各向异性地层定向井井壁坍塌压力计算方法

层理性地层的力学性质和强度特征具有各向异性,受层理弱面的影响,钻井过程中容易发生井壁失稳的问题。各向异性地层中的井壁坍塌压力分析方法与普通完整性地层不同,强度准则应选用弱面破坏准则,并且层理面的存在也对井眼周围应力分布产生影响。对于各向异性地层中定向井钻进时井壁稳定的分析,需采用有限元等方法进行数值求解。某油田层理性泥页岩地层中不同井斜角和方位角条件下井壁坍塌压力的计算结果表明：定向井钻井中存在最佳钻入角,解决这类地层的井壁失稳问题主要应从控制井斜角和钻井方位入手,避免在井壁坍塌压力较高的井斜和方位范围内钻进定向井。     

The role of osmotic effects in fluid flow through shales

A transient flux model for fluid loss from the wellbore into shales during drilling has been developed. The model takes into account the coupled flow of water and ions due to hydraulic, osmotic, and electrical potential gradients imposed on the formation. Solute concentration profiles and hydraulic pressure propagation are calculated as a function of time and the flux of water and ions are obtained for various drilling conditions. The model provides a method to quantify interactions between drilling fluid and shales and constitutes a useful tool for formulating drilling fluids. It assists in the establishment of proper bottomhole hydraulic and osmotic drilling fluid pressures so as to minimize flow into or out of shales, which could result in wellbore instability problems.     

An Experimental Investigation of the Impact of Diffusion Osmosis and Chemical Osmosis on the Stability of Shales

Abstract

Wellbore instability in shales is the most challenging and costly issue in drilling operations. Wellbore instability in shales can be attributed to many factors, some of which have been well studied and documented. However, the physicochemical and mechanical properties alterations in shales that eventually lead to wellbore failure have been largely ignored. Water and ion movements in and out of shales play a major role in the alteration of the physicochemical and mechanical properties of shales, thus leading to wellbore instability problems and possible hole collapse. Water and ions can move in and out of shales by many mechanisms, including, but not limited to, diffusion osmosis, chemical osmosis, convective flow, and capillary suction.

This work presents experimental data analyzing the impact of chemical osmosis and diffusion osmosis on water and ion movements when shale interacts with drilling fluids. The adopted experimental work minimized the effect of convective flow and capillary suction. Results show that water movement is not only controlled by chemical osmosis (water activity) as previously thought but is also influenced by diffusion osmosis. This insight provides information and guidelines to optimize drilling fluids to effectively control and mitigate wellbore instability when drilling through troublesome shale.     

钻井液对页岩力学特性及井壁稳定性的影响

钻井液长期浸泡会对层理性页岩产生影响,进而影响到页岩地层的井壁稳定性。利用川南地区龙马溪组页岩开展了不同钻井液浸泡后页岩单、三轴力学实验,分析了其力学特性及破坏形式的变化特征,并探讨了井壁失稳机理。结果表明:受层理影响,页岩力学特性具有明显的各向异性特征,且具有围压效应;油基钻井液对层理面的润滑作用增强了各向异性,页岩沿层理面发生剪切破坏,破坏形式受层理面控制;水基钻井液对页岩造成水化损伤,微裂缝扩展沟通层理,降低了各向异性,易发生复合破坏,破坏形式受基质体和层理面双重控制,井壁更易失稳;黏土矿物水化作用和孔缝毛细管效应是页岩地层井壁失稳的根本原因。该研究可为层理性页岩井壁稳定分析提供参考。     

力化耦合作用下的层理性页岩气水平井井壁失稳研究

针对现有页岩气水平井井壁稳定力化耦合分析大都仅考虑水化作用对岩石强度的影响,鲜有考虑水化应力应变影响的情况,以弹性力学和岩石力学等理论为基础,同时考虑水化作用对岩石力学参数的弱化效应和附加水化应力,建立了力化耦合作用下层理性页岩气水平井井壁坍塌压力预测模型,研究了层理性页岩气水平井井壁失稳机理,分析了影响井壁稳定的因素及影响规律。研究结果表明:存在层理面时,会使坍塌压力大幅升高;沿层理面方位钻进,井壁稳定性最好;当水化时间一定时,坍塌压力随距井壁径向距离增加而降低,水化时间越长,近井壁处易坍塌区域越大;考虑水化应力影响后坍塌压力会大幅升高,在设计钻井液密度时,不能忽略水化应力的影响。研究成果丰富了页岩气水平井井壁失稳理论,对层理性页岩气水平井钻井设计具有指导作用。      

