One-pot synthesis of visible-light-driven plasmonic photocatalyst Ag/AgCl in ionic liquid

Plasmonic photocatalyst Ag/AgCl was prepared by in situ hydrothermal method with the contribution of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Omim]Cl), in which the [Omim]Cl ionic liquid acted not only as a precursor but also as a reducing reagent in the process of formation of Ag?. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC). The photocatalytic activity of the composites were evaluated by degradation of methyl orange (MO) under visible light irradiation. The experimental results showed that the high activity and stability of Ag/AgCl photocatalysts under visible-light irradiation were due to their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Based on the characterization of the structure and photocatalytic performance, the LSPR was determined by synergetic effect of many factors, such as particle size of metallic Ag, contents of the Ag? nanoparticles, and the extent of metallic Ag dispersing. A photocatalytic mechanism of the Ag/AgCl photocatalyst was also proposed.     

Ag nanotubes and Ag/AgCl electrodes in nanoporous membranes

Miniaturization of the entire experimental setup is a key requirement for widespread application of nanodevices. For nanopore biosensing, integrating electrodes onto the nanopore membrane and controlling the pore length is important for reducing the complexity and improving the sensitivity of the system. Here we present a method to achieve these goals, which relies on electroless plating to produce Ag nanotubes in track-etched polymer nanopore templates. By plating from one side only, we create a conductive nanotube that does not span the full length of the pore, and thus can act as a nanoelectrode located inside the nanopore. To give optimal electrochemical behavior for sensing, we coat the Ag nanotube with a layer of AgCl. We characterize the behavior of this nanoelectrode by measuring its current-voltage response and find that, in most cases, the response is asymmetric. The plated nanopores have initial diameters between 100 and 300?nm, thus a range suitable for detection of viruses.     

银型离子聚合物金属复合材料传感性能

利用化学沉积的方法, 在反应温度为23℃和10℃的条件下, 制备银型离子聚合物金属复合材料(Ag-IPMC)。SEM和EDAX观测结果表明: 反应温度10℃下制备的试样与23℃的试样相比, 具有更好的电极沉积效果, 其内、 外电极厚度分别增加25%和34%, 且外电极的开裂和剥落现象得到抑制。对10℃条件下制备的三种不同厚度的试样(0.2 mm、 0.4 mm、 0.8 mm)的传感特性研究表明: 随着厚度的增加, 试样输出电压和灵敏度增 强趋势明显; 三种试样均对低频激励敏感, 在0.3~0.8 Hz时试样具有最高的灵敏度, 其中0.8 mm试样在0.65 Hz 时的传感电压为17.82 mV, 灵敏度可达1030.06 mV/mm。     

电解型Ag/AgCl参比探头的制备及性能研究

通过电解法制备了Ag/AgCl参比探头,考察了其在0.1 mol/L KCl和人造海水中的电极电位稳定性,并用金相显微镜观察了电极的形貌.针对电解型Ag/AgCl电极寿命有限的特点,自制了盐桥,并研究了电极性能.结果表明,电解电流过大容易造成银丝过度氧化,AgCl膜层在银丝表面分布不均匀,且附着力低下,电极性能下降.电解电流适中时,Ag/AgCl电极电位稳定性、准确性良好,且通过自制盐桥,电极的寿命明显延长.     

全固体Ag/AgCl电极的制备工艺研究

探讨了制备全固体Ag/AgCl电极所用的AgCl前驱粉体的工艺技术,对其进行了形貌和物相分析,并对工艺改进后制备电极的短期稳定性、电化学噪声水平进行了测试.结果表明,以AgNO3和NaCl为原料,利用乙醇作为助磨剂,球磨8h后,利用冷冻干燥法所制备的AgCl粉体分散性极好,大小均匀,在490℃下烧结后所制备的Ag/AgCl复合电极一致性好,同种电极之间的极差电位约为0.006mV.该电极具有良好的短期稳定性能,电极电位波动量不超过0.080mV/24h,电极电压噪声密度在1Hz处可降低至8.34nV/Hz1/2.     

Facial synthesis of polyaniline/AgCl nanocomposites at the interface of water and ionic liquid

Uniformly polyaniline/AgCl nanocomposites were prepared at the interface of water and ionic liquid. The morphology and structure of the nanocomposites have been studied by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. The experimental results indicated that highly dispersed polyaniline/AgCl nanocomposites with their size of around 50-100 nm were obtained by the polymerization of aniline and the formation of AgCl at the interface simultaneously. The electroactivity of polyaniline/AgCl nanocomposites was further characterized.     

Ag/AgCl固体参比电极性能研究

研究了浸泡时间、粉末制备方法和相对流速等因素对专利方法制备的全固态Ag/AgCl参比电极的电位稳定性影响.实验发现,固相法粉末制备的电极其浸泡稳定性好,电位波动在2mV以内,海水流速小于3.6 m·s-1时对电极电位无显著影响,满足工程需要,可作为水下阴极保护电位检测和监测用参比电极.     

