试验和一年来的实际应用，结果表明．该技术具有流程简单，适应性强等特点，特别适合于生产高粘度与很高粘度优质白油。     

VISCOSITY MODELLING OF AMERICAN CRUDE OIL FRACTIONS

The applicability of a recently proposed viscosity-temperature correlation for conventional crude oil, based on a single viscosity measurement, is extended to new data on light crude oil fractions. The correlation yielded predictions with an overall average absolute deviation of 0.86% from experimental values for 32 data sets consisting of 2 67 individual measurements.

For the lighter fractions, with viscosity below 3 cSt at 30°C, the correlation is shown to be capable of predicting the viscosity with an average absolute deviation of less than 1%. The prediction was based on a single viscosity point at 37.78°C (100°F) estimated by curve-fit method for each data set.