基于可靠度理论的斜井井壁失稳风险评价方法

由于地质环境的隐蔽性和复杂性,地质力学参数和岩石力学参数具有很大的不确定性,井壁稳定分析中忽略不确定的影响可能导致钻井液密度设计不合理,进而直接影响钻井井壁稳定。国内外学者对确定参数条件下的井壁稳定开展了深入的研究,但对不确定参数条件下井壁稳定影响的研究并不深入,尤其是对于任意斜井失稳风险的评价。为此,在井壁稳定孔弹性力学模型和崩落宽度模型基础上,建立了基于可靠度理论的井壁失稳风险评估方法,采用Monte-Carlo随机方法模拟了四川盆地CW气田直井、斜井和水平井的井壁失稳风险,并系统分析了参数均值和方差对井壁失稳的影响规律。研究结果表明：①随着井斜角增加,井壁坍塌当量密度显著增加,井壁破裂当量密度显著降低,不同井型失稳风险与常规井壁稳定规律基本一致。②考虑参数不确定影响后,坍塌当量密度增加、破裂当量密度降低,安全密度窗口逐渐变窄,说明参数不确定影响不可忽略。③崩落宽度对井壁坍塌影响显著,崩落宽度越大则井壁坍塌可靠度越高,在不发生井壁失稳事故的前提下,允许适当的井壁崩落有助于提高成功钻井概率。④4参数均值和变异系数敏感性分析结果表明,影响井壁稳定最为显著的因素为地应力,其次为孔隙压力和岩石强度;随着变异系数的增加,坍塌当量密度逐渐增加、破裂当量密度逐渐降低,安全密度窗口逐渐变窄,井壁失稳的风险越高。     

定向井坍塌压力上限对钻井安全密度窗口的影响

一般钻井安全密度窗口通过计算坍塌压力与破裂压力确定,钻井液密度过低会引起井壁坍塌。实际钻井情况反映,钻井液密度超过坍塌压力上限也会造成井壁坍塌。结合井壁成像测井,分析了高密度钻井液下的井周应力状态,建立了σ_z'＞σ_r'＞σ_θ'模式的坍塌压力上限计算模型,推导得出了直井的解析表达式与定向井的数值计算方法。结果显示:不论直井或定向井,对于强度低于某一临界值的地层,以传统的破裂压力作为安全密度窗口的上限将会低估井壁失稳风险;地层强度临界值的大小取决于主地应力、孔隙压力、有效应力系数。对定向井而言,坍塌压力上限随井斜角和方位角变化的敏感性较高,沿水平最小地应力方向钻进的井眼坍塌压力上限较高;随井斜角增大,坍塌压力上限与破裂压力值逐渐趋于接近。研究结果可防范高密度钻井液引起的井壁损伤和井塌现象。     

The Permeability Property and Borehole Stability in Bedding Shale

Wellbore collapse is one of the often encountered problems when drilling through shale formations. The instability mechanism and effect factors should be made sure to adopt suitable countermeasures. The bedding shale's permeability was measured by experiment, and with this foundation, the effects of drilling fluid seepage on formation strength and wellbore stability were discussed. Results showed that laminar shale's permeability is anisotropic and random. The permeability is extremely low in the direction perpendicular to the bedding plane, and it is very high parallel to the bedding plane when there are interlayer microcracks. The drilling fluid permeating along the bedding plane leads to great decrease on cohesion and internal friction angle, and then decreases the shale formation's strength, finally leading to borehole shrinkage, pipe sticking, and borehole collapse. Increasing mud weight only is good for borehole stability in short term. However, it intensifies seepage finally and can't control borehole shrinkage. In proper mud density, increasing the mud sealing capacity to control the seepage speed is an effective means to prevent borehole instability.     

