农林废弃物基生物炭对重金属铅和镉的吸附特性

以沙柳、水稻和玉米秸秆3种农林废弃物为原材料,于500℃条件下热解制备生物炭,并通过元素分析、比表面积分析仪、扫描电镜(SEM)和红外光谱(FTIR)等分析方法对所制备的生物炭进行表征。探究了溶液初始pH、干扰离子强度和初始吸附剂投加量等因素对3种生物炭吸附Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)作用的影响,讨论了吸附动力学特性及吸附等温特性。结果表明:不同生物质制备出的3种生物炭的碱性和灰分含量由高到低依次为沙柳秸秆生物炭(SWB)、玉米秸秆生物炭(CB)和水稻秸秆生物炭(SB),FTIR检测结果显示3种生物炭表面均含有大量含氧官能团;当溶液pH为3～6时,3种生物炭对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)吸附量随pH值的增加而升高,对Pb~(2+)的吸附效果随着溶液中离子强度的增强而降低,而SWB对Cd~(2+)的吸附效果随离子强度的增加而增加;3种生物炭对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,R~2均大于0.99,表明生物炭吸附速率主要由化学吸附机制决定;SWB、SB和CB对Cd~(2+)的吸附过程既符合Langmuir模型,又符合Freundlich模型,而生物炭对Pb~(2+)的吸附过程更适合Langmuir等温模型,表明生物炭对Pb~(2+)的吸附近似单分子层吸附,而对Cd~(2+)的吸附存在多分子层吸附。     

不同生物质炭对土壤中有效态汞的影响及其吸附特征分析

在汞污染土壤中添加不同种类型生物质炭,研究生物质炭对土壤中有效态汞含量的影响.并通过生物炭对汞离子的吸附动力学模型、等温吸附拟合和吸附前后红外光谱图的变化,探讨不同生物质炭对土壤中汞的吸附行为和机理.实验结果表明,土壤中添加生物炭后,土壤中有效态汞含量显著降低,降低比例达到77.5%—87.1%;而通过生物炭吸附汞离子前后的红外光谱图分析可知,生物炭对汞的吸附主要是通过羟基、羧基和酰胺等含氧酸官能团等.此外,吸附动力学结果显示,生物炭对汞离子的吸附时间在150 min内就可以达到平衡.而准二级动力学方程结果表明,这种吸附是以化学吸附为主.     

生物炭中可溶性组分对其吸附镉的影响

为研究生物炭中可溶性组分对生物炭吸附重金属的影响,以玉米秸秆和松木屑为原材料,采用限氧升温炭化法,分别于200、400和600℃下制备生物炭,并通过批量吸附实验研究生物炭对镉的吸附特性及去除可溶性组分对其吸附Cd²⁺的影响。研究结果表明,随热解温度升高,生物炭的碳化程度增加,pH值增大,比表面积逐渐增大,含氧官能团数量减少,矿物组分不断富集,溶解性矿物离子K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和PO₄^3-含量降低;去除可溶性组分后生物炭的pH值下降,溶解性矿物离子含量明显降低。LM模型更适合于对松木生物炭和200、400℃下制备的玉米秸秆生物炭吸附Cd²⁺的数据进行拟合,而FM模型更适合于拟合600℃下制备的玉米秸秆生物炭对Cd²⁺的吸附数据。玉米秸秆生物炭对Cd²⁺的吸附量(29.58—12.21mg·g^-1)高于松木生物炭(1.72—4.14 mg·g^-1)...     

不同作物原料热裂解生物质炭对溶液中Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附特性

选择由小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和花生壳经350-500℃热裂解制成的生物质炭,研究生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附特性,分析了pH值、吸附时间、溶液初始质量浓度、生物质炭粒径和投加量对吸附效果的影响。结果表明：生物质炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附约10 min即达平衡;3种生物质炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的等温吸附均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程拟合,玉米秸秆炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的最大吸附量远大于小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭;在生物黑炭投加量为150 mg（6 g.L-1）时,3种生物黑炭对溶液Cd2＋的去除率均在90%以上,玉米秸秆炭对溶液Pb2＋的去除率达90.30%,而小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭的去除率仅为52%和47%,玉米秸秆炭有望成为处理重金属污染废水的新型吸附材料。     

