基于沸石ZSM-5的CH4/N2/CO2二元体系吸附平衡

采用Rubotherm磁悬浮天平测量CH₄、N₂和CO₂在沸石ZSM-5上的单组分吸附平衡等温线,温度273～353 K,压力0～500 kPa。采用Sips模型、Toth模型和MSL模型对单组分吸附平衡实验数据进行拟合,拟合结果良好,非线性回归得到相应的模型参数。测量双组分CO₂/N₂、CO₂/CH₄和CH₄/N₂在沸石ZSM-5上的竞争吸附平衡等温线,实验温度为293 K,实验压力为0～500 kPa。采用基于Sips模型的理想吸附溶液理论和双组分MSL模型预测双组分气体在沸石ZSM-5上的竞争吸附平衡等温线,并与实验结果进行比较,预测结果良好。比较CO₂/N₂、CO₂/CH₄以及CH₄/N₂体系在沸石ZSM-5上的竞争吸附选择性系数,探究沸石ZSM-5吸附分离烟道气（CO₂/N₂体系）、垃圾填埋气（CO₂/CH₄体系）或煤层气（CH₄/N₂体系）的可行性,为将来进行工艺设计提供基础数据。     

AC/X-G吸附剂的制备及CH4/N2吸附分离性能

采用浓度为0.2g·ml^-1的葡萄糖溶液对13X沸石/活性炭复合材料(AC/X)进行碳沉积,研究沉积次数对复合吸附剂(AC/X-G)孔结构、表面性质和CH₄/N₂吸附分离性能的影响。通过X射线衍射,77K下的N₂吸附/脱附,扫描电镜,CO₂-TPD以及红外光谱表征样品的晶型、孔结构和表面性质,在298K、100kPa下对其CH₄和N₂吸附等温线进行测定,并将吸附结果与文献中碳材料和13X沸石的吸附性能进行比较。结果表明:随着沉积次数的增加,AC/X-G吸附剂中X型沸石的相对含量降低,微孔比表面积和微孔体积减少。AC/X-G的表面被碳膜覆盖,碱量降低,但出现强碱位和含氧基团C-O键。AC/X-G的CH₄和N₂吸附量下降,但吸附分离系数提高,沉积3次的样品AC/X-G-3的CH₄/N₂吸附分离系数达到3.0,表面的含氧基团有利于提高复合材料的CH₄/N₂吸附分离性能。     

一维直孔道MOFs对CH4/N2和CO2/CH4的分离

非常规天然气未来可以作为常规天然气的有效补充,其中低浓度煤层气和生物质燃气分别需要脱除大量的N₂ 和CO₂以达到富集和纯化CH₄的目的。本研究针对CH₄/N₂这一对较难分离的气体组合,选取了具有一维菱形孔道的MOFs材料Cu(INA)₂作为吸附剂,将合成的样品做了XRD和TG表征,测试了纯气体CO₂、CH₄和N₂的吸附曲线,利用巨正则系综蒙特卡罗(GCMC)分子模拟和理想吸附溶液理论(IAST)计算了气体的吸附热和该材料对于CH₄/N₂和CO₂/CH₄的吸附选择性系数;3 MPa压力下制备的颗粒样品填装吸附分离装置,进行了混合气体CH₄/N₂ (50%/50%)和CO₂/CH₄ (50%/50%)的穿透试验,分离的结果显示,Cu(INA)₂不仅高选择性地吸附CH₄/N₂混合物中的CH₄(S_CH4/N2=10),而且对CH₄/N₂的分离效果优于CO₂/CH₄。     

CH4/CO2混合气置换强化含氮低品质甲烷的浓缩

针对CO₂置换吸附分离CH₄/N₂过程中CO₂再生困难的问题,采用少量产品气CH₄真空吹扫以提高CO₂的解吸效果,并以解吸得到的CH₄/CO₂混合气为置换步骤的置换气,通过置换来强化含氮低品质甲烷的浓缩过程。以自制椰壳活性炭为吸附剂,对CH₄/CO₂混合气置换强化吸附回收含氮低品质甲烷工艺过程进行了实验与模拟研究。在gPROMS软件中建立并求解固定床吸附分离模型方程,预测了CH₄、N₂ 和CO₂在自制椰壳活性炭上的竞争吸附穿透曲线,通过预测结果和实验的对比,验证了数学模型方程的准确性。对比了不同置换气强化吸附分离低品质甲烷的效果,结果表明CH₄/CO₂混合气置换强化相对于CO₂置换强化可获得更高纯度产品。进行了CH₄/CO₂混合气置换强化真空变压吸附循环实验,可以将14%的CH₄/N₂和53%的CH₄/CO₂联合富集到98.8%,同时获得77.8%的回收率。     

沸石ZSM-5吸附回收低浓度煤层气中CH4

利用高硅疏水性沸石ZSM-5吸附回收低浓度煤层气中的甲烷,对其吸附平衡、吸附动力学以及真空变压吸附分离过程进行了理论和实验研究。通过重量法和穿透曲线法测定了CH₄/N₂单组分及双组分的竞争吸附平衡数据,并采用Multisite Langmuir吸附等温线模型对其进行拟合。结合CH₄和N₂稀释穿透曲线实验数据和等温无动量损失的双分散二级孔结构扩散模型,获得CH₄和N₂在沸石ZSM-5上的微孔扩散系数。建立并求解包含质量、动量及能量传递的固定床吸附分离模型方程,预测了CH₄和N₂在沸石ZSM-5上的竞争吸附穿透曲线。进一步采用ZSM-5吸附剂填充床单柱四步真空变压吸附实验考察了进料浓度、进料流速、进料时间以及吹扫比对分离效果的影响。结果发现沸石ZSM-5对CH₄具有较好的选择性,沸石晶粒内的微孔扩散为吸附速率控制步骤,真空变压吸附工艺可将模拟煤层气中20%的CH₄提纯至31%～41%,回收率为93%～98%。     