超深井侧钻段泥岩井壁失稳分析

为了解决西部超深硬脆性泥岩地层侧钻过程中井壁易垮塌的难题,从矿物特征及钻井液作用下地层强度的变化规律出发,确定了井壁失稳原因,考虑了层理面产状、井眼轨迹及地应力的综合影响,根据桑塔木组井壁围岩强度破坏条件建立了造斜井段井壁失稳地质力学模型.利用提出的井壁稳定力学模型分析可得,TKX-CH井侧钻段泥岩造斜初期坍塌压力当量密度为1.22 kg/L,实钻采用钻井液密度1.12 kg/L,井下掉块严重;井斜角达到58°时,将钻井液密度降至1.11 kg/L,井下掉块即得到抑制.现场试验表明,相同井斜角和侧钻方位角条件下,随着差应力比值的增大以及泥岩裸露在钻井液中时间的增长,维持井壁稳定的钻井液密度增大.研究认为,钻井设计时应根据地应力状态优选合理的造斜方位,以有效规避地层井壁围岩坍塌失稳风险高的井段,降低安全钻进风险.      

深层脆性页岩力学性能及井壁稳定性研究

四川盆地中部龙马溪组页岩地层硬度高、脆性强,钻井过程中井壁坍塌严重,阻卡频发。为解决钻井过程中井壁坍塌问题,测试了以四川盆地自201井为代表的深层页岩微细观组构、水理化性能及力学性能参数各向异性特征,并考虑井眼轨迹、层理缝产状、井筒-地层耦合渗流效应、层理缝力学弱面效应等因素,建立了深层脆性页岩水平井井壁稳定理论模型。实验结果表明:深层页岩脆性矿物含量高达70%,水化膨胀性极低,页岩基质力学强度高,但层理缝间强度低,页岩容易沿层理缝滑移崩落。模型计算结果表明:层理缝力学弱面效应影响明显,当井眼轨迹与层理缝面法向之间夹角满足一定角度,井壁倾向沿层理缝剪切滑移垮塌;井筒-地层间渗流效应不可忽略,压力穿透效应降低钻井液的有效径向支撑力,诱发层理缝起裂、延伸至崩落,合理的钻井液密度及有效封堵性可提高深层页岩水平井井壁稳定性。研究成果揭示了深层脆性页岩井壁坍塌作用机理,可为深层脆性页岩水平井关键工程参数设计提供理论依据。     

超低压水平井井壁稳定性研究与应用——以崖城13-1气田为例

在气田开发中后期的调整井钻井中,由于储层压力衰竭,会产生与常压或异常高压地层中不同的井壁稳定问题,主要体现在钻进中容易漏失,导致井下复杂情况或钻井事故。崖城13-1气田在开发10余年后,主力储层压力系数衰减为0.47左右,是典型的超低压力气藏。针对该气田储层压力衰竭情况,建立了调整井井壁稳定力学分析方法,对崖城13-1气田某大位移调整井压力衰竭后的坍塌压力、破裂压力和漏失压力情况进行了分析。计算结果表明,地层压力降低导致坍塌压力和破裂压力均有不同程度下降,使钻井中坍塌风险降低,漏失风险增加。因此,在压力衰竭储层段钻井液密度设计中需要以压力衰竭后的坍塌压力、破裂压力及漏失压力为参考。实际钻井情况表明,考虑压力衰竭条件下的井壁稳定性分析在崖城13-1气田水平井的应用取得了良好效果。     

超深井井壁稳定性分析

超深井钻井过程中存在多套地层压力体系，井壁稳定性条件复杂，高温、高压、深部地层岩石可钻性差等难点。随着井深的增加，地层压力梯度急剧增加，需要较高密度的钻井液来平衡地层压力。超深井的裸眼井段较长，钻井液浸泡时间长，容易导致岩石抗压强度软化，尤其一些泥岩层段，一旦被钻井液浸泡过后，井壁极易发生失稳。在超深井钻井过程中，不同的温度差异必然导致近井壁岩石应力分布发生改变，影响井壁稳定性。为此，提出分别利用地震、测井数据得到的坍塌破裂密度曲线来预测超深井井壁稳定性，所建立的计算模型应用于莫深1井的井壁稳定性分析，结果表明：预测情况与工程实际吻合。     