模拟生物质炭老化前后对菲吸持作用的影响

通过实验室培养实验模拟生物质炭的老化过程,探索不同材料制备的生物质炭老化前后对多环芳烃(菲)吸持作用的影响,利用扫描电镜与傅里叶变化红外光谱等技术探究生物质炭老化前后的结构变化.结果表明,生物质炭老化过程中会形成老化层,550℃热解条件下,两种材料制备的生物质炭老化后含氧量增加、CEC增加,对菲的吸附能力均增强,主要与老化后表面羧基减弱和脂肪族官能团增加有关,而老化后稻壳炭的吸附能力更强与醚键的显著增加有关.     

人居生活废弃物生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd2+的吸附研究

以人居生活废弃物生物黑炭为材料,探讨生物黑炭对Cd2+的吸附动力学及热力学特性,通过平衡吸附法研究吸附时间、Cd2+初始质量浓度、吸附剂投加量、溶液pH值以及黑炭粒径对Cd2+吸附率的影响.结果表明,吸附时间为2h时基本达到吸附平衡,准二级动力学方程能很好地描述生物黑炭对Cd2+的吸附过程.Langmuir模型能较好地描述生物黑炭对Cd2+的等温吸附过程,根据该模型模拟得到25℃条件下Cd2+最大吸附量为6.22mg·g-1.Cd2+去除率随生物黑炭投加量的增加而增大;生物黑炭对Cd2+吸附量随其粒径减小而增大;溶液初始pH值为4.0～7.5时,pH值变化对Cd2+吸附量的影响不显著.采用人居生活废弃物生物黑炭去除水溶液中Cd2+时,控制溶液Cd2+初始质量浓度30mg·L-1,粒径小于0.25 mm,投加水平8g·L-1,反应温度25℃,反应时间1～2h,Cd2+去除率可达80％.人居生活废弃物生物黑炭可以作为去除污染水体中Cd2+的吸附剂.     

不同作物原料热裂解生物质炭对溶液中Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附特性

选择由小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和花生壳经350~500℃热裂解制成的生物质炭,研究生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附特性,分析了pH值、吸附时间、溶液初始质量浓度、生物质炭粒径和投加量对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附约10 min即达平衡;3种生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的等温吸附均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程拟合,玉米秸秆炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的最大吸附量远大于小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭;在生物黑炭投加量为150 mg(6 g.L-1)时,3种生物黑炭对溶液Cd2+的去除率均在90%以上,玉米秸秆炭对溶液Pb2+的去除率达90.30%,而小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭的去除率仅为52%和47%,玉米秸秆炭有望成为处理重金属污染废水的新型吸附材料。     

人居生活废弃物生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd^2＋的吸附研究

以人居生活废弃物生物黑炭为材料,探讨生物黑炭对Cd^2＋的吸附动力学及热力学特性,通过平衡吸附法研究吸附时间、Cd^2＋初始质量浓度、吸附剂投加量、溶液pH值以及黑炭粒径对Cd^2＋吸附率的影响。结果表明,吸附时间为2h时基本达到吸附平衡,准二级动力学方程能很好地描述生物黑炭对Cd^2＋的吸附过程。Langmuir模型能较好地描述生物黑炭对Cd^2＋的等温吸附过程,根据该模型模拟得到25℃条件下Cd^2＋最大吸附量为6．22 mg·g^-1 Cd^2＋去除率随生物黑炭投加量的增加而增大;生物黑炭对Cd^2＋吸附量随其粒径减小而增大;溶液初始pH值为4．0-7．5时,pH值变化对Cd2’吸附量的影响不显著。采用人居生活废弃物生物黑炭去除水溶液中Cd^2＋时,控制溶液Cd^2＋初始质量浓度30mg·L^-1,粒径小于0．25mm,投加水平8g·L^-1,反应温度25℃,反应时间1-2h,Cd^2＋去除率可达80％。人居生活废弃物生物黑炭可以作为去除污染水体中Cd^2＋的吸附剂。     

改性生物质炭钝化修复土壤重金属污染的研究进展

我国土壤重金属污染形势严峻,已对粮食安全构成威胁.以生物质废弃物资源化利用为基础所制备的生物质炭,因其廉价和高吸附性能等特点,被广泛用于土壤中重金属的钝化.本文基于生物质炭在土壤重金属污染修复方面的研究进展,系统概述了生物质炭的制备和性质以及不同改性方式对生物质炭结构特征的影响,探讨了改性处理在强化生物质炭吸附重金属性...     