Ag/AgCl氯离子传感器在混凝土中的应用

尝试将试验室制作的Ag/AgCl氯离子传感器用于混凝土中测试,验证该传感器应用于混凝土结构中的可行性。测试了传感器在混凝土试件中的长期稳定性,建立了传感器在混凝土中的线性响应方程,并通过加速氯离子渗透的方式对建立的线性方程进行了验证。试验结果表明,传感器在混凝土试件中可以长期稳定有效地工作,85d电位波动25mV,传感器在氯离子掺量相同的试件中电位响应一致性良好;通过建立的线性方程计算得到的电位响应值与实测电位响应值符合得很好,所建立的方程与试件水胶比水平无关,与氯离子的引入方式无关,是适用于混凝土结构的比较准确的线性方程。通过该方程的建立即可实现使用该传感器监测混凝土结构中的氯离子分布,达到钢筋锈蚀提前预警的目的。     

Ag/AgCl纳米枝状结构的制备及其光催化性能研究

采用离子液体法,以离子液体(DESs)为溶剂,柠檬酸三钠为还原剂,氯金酸为晶种,硝酸银为银源,制备了Ag/AgCl纳米枝状结构。利用SEM、XRD、EDS对样品的形貌、成分、结构进行了表征分析,并测试了样品的光催化性能。结果表明,当反应温度为160℃,反应时间为24h时,可获得完整的Ag/AgCl纳米枝状结构;枝状结构的形成是基于AgCl在还原剂作用下不断向Ag转换过程的结果;产物具有较好的光催化效果,并且随着反应时间的延长,产物的光催化性能减弱。     

Ionic liquid salt bridge with low solubility of water and stable liquid junction potential based on a mixture of a potential-determining salt and a highly hydrophobic ionic liquid

A new type of ionic liquid salt bridge (ILSB) based on a mixture of pentyltripropylammonium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)amide, [N(3335)(+)][C(2)C(2)N(-)], and heptadecafluorodecyltrioctylphosphonium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, [TOPH(+)][TFPB(-)], shows a stable phase-boundary potential (Δ(IL)(W)φ) between the ILSB and an aqueous solution of MCl (M = H(+), Li(+), Na(+), and K(+)) over the concentration range from 0.05 mM to 0.5 M with an averaged excursion in 1 h of ±0.3 mV. The reproducibility of Δ(IL)(W)φ is ±0.6 mV on average (95% confidence interval) in KCl solutions in this concentration range. The mixing of the two different types of salts not only increases the stability of the phase-boundary potential but provides us with more freedom in selecting potential-determining salts to design and customize ILSBs for different purposes.     

Triboelectric energy harvesting with surface-charge-fixed polymer based on ionic liquid

A novel triboelectric energy harvester has been developed using an ionic liquid polymer with cations fixed at the surface. In this report, the fabrication of the device and the characterization of its energy harvesting performance are detailed. An electrical double layer was induced in the ionic liquid polymer precursor to attract the cations to the surface where they are immobilized using a UV-based crosslinking reaction. The finalized polymer is capable of generating an electrical current when contacted by a metal electrode. Using this property, energy harvesting experiments were conducted by cyclically contacting a gold-surface electrode with the charge fixed surface of the polymer. Control experiments verified the effect of immobilizing the cations at the surface. By synthesizing a polymer with the optimal composition ratio of ionic liquid to macromonomer, an output of 77 nW/cm² was obtained with a load resistance of 1 MΩ at 1 Hz. This tuneable power supply with a μA level current output may contribute to Internet of Things networks requiring numerous sensor nodes at remote places in the environment.     

超声微乳液法制备Ag/AgCl复合纳米颗粒及其光催化性能研究

设计了一种全新的微乳液体系,以十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)、乙醇、正丁醇和异辛烷的混合物作为复合乳化剂,采用超声微乳液法制备了Ag/AgCl复合纳米颗粒。利用SEM和EDS研究样品的形貌、尺寸及表面组成,通过研究样品对甲基橙降解过程的催化作用证明了样品在可见光下的催化活性。重点研究了反应物浓度对Ag/AgCl颗粒尺寸及形貌的影响,结果表明,Ag/AgCl复合纳米颗粒尺寸主要由微乳液尺寸决定,受反应物浓度的影响较小,反映出本工作提出的超声微乳液制备技术具有较高的工艺稳定性。     