Research regarding coal-bed wellbore stability based on a discrete element model

Wellbore instability is a key problem restricting efficient production of coal-bed methane. In order to perform thorough and systematic research regarding coal-bed wellbore stability problems, a new discrete element model which fully considers the features of cleat coal-beds is established based on the Kirsch equation. With this model, the safe pipe tripping speed, drilling fluid density window and coal- bed collapse/fracture pressure are determined; in addition, the relationships between pipe tripping speed and pipe size, cleat size, etc. and wellbore stability are analyzed in the coal-bed drilling and pipe tripping processes. The case studies show the following results： the wellbore collapses （collapse pressure： 4.33 MPa） or fractures （fracture pressure： 12.7 MPa） in certain directions as a result of swab or surge pressure when the pipe tripping speed is higher than a certain value; the cleat face size has a great influence on wellbore stability, and if the drilling fluid pressure is too low, the wellbore is prone to collapse when the ratio of the face cleat size to butt cleat size is reduced; however, if the drilling fluid pressure is high enough, the butt cleat size has no influence on the wellbore fracture; the factors influencing coal-bed stability include the movement length, pipe size, borehole size.     

Experimental Investigation of Shale Membrane Behavior Under Tri-Axial Condition

Abstract

Wellbore instability in shale formations is one of the primary problems in oil and gas well drilling. The problem has been traditionally tackled by using oil-based drilling mud. However, this technique is costly and restricted by the environmental regulatory bodies. Recent studies have shown that borehole instability in shales can be managed by controlling the chemical potential of drilling mud. One of the critical issues in this approach is that shales are not ideal membranes. It is essential to understand the nonideal behavior of shale before the wellbore instability problem can be managed by the chemical potential approach.

The nonideality of a shale membrane is, in general, a function of the type of the shale being drilled, composition of the formation water in the shale, burial depth of the shale, and chemical composition of the drilling mud used. In this paper, the theory on nonideal membrane was reviewed and identified for the purpose. The mathematical model was validated by experimental results obtained using a real field shale specimen from the Northwest Shelf of Australia. An example is also given to show how the model can be used to manage wellbore instability in shale by controlling the chemical composition of mud. The results of this study can be used as a useful guideline for formulating proper mud to drill troublesome shaly formations.     

基于相场法的井壁微裂缝扩展规律及坍塌机理研究

文章建立了基于相场法的微裂缝扩展模型,通过数值模拟发现了井壁微裂缝的起裂、扩展和转向等现象,分析了钻井液液柱压力和天然裂缝对井壁微裂缝扩展的影响规律,预测了防止微裂缝扩展的坍塌压力。结果表明：当钻井液液柱压力较小时,井壁经历了微裂缝的萌生、扩展、分支缝产生和交叉贯通等阶段;随着钻井液液柱压力趋近坍塌压力,井壁上产生的微裂缝数量减少、缝长变短、扩展速度降低;具有天然裂缝的基岩起裂所需能量比完整基岩破坏所需能量更低,微裂缝扩展速度更大,增大了井壁的坍塌压力。此外,天然裂缝位于最小水平地应力方向、夹角45°且与井壁连通时,最容易起裂和扩展,此处的井壁坍塌失稳风险最大。基于相场法的模型不仅能够可视化模拟井壁微裂缝扩展及坍塌过程,且坍塌压力预测结果与实钻情况相吻合。此研究为裂缝性地层井壁坍塌机理分析及防治提供了基础理论支撑。     

钻井液封堵性对徐闻区块涠三段井壁失稳的影响

在徐闻区块钻井过程中,钻遇涠洲组时发生了井塌等井下复杂事故,但通过对测井数据和地层3个压力剖面数据分析,发现钻井使用的钻井液密度均高于地层坍塌压力当量密度,且涠三段地层层理裂隙比较发育。利用给出的坍塌压力当量钻井液密度简化计算式,计算了钻井液浸泡后岩心坍塌压力的变化,其结果表明,随着钻井液浸泡时间的增加,岩石强度下降,进而造成地层坍塌压力大幅度增加,岩心浸泡5 d坍塌压力增加了12.15%。对涠三段地层井壁失稳情况及影响因素进行了分析,认为该层位井壁失稳机理为:钻井液封堵性不足以阻止钻井液滤液侵入地层,造成地层强度下降和近井壁孔隙压力升高,进而导致地层坍塌压力升高,诱发井壁坍塌。采用有机盐、包被剂和胺基抑制剂改善了钻井液抑制性,采用ZHFD、QS-4和NFA-25作为封堵剂,形成了强封堵强抑制的有机盐胺基钻井液,延长了井壁坍塌周期,有效解决了涠三段井壁失稳的技术难题。      