废啤酒酵母去除水中重金属镉的作用机理

利用废啤酒酵母为生物吸附材料处理水溶液中的Cd2+.为了考察废啤酒酵母表面官能团在生物吸附过程中的作用,分别对废啤酒酵母进行甲醇、甲醛化学修饰,使其表面的羧基发生酯化反应、胺基发生甲基化反应.同时对反应前后溶液pH值的变化进行了监测.结果表明,酯化反应后,废啤酒酵母吸附Cd2+的能力降低,证实羧基在Cd2+吸附中起到了重要作用;甲基化反应后,废啤酒酵母吸附Cd2+的能力升高,是因为反应后pH值变化使Cd2+发生无机微沉淀作用而去除.表面官能团以及pH升高引起的沉淀对镉去除起重要作用.     

Adsorption of cadmium from aqueous solution using Rooibos shoots as adsorbent

The use of Rooibos shoots, a natural adsorbent, for cadmium removal from wastewater is proposed. The effects of initial pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial concentration were investigated in the batch adsorption mode. The optimum pH was found to be 5.5. Isotherm and kinetic data were modeled; the data fitted best to the Freundlich model, and, kinetically, the adsorption was of pseudo-second order as shown by the high R² value of 0.9928 along with close agreement between the experimental q_e (13.9 mg g^?1) and calculated q_e (14.24 mg g^?1) values. The studied biomass material was found to be effectively used for removal of cadmium from contaminated mine wastewater.     

Removing phosphorus from aqueous solutions by using iron-modified corn straw biochar

Iron-modified corn straw biochar was used as an adsorbent to remove phosphorus from agricultural runoff. When agricultural runoffs with a total phosphorus (TP) concentration of 1.86 mg·L⁻¹ to 2.47 mg·L⁻¹ were filtered at a hydraulic retention time of 2 h through a filtration column packed with the modified biochar, a TP removal efficiency of over 99% and an effluent TP concentration of less than 0.02 mg·L⁻¹ were achieved. The isotherms of the phosphorus adsorption by the modified biochar fitted the Freundlich equation better than the Langmuir equation. The mechanism of the phosphorus adsorbed by the modified biochar was analyzed by using various technologies, i.e. scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results indicated that the surface of the modified biochar was covered by small iron granules, which were identified as Fe₃O₄. The results also showed that new iron oxides were formed on the surface of the modified biochar after the adsorption of phosphorus. Moreover, new bonds of Fe-O-P and P-C were found, which suggested that the new iron oxides tend to be Fe₅(PO₄)₄(OH)₃. Aside from removing phosphorus, adding the modified biochar into soil also improved soil productivity. When the modified biochar-to-soil rate was 5%, the stem, root, and bean of broad bean plants demonstrated increased growth rates of 91%, 64%, and 165%, respectively.     

生物炭对土壤中阿特拉津吸附特征的影响

为探究生物炭对土壤中阿特拉津的吸附特征及影响因素,采用批处理实验研究了灭菌(T1)、5％秸秆生物炭+灭菌(T2)、未灭菌(T3)和5％秸秆生物炭+未灭菌(T4)条件下对土壤中阿特拉津吸附特征及土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明,在最初0-12 h内,不同处理下阿特拉津吸附量均随时间的延长而快速增加,而在12-96 h内增加较...     

