Analysis of Near Well-bore Behavior of Gas Condensate Reservoir in Production Stage

Abstract

The formation of condensate banking in the near well-bore region will lead to the reduction in gas relative permeability and loss of well deliverability. This loss is investigated by conducting a series of fine grid numerical compositional simulation with the gas condensate and dry gas reservoir data. Also, a method for calculation of condensate blockage skin factor is introduced in which the skin factor is calculated using dry gas and gas condensate simulation production data. The authors also found that absolute permeability and pressure drawdown of the producing well have significant influence on the well gas deliverability and condensate blockage skin factor.     

Investigating the Effect of Capillary Number on Performance Prediction of an Iranian Fractured Gas Condensate Reservoir

Abstract

Gas condensate reservoirs are one of the most complicated reservoirs in which the special thermodynamic behavior of reservoir fluid leads to condensate buildup instead of gas expansion, when the reservoir pressure drops below dew point pressure. To justify the phase behavior of such reservoirs, several models have been proposed. One of the models is a capillary number model that has a considerable effect on the shape of relative permeability curves. Taking account of capillary number is shown to improve the performance prediction of gas condensate reservoirs that otherwise is poorly predicted. In pressures below dew point pressure, velocity and surface tension between gas and oil increases more rapidly in the vicinity of the well compared with other parts of the reservoir, which results in condensate saturation reduction and gas relative permeability improvement. The authors model a fractured gas condensate reservoir with and without taking capillary number into consideration; the performance prediction results are compared to the actual results. The model with capillary number included is shown to be able to predict the performance with a greater accuracy than the case without capillary number.     

IMPROVED CONVOLUTION ANALYSIS OF LATE WELLBORE STORAGE BUILDUP DATA OF GAS WELLS

ABSTRACT

Conventional pressure buildup tests of gas wells with wellbore storage have long been recognized as providing somewhat inaccurate estimates of the reservoir parameters. Also, the application of these tests to low permeability reservoirs is time consuming and impractical in some field practice. Moreover, these tests do not offer a straight forward method to determine of the rate-dependent skin factor of high-flow-rate wells.

This paper presents an extension of the convolution methods to analyze late wellbore storage buildup data of high-flow-rate gas wells. In addition of possessing all the advantages of the convolution techniques, the proposed extension offers a simple method that permits a direct estimation of the formation permeability, the mechanical and the rate-dependent skin factors, and the extrapolated reservoir pressure from three different analysis plots.     

致密凝析有水气藏断层特征及其对开发效果的影响——以安岳气田须二气藏为例

致密凝析气藏储层物性较差,油气水三相渗流导致气相渗透率较低,该类气藏采收率普遍不高于30%。断层既是油气高产的重要条件,也是水侵的重要通道,搞清楚断层特征与该类气藏开发效果的相关性至关重要。安岳气田须二气藏属于低孔、低渗、有水、凝析气藏,储层储集空间以残余原生孔、粒间粒内溶孔为主,局部裂缝较发育,孔渗关系具双重介质特征,单井控制储量低。利用油藏工程理论、岩心物理模拟实验与数值模拟技术相结合的方法研究分析该气藏断层特征,并将断层分布模式进行分类,研究其与单井控制储量、递减率、累计产量以及流体产出特征的关系,认为:同一断层由于受力不同,其空间产状不一,断层不同部位的井产能悬殊,断层末梢段裂缝更发育,位于断层末稍端的井其测试产量是钻遇断层其他部位井产量的3倍;位于须二上亚段为断层模式1,位于须二上亚段+下亚段为断层模式2,位于须二上亚段+下亚段+雷口坡组为断层模式3,井位部署时所布井的断层模式优先考虑顺序依次为模式3、模式1、模式2,并优先选择断层末端进行布井。     

The Effects of Richness,Relative Permeability Curves,and Skin in Well Test Analysis of Gas Condensate Reservoirs

Abstract

Gas condensate reservoirs have more complicated performance than other categories because possessing intermediate compositions leads to more complex thermodynamic and phase behavior. When the well bottom hole flowing pressure falls below the dew point, condensate liquid builds up around the wellbore, causing a reduction in gas permeability and well productivity. Well test analysis is now commonly used to identify and quantify near-wellbore effects, reservoir behavior quantifying the skin and reservoir boundaries. Finding all this information from well tests in gas condensate reservoirs, however, is challenging. The present article demonstrates the effect of the richness, relative permeability curves, and skin in well test analysis of gas condensate reservoirs.     