控压钻井过程中泥页岩井壁破坏分析

控压钻井过程中,控制井底压力与地层压力相当,可以减少井壁由于井底压力过小或过大引起的井壁坍塌或破裂问题。对于水敏性泥页岩地层,即使在压力平衡的情况下,由于水基钻井液和泥页岩之间的水化渗透作用,泥页岩井壁也有可能不稳定。为此,建立了控压钻井条件下泥页岩井壁稳定非线性流-固-化耦合新模型,考虑了离子扩散与岩石变形的全耦合以及流体流动和离子扩散过程的非线性;通过有限元分析泥页岩井壁周围孔隙压力场和应力场的变化,计算井壁周围地层破坏系数,检查井壁是否破坏。研究结果表明：①控制压力钻井与常规钻井相比,水化渗透引起的孔隙压力剖面变化较小,有利于泥页岩井壁稳定;②泥页岩井壁失稳主要有井壁破坏、井壁附近地层破坏两种方式且后者是有时间效应的;③现有模型与非线性全耦合模型相比,过大地预计了井周孔隙压力和总应力且其压力峰值传播较慢;④泥页岩井壁失稳后,新的泥页岩表面暴露在钻井液中继续进行水和溶质交换,井眼扩大到一定值后,发生进一步失稳的可能性较小。     

钻井卸载对泥页岩地层井壁稳定性的影响

钻进泥页岩地层时井壁易失稳,且井周岩石极易因钻井卸载产生诱导缝,导致岩石强度降低,从而加剧井壁失稳。因此,为确保泥页岩地层井壁的稳定,采用三轴力学试验仪模拟钻井卸载过程中的岩石应力变化过程,分析了卸载对泥页岩力学特性的影响,采用回归方法回归了泥页岩内聚力、内摩擦角与卸载幅度的关系,并将该关系引入到常规井壁稳定性模型中,建立了考虑卸载作用的泥页岩井壁稳定性模型。结果表明:卸载会使泥页岩的强度降低,随着卸载幅度变大,泥页岩强度的降低幅度增大;考虑卸载作用后,泥页岩地层的坍塌压力增大,尤其在高地应力和各向异性较强的泥页岩地层,由卸载造成的坍塌压力增量更为明显;井筒与最小水平主应力的夹角较小时,可以降低卸载对泥页岩井壁稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,卸载对泥页岩地层坍塌压力的影响不可忽视,进行钻井液设计时应考虑卸载对坍塌压力的影响。      

力学温度和化学耦合作用下泥页岩地层井壁失稳研究

为减少泥页岩地层,特别是高温-高压泥页岩地层的井眼失稳问题,将泥页岩地层视为孔隙介质,在综合考虑岩石特性、井眼周围三维地应力、化学及热效应等因素对泥页岩地层井眼稳定的影响的情况下建立了井眼周围有 效应力计算模式,通过有限差分法进行求解。结合地层失效准则,得到了温度、渗流以及岩石特性对坍塌压力和破裂压力的影响规律。研究的结果表明对低渗透率的泥页岩来说,热效应以及化学反应在确定钻井液密度窗口时起到重要作用。计算结果对实际钻井有理论上的指导意义。     

页岩气藏水平井井壁稳定性研究

页岩气藏开发采用的井型一般为水平井,在层理发育的页岩地层中钻井一般都存在严重的井壁失稳问题。为此,根据有效应力理论改进了层理地层水平地应力计算模型,并结合川南地区所取岩心进行室内强度实验,选取适当的破坏准则,对比2个地层水平地应力计算模型和水平井眼井周应力状态,得出了页岩气藏水平井坍塌压力随层理面产状的变化规律。研究结果发现：对于页岩地层而言,采用常规的均质地层水平地应力预测模型研究井壁稳定性,低估了水平井的地层坍塌压力;采用改进的水平地应力预测模型计算得出的坍塌压力与实际情况吻合较好;沿最小水平地应力方向钻进的水平井,地层坍塌压力在某一地层倾角处存在极大值,更高的倾角反而有利于井壁稳定。研究结论可以为页岩气井钻井设计提供参考。