聚羟基丁酸酯(PHB)对水中微量多环芳烃的仿生吸附

基于生物体组织可对水体中低浓度有机污染物的高倍富集现象,以一种微生物细胞内广泛合成的聚羟基丁酸酯(PHB)为吸附剂,对水溶液中微量的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行仿生吸附研究.实验选取萘、菲和芘为模型污染物,考察了温度、时间、溶液pH和吸附剂用量等因素对吸附效果的影响,并分别以经典的吸附动力学模型、等温吸附模型和吸附热力学模型对吸附过程的机理进行了分析.结果表明,PHB对微量的萘(<1500μg.L-1)、菲(<1000μg.L-1)和芘(<130μg.L-1)具有较高的吸附速率,分别在60、120、80 min即可基本达到平衡,吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学模型;3种多环芳烃的等温吸附曲线用Henry、Langmuir和Freundlich方程进行拟合,线性关系良好,反映出PHB仿生吸附剂与PAHs之间存在着"吸溶"作用而非通常的位点吸附;考察分配系数Kd与Kow、温度的关系,发现Kd与Kow呈正相关,与温度呈负相关;低温有利于吸附,PHB对菲和芘的吸附为自发过程,而对萘的吸附为非自发过程.上述仿生吸附原理的阐明对微污染水处理技术的研究具有重要指导作用.     

Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution by chemically treated water hyacinth

Water hyacinth (WH), an aquatic plant macrophyte, was investigated for its ability to perform as a suitable adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The non-living biomass of WH was subjected to several chemical treatments, namely, washing with hot water, washing with hot dilute HCl, soaking in NaOH, soaking in HNO₃, and sulfonation. The system variables studied also include pH and MB concentration. The Langmuir isotherm was found to represent the measured adsorption data well except for WH soaked in NaOH, which was found to be better represented by the Freundlich isotherm. Values of the dimensionless separation factor, K _R, indicated that the adsorption systems in this study are all favorable. Values of the first layer of adsorption were calculated by the non-linear multilayer adsorption model, and the specific surface area values were found to be high and comparable to commercially activated carbons.     

大田条件下不同钝化剂对空心菜吸收镉的影响及机理

通过大田试验,研究4种钝化剂（赤泥、海泡石、钙镁磷肥和磷矿粉）对两茬空心菜（Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.）生长和镉吸收的影响。钝化剂施用量为：赤泥（0.5%和1.0%）、海泡石（0.3%和0.5%）、磷矿粉（450和900 kg.hm-2）、钙镁磷肥（450和900 kg.hm-2）。结果表明,各钝化剂均能显著降低土壤有效态镉质量分数,钝化能力大小表现为海泡石〉赤泥〉钙镁磷肥〉磷矿粉;钝化剂提高了空心菜地上部生物量,第1茬时（50 d）,施用高量赤泥、低量海泡石和高量钙镁磷肥处理生物量增加最为明显,地上部分别增加78.7%、75.2%和76.6%。第2茬（80 d）,高量赤泥与高量磷矿粉处理增加最高,地上部分别增加24.6%和34.5%。钝化剂对空心菜镉吸收影响不同,第1茬时对根系和地上部分别起促进和抑制作用,施用高量赤泥和高量海泡石最能抑制地上部镉累积,镉质量分数分别降低27.3%和23.2%。第2茬时,除海泡石外,钝化剂均显著抑制了根系和地上部的镉吸收,高量磷矿粉和赤泥效果最佳。总体来看,赤泥是保障农产品安全的最佳钝化材料,海泡石效果最差。     

Removal of cadmium(II), lead(II), and chromium(VI) ions from aqueous solution using clay

Removal of cadmium(II), lead(II), and chromium(VI) from aqueous solution using clay, a naturally occurring low-cost adsorbent, under various conditions, such as contact time, initial concentration, temperature, and pH has been investigated. The sorption of these metals follows both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The magnitude of Langmuir and Freundlich constants at 30°C for cadmium, lead, and chromium indicate good adsorption capacity. The kinetic rate constants (K _ad) indicate that the adsorption follows first order. The thermodynamic parameters: free energy change (ΔG ^o), enthalpy change (ΔH ^o), and entropy change (ΔS ^o) show that adsorption is an endothermic process and that adsorption is favored at high temperature. The results reveal that clay is a good adsorbent for the removal of these metals from wastewater.