An Experimental Phase Diagram of a Gas Condensate Reservoir

Abstract

Most condensate gas reservoirs discovered in Iran are rich in intermediate components. The phase diagram of these fluids is essential for reservoir management. The available commercial reservoir fluid simulators are not able to find the critical point of some of these condensate gas reservoirs to obtain the phase diagram quality lines. The quality lines of these reservoir's samples can be obtained experimentally using the constant mass expansion test data. The authors present experimental development of gas condensate phase diagram along with retrograde condensation and revaporization characterization during the reservoir depletion process of one Iranian condensate gas reservoir.     

凝析气藏压力衰竭过程中凝析油微观赋存形态

为了研究凝析气藏开发过程中凝析油的形成机理和微观赋存状态,开展碎屑岩储层多孔介质和碳酸盐岩储层缝洞介质凝析气藏压力衰竭实验,对不同压力衰竭阶段的储层岩心进行微米CT扫描,并对CT扫描图像中的油/气/岩石骨架进行识别和分割,得到油、气在孔隙和缝洞中的三维空间分布状态,通过图像处理和计算结果分析,对凝析气藏不同储层不同开发阶段凝析油赋存形态和位置进行表征。研究表明:在碎屑岩储层多孔介质内,衰竭过程中形成的凝析油主要以单孔状态和油膜状态赋存(占比超过90%),多孔状油占比很少,没有网络状油,整体来说,油相高度分散在孔隙和喉道中;而在碳酸盐岩储层缝洞介质内,压力衰竭过程中形成的凝析油主要以网络状和多孔状赋存(占比超过85%),油相分布相对集中,网络状和多孔状凝析油通过油膜连接,压力衰竭过程主要是油相由多孔状、单孔状和油膜状向网络状转变的过程;在压力衰竭过程中,随着凝析油增多,油相会向岩石壁面靠近,当凝析油开始产出,油相会远离岩石壁面,随着油相的产出,油相减少,凝析油在表面张力的作用下向岩石壁面靠近。本研究为凝析气藏开发方案制定和提高凝析气藏采收率提供了理论支撑。     

广义物质平衡计算在凝析气藏开采动态预测中的应用

从经济的角度考虑 ,对小型凝析气藏衰竭式开采动态的预测往往不必或不值得进行数值模拟研究。常规物质平衡 (黑油 )计算方法只局限于黑油和干气藏 ,应用于凝析气藏则存在很大的误差。Walsh提出的广义物质平衡计算方法 ,可用于包括黑油、干气藏、挥发油气藏和凝析气藏在内的所有油气藏。文中将一个小型凝析气藏衰竭式开采动态的数值模拟结果与广义物质平衡计算结果进行了对比 ,结果表明 ,Walsh方法简便、应用更广泛 ,可用于规模较小、不适合进行数值模拟研究的凝析气藏的现场开发优化。     

变形介质凝析气藏油气相态特征研究

变形介质凝析气藏因储层岩石颗粒细、孔隙小，储层界面效应极为突出。同时，降压开采过程中储层变形作用明显，因而其相态特征不同于常规凝析气藏。考虑吸附、毛细凝聚和毛细管力等界面效应和储层变形作用对油气体系相态特征的影响，建立了变形介质凝析气藏油气体系真实露点预测模型和衰竭开采过程中气藏的反凝析液饱和度预测模型。将该模型用于Q69井的露点和反凝析油饱和度的预测，其计算结果表明孔隙介质界面现象和储层变形作用不仅会导致气藏的露点升高，而且会加剧地层反凝析作用。考虑孔隙介质界面效应和储层变形作用影响后，地层反凝析油饱和度比常规模拟方法的预测结果更大，并且储层渗透率越低、变形作用越大，地层反凝析油饱和度增加就越显著。因此，与常规凝析气藏相比，变形介质凝析气藏在衰竭开采过程中反凝析现象将提前，反凝析污染也将更加严重。     

Fault block modelling — a material balance model for early production forecasting from strongly compartmentalised gas reservoirs

The fault block model (FBM) is an alternative simulation tool, developed with the purpose of forecasting well needs and reservoir performance in strongly faulted gas and gas–condensate reservoirs. This model is particularly designed to handle reservoirs where the uncertainty is related to gas communication between the various parts or compartment blocks of the field. The model can predict reservoir production behaviour with reference to the concept of a most likely reservoir, and to display the reservoir uncertainty with respect to business opportunities and risks (upside and downside forecast). Based on geological characterisation and fault seal analysis, reservoir compartmentalisation is performed. The model defines drainage volumes based on a statistical evaluation of the probability of communication between neighbouring compartment blocks. Uncertainty analysis is carried out using error propagation techniques, forming an optimistic and a pessimistic representation of the reservoir. Production is simulated by material balance calculation technique, producing the reservoir reserves through wells allocated in different drainage volumes. The FBM is intended to be an advantageous tool in early stage field development of gas and gas–condensate reservoirs, where the effect of well spacing, number of wells, and optimum well production sequence are important unknowns. Using an example from a North Sea gas–condensate reservoir, production profiles from different well location strategies are investigated and various tests involving uncertainty in inter-block communication and in block volume are presented. Uncertainty analysis also includes suggestions on how to reduce reservoir uncertainty and recommendation for an optimum well location strategy.     