离子液体微乳液中纳米AgCl的合成及AgCl/poly(MMA-co-AM)杂化膜的渗透汽化分离

以离子液体氯化-1-十二烷基甲基咪唑(C₁₂mimCl)为表面活性剂, 甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)混合物为油相构筑的反相微乳液合成AgCl纳米粒子。通过微乳液聚合制备AgCl/poly(MMA-co-AM)杂化膜, 用于苯-环己烷混合物的渗透汽化分离。利用紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)和透射电镜(TEM)分析AgCl纳米粒子的形貌及结构, 利用XRD和SEM分析了杂化膜中AgCl粒子的形貌及结构, 通过杂化膜的苯-环己烷混合物(质量分数50%, 30℃)的渗透汽化实验分析了杂化膜的分离性能。结果表明: 纳米AgCl粒子的平均粒径和粒子数随微乳液中AgNO₃浓度(c_AgNO3)的增大明显增加; 增加微乳液中C₁₂mimCl浓度(c_C12mimCl), 有利于形成数量较多、 平均粒径较小的纳米AgCl粒子; AgCl/poly(MMA-co-AM)杂化膜中AgCl粒子粒径较小, 且均匀分散于poly(MMA-co-AM)基材中; 随着c _AgNO3的增加, 杂化膜的渗透通量明显增大, 分离因子先增大后减小; 而随 c _C12mimCl的增加, 杂化膜的分离因子持续增大, 渗透通量表现出先增大后减小的趋势; 杂化膜的分离因子最高可达5.0, 渗透通量约为490 g·m^-2·h^-1, 表现出较好的分离性能。     

Application of a new Cl-plasma-treated Ag/AgCl reference electrode to micromachined glucose sensor

Micromachined glucose sensors were fabricated and integrated with the plasma-treated Ag/AgCl reference electrodes for the first time. The surface of the Cl-plasma exposed AgCl layers was of granule-shaped morphology and showed the favorable long-term stability with a 13-mV potential drift after 5 h over a commercial liquid-junction Ag/AgCl reference electrode in phosphate buffered saline. The fabricated devices showed a typical behavior of an amperometric glucose sensor and a successful operation as a three-electrode system. Due to the integrability of the reference electrode and the use of low-temperature steps only, the new micromachined process can allow easy mass production of the device and the monolithic integration of signal processing circuitry in the future.     

A highly selective lead-sensitive electrode with solid contact based on ionic liquid

A new polyvinylchloride membrane sensor for Pb(2+) with solid contact based on ionic liquid has been prepared. The electrode shows a Nernstian response for lead ions over a wide concentration range (1×10(-8) to 1×10(-1) mol L(-1)) and the slope of 29.8 mV/decade. The limit of detection is 4.3×10(-9) mol L(-1). It has a fast response time of 5-7 s and can be used for 4 months without any divergence in potential. The proposed sensor is not pH sensitive in the range 3.5-7.3 and shows a very good discriminating ability towards Pb(2+) ion in comparison with some alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. It was successfully applied as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of lead ions with K(2)CrO(4) and for direct determination of Pb(2+) ions in real sample solution.     

Direct coupling of ionic liquid based single-drop microextraction and GC/MS

The use of ionic liquids as extracting media in single-drop liquid-phase microextraction (SDME) and its direct coupling to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is presented. For this purpose, a new removable interface that enables the introduction of the extracted analytes into the GC system, while preventing the ionic liquid from entering the column, has been developed. The determination of three representative pollutants in water samples has been used as a model analytical problem in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed interface. The analytes (dichloromethane, p-xylene, and n-undecane) were coextracted from the aqueous sample in a 2-microL drop of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexaflourophosphate. Then, the syringe used to perform the SDME was directly introduced into the interface, which was held at 140 degrees C in order to achieve a complete volatilization of the target compounds. After the injection, the ionic liquid was retained in the interface, while a carrier gas transferred the volatilized analytes into the GC inlet. The optimization of the operational variables affecting the new interface (temperature, carrier flow rate, sample volume and injection technique) was accomplished. The analytes could be determined with detection limits in the low-nanogram per milliliter concentration range, and the relative standard deviations were between 3.3 and 4.4%.     

Wood-plastic composites based on HDPE and ionic liquid additives

The improvement of wood-plastic composites properties by additives and compatibilizers is a critical issue to produce value-added materials. High-density polyethylene-wood composites have been obtained through compression molding at 140 °C, using two types of additives, namely methyltrioctylammonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis (2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinate room temperature ionic liquids. The ionic liquids improve the interfacial adhesion between the wood and the polymer phases, contributing to an increased stability of the material to water action and to an improved impact resistance and tensile strength in comparison with the reference. Also, the FTIR spectroscopy tests have proven a higher resistance of the ionic liquid-containing composites to accelerated photooxidation. Preliminary screening tests have also proven the antifungal character of the ionic liquids used in this study against brown rot (Postia placenta). This study opens new insights in the domain of polymeric composite materials, through documenting the possibility of blending new types of chemically distinct materials, difficult to be achieved by traditional functionalization/derivatization routes.