应力敏感砂岩地层三区复合凝析气藏不稳定试井模型

深层异常超高压砂岩储集层往住具有应力敏感性，用常规的试井模型难以分析这种凝析气藏的试井测试资料。为了给应力敏感凝析气藏试并测试资料分析提供理论基础，针对砂岩地层井底压力低于露点压力凝析气藏的特点，建立了考虑应力敏感性砂岩地层三区复合凝析气藏试井模型，同时还考虑了井筒存储效应和表皮效应。该模型的数学模型为非线性方程组，通过摄动理论，求得了该数学模型无因次井底拟压力的Lapalce空间解，分析了该试井模型的无因次井底拟压力及其导数的理论曲线特征。研究表明，拟压力导数曲线上翘特征并不一定是不渗透外边界引起的。     

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裂缝性凝析气藏油气渗流机理与常规凝析气藏不同，在循环注气开发过程中将表现出不同的开采特征，因而如何准确地描述裂缝性凝析气藏循环注气过程中 “裂缝—岩块”质量交换机理和岩块中的驱替效率，对于高效开发裂缝性凝析气藏具有一定的指导意义。文章利用多相多组分渗流理论，首次建立了考虑裂缝油气毛管力影响的裂缝性凝析气藏循环注气数学模型，利用该模型研究了裂缝性凝析气藏循环注气特征。结果表明，在利用气体驱替凝析油的过程中，毛管力表现出阻力作用；裂缝性凝析气藏循环注气开发时，凝析油采收率随注采比增加呈现先增后降的变化趋势，这与常规凝析气藏循环注气开发凝析油采收率变化趋势相异；采用较低的注采比更有利于提高裂缝性凝析气藏开发效果。     

适用于凝析气藏压裂的双介质多相多组分渗流模型

含水凝析气藏压裂后,随着生产过程中压力不断降低,地层各个烃类组分不断发生相间传质,并且由于裂缝的存在使得地层流动状态从径向流变为拟径向流或双线性流,凝析气藏形成双重介质多相多组分未饱和流动,需要建立渗流模型来了解产能动态变化。为了计算结果的准确性,当井底流压低于上露点压力时,必须对每个时间步长的压力分布进行判断,确定区域的边界,并对不同的区域采用不同的渗流模型进行计算。基于凝析气藏数值模拟的基本理论,通过高斯积分通量的基本思想对３个不同渗流区域进行了物质平衡与相态变化过程中组分摩尔物质量的综合计算和判断,得到了３个区域在双重介质条件下的渗流模型。对Ｋ-13井的模拟和计算结果表明,模型能较为精确地模拟计算含水凝析气藏压裂后的产能动态变化,具有较强的可靠性、实用性和参考价值。     

柯克亚凝析油气藏开发方法数值模拟研究

柯克亚凝析气田上油组西四二-西五一气藏是低渗透凝析气藏。为了合理开发该类气藏,进行了布井方式和水平井开采对比研究。在保持西四二-西五一凝析气藏构造主体格局、储集层基本特征与流体相态性质不变的前提下,建立相似的高低渗透混合分布的理想模型。数值模拟研究表明,在相对高渗区布井既有利于高渗透区油气的采出,也有利于低渗透区油气的采出;水平井的单井产能高,生产压差小,可明显提高干气采收率和凝析油采收率,并有效缩短开采年限。     

关于砂岩气藏储层应力敏感性研究与探讨

为了研究砂岩气藏开发过程中岩石应力敏感性特征及其对生产指标的影响,结合常规钻井取心过程中岩石应力变化过程以及气藏衰竭开采过程孔隙压力下降特征,建立了砂岩气藏储层岩石受力物理模型,分析了气藏开发过程中储层岩石应力“时、空”变化特征,测试了苏里格、须家河等气田储层岩石渗透率应力敏感性;再结合典型低渗致密砂岩气藏储层物性及地质特征,选取不同渗透率岩心进行组合,建立了气藏开发物理模拟实验流程和方法,开展了气藏衰竭开采模拟实验,研究了储层岩石应力敏感性对气井稳产能力、产量递减特征、储量动用速度及采出程度等气藏开发指标的影响,取得了一些新认识,对砂岩气藏科学开发具有一定指导意义.     

塔里木油田水平井高效开发技术

水平井是实现塔里木复杂油气藏高效开发的关键技术，应用于不同类型油气藏。在新油田高效开发、老油田剩余油淀控调查、气藏及凝析气藏开发、注水等领域都取得了良好的应用效果。通过10年的开发实践，逐渐形成了适合塔里木油田水平井高效开发的配套技术，超深水平井酸化技术、水平井术沦动态监测技术等。随着油田开发难度加大，应加强研究适合塔里木油田的水平井稳油控水技术，特殊油气氟水平井开发机理，水平井注水技术及水平井测井技术等。图6表8参13     

反凝析作用对苏里格气田上古生界气藏开发的影响

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田上古生界气藏在开发中产生一定量的凝析油,含量约为10g/m~3,属于微含凝析油气藏,如果生产初期配产过大,那压力下降就会过快。在反凝析作用下,凝析油在近井地带析出形成多相流,堵塞微孔隙和吼道,导致气相渗透率降低,使得气井产量大幅下降,部分被封闭的天然气无法采出,层内凝析对储层的伤害有可能是永久性的。为此,通过对该气藏层内反凝析机理、层内凝析影响因素的分析及室内试验.再使用新建立的三维数学模型对单井进行预测,结果表明该气藏"三低"(低孔、低渗、低产)特征加剧了凝析液对储层的伤害。同时还分析了气井产能降低的根本原因.并对气井生产管理提出了建议:①在保护开采阶段,投产初期应合理配产,以低于无阻流量的1/5~1/8配产,尽可能延长露点线以上开采时间,使凝析油尽可能不在地层中析出;②在反凝析阶段,要在系统研究的基础上得出准确的相态图,要快速通过该阶段尽早进入蒸发阶段,使已经凝析出来的凝析油再次蒸发汽化,从而降低储层污染。该研究成果对苏里格气田上古生界气藏的科学开发以及进一步提高采收率具有重要意义。     

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凝析气藏是最复杂、最特殊的一类油藏，生产过程中随着地层压力的下降会引起重烃相间传质、相态变化，使得研究与认识凝析气藏压裂井产能更加复杂化。文章假设储层内烃的流动为等温的达西渗流,且组成油气烃类的各个组分在渗流过程中相间传质及相态变化是在瞬间完成的；应用物质平衡原理和运动方程建立了总烃和第i组分烃的渗流方程，结合相平衡计算理论、初始条件和定压边界条件，提出了预测压裂后凝析气井生产动态的数学模型；分析了凝析气藏可能存在的不同渗流区域与相应的渗流特征，应用隐式压力显式饱和度（IMPES）方法分别进行有限差分数值计算，给出了压裂后凝析气井凝析液、天然气产量动态，不同时刻地层中的凝析液饱和度分布曲线。由于凝析气藏与常规油气藏的性质差异，其生产动态也明显不同，这为准确进行优化压裂设计提供了计算分析方法。     

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文章以板桥凝析气藏２０多年的开采经历为依据,论述了该气藏中区板Ⅱ高液烃含量凝析气藏的开采特点,并采用现代油气藏工程原理和分析方法,结合目前国内外凝析气藏开采的新方法、新技术和新趋势、详细分析论述了凝析气藏的开采特征,系统总结了带油环高液烃含量凝析气藏６大开采特征;（１）凝析油含量随构造深度增加而增加,与采收率成反比;（２）在降压开采过程中凝析油首先损失的是重质组分;（３）凝析气井生产能力受油环度增     

IMPROVED CONVOLUTION ANALYSIS OF LATE WELLBORE STORAGE BUILDUP DATA OF GAS WELLS

Conventional pressure buildup tests of gas wells with wellbore storage have long been recognized as providing somewhat inaccurate estimates of the reservoir parameters. Also, the application of these tests to low permeability reservoirs is time consuming and impractical in some field practice. Moreover, these tests do not offer a straight forward method to determine of the rate-dependent skin factor of high-flow-rate wells.

This paper presents an extension of the convolution methods to analyze late wellbore storage buildup data of high-flow-rate gas wells. In addition of possessing all the advantages of the convolution techniques, the proposed extension offers a simple method that permits a direct estimation of the formation permeability, the mechanical and the rate-dependent skin factors, and the extrapolated reservoir pressure from three different analysis plots.