MER型沸石吸附分离CO2/CH4的分子模拟

MER型沸石在吸附分离CO₂/CH₄方面展现出良好的工业应用前景,受到广泛关注,但还缺乏理论基础数据。本文采用巨正则蒙特卡洛（GCMC）模拟方法,以全硅MER型沸石作为对照,模拟分析了CO₂/CH₄在Na⁺、K⁺、Cs⁺和Ca²⁺交换的MER型沸石中的吸附分离行为。结果表明：不同阳离子交换的MER型沸石对CO₂和CH₄的吸附符合Langmuir-Freundlich吸附等温线模型,平衡吸附量的大小顺序为：Ca-MER＞Na-MER＞K-MER＞Cs-MER,与沸石的自由体积和比表面积大小顺序一致,且近似成线性关系,选用高价阳离子MER型沸石可以提高吸附量;CO₂和CH₄主要分布在沸石的pau笼中,在d8R笼和ste笼中也有少量分布;骨架外阳离子与CO₂的强吸附作用和独特的八元环窗口孔径是MER型沸石对CO₂/CH₄混合组分表现出超高吸附选择性的原因,吸附选择性高达1000以上。综合吸附量、吸附热和吸附选择性分析指出,Na-MER和K-MER型沸石是优良的CO₂吸附剂。本研究为MER型沸石吸附分离CO₂/CH₄提供了理论依据和实验指导。     

分子筛基CH4-N2分离材料的研究进展

实现CH₄-N₂高效分离能够极大地推动常规天然气和非常规天然气这一类绿色低碳能源的利用,分子筛基吸附剂和膜材料具有优良的气体分离特性,而且对CH₄-N₂的分离颇具应用潜力。本文从对N₂具有优先选择性吸附的N₂/CH₄分离（高浓度CH₄纯化脱氮）和对CH₄具有优先选择性吸附的CH₄/N₂分离（低浓度CH₄富集脱氮）两方面综述了国内外分子筛吸附剂及分子筛膜的研究进展。详细地分析了分子筛骨架和平衡阳离子与其CH₄-N₂吸附分离性能之间的构效关系,并结合本文作者课题组的工作,提出了电中性（近中性）骨架分子筛对CH₄-N₂分离具有较好的分离效果。最后总结和展望了CH₄-N₂分离用分子筛吸附剂及分子筛膜的未来发展趋势。     

一种具有高CO吸附容量和高CO/N2及CO/CO2分离选择性的CuCl@β吸附剂

研制了一种新型的CuCl@β分子筛吸附剂材料,它不仅对CO有着高吸附容量,而且对CO/N₂和CO/CO₂的二元混合气有着高吸附选择性。利用自发单层分散的原理制备了一系列的CuCl@β分子筛材料,分别应用氮气吸附以及XRD进行表征。CO在CuCl@β分子筛上吸附等温线和动态透过曲线分别通过静态吸附和固定床实验获得。依据IAST理论模型计算了CuCl@β分子筛对CO/N₂二元混合物和CO/CO₂二元混合物的吸附选择性。研究结果表明:(1)氯化亚铜的负载增强了一氧化碳在CuCl@β分子筛上的吸附容量,其最佳负载量为0.4 g·g^-1。(2)CuCl@β分子筛吸附剂在增强CO的吸附量的同时,还降低了对二氧化碳和氮气的吸附。由于Cu⁺-CO π位络合键的存在,提高了CuCl@β分子筛对二元混合物CO/N₂和CO/CO₂的吸附选择性。(3)在低压下(0～10 kPa)下0.4CuCl@β分子筛对CO/N₂和CO/CO₂的吸附选择性分别高达1600～5200和120～370,远大于原始的β分子筛。CuCl@β分子筛对CO有着超高吸附容量以及吸附选择性,将会是一种很有潜力的CO分离提纯材料。     

炭分子筛CH4/N2吸附分离

煤层气(CBM)是一种非常规天然气。在中国,煤层气在抽采出来时常混有空气。考虑到安全因素,氧气首先应该被去除。之后,煤层气利用的最重要步骤则是甲烷-氮气混合气体的甲烷高效提浓。本文搭建了双床变压吸附(PSA)装置,选择特定的炭分子筛(CMS)进行CH₄/N₂混合物分离实验研究。由于CMS的动力学吸附特性,氮被吸附在CMS上,带有一定压力的甲烷则连续输出。研究了吸附压力、进气速度和循环周期等因素对吸附过程整体性能的影响。从50% CH₄/50% N₂的原料气可以获得95.45%纯度的甲烷产品,而从30% CH₄/70% N₂的原料气可以获得94.89%纯度的甲烷产品。研究表明,以上3个参数都对分离性能有影响,其中后两者的影响更大。在较低吸附压力和较低进气速度时更容易获得纯度90%以上的甲烷产品。另外,循环周期越短,获得的甲烷纯度越高。     

金属有机骨架材料在CO2/CH4吸附分离中的研究进展

CO₂/CH₄分离能耗高是生物甲烷过程核心难题之一。金属有机骨架材料（metal organic frameworks,MOFs）由于其优异的CO₂吸附分离性能,被视为最具潜力的CO₂分离捕集材料,近年来引起了广泛的关注。本文结合沼气的特点和MOFs研究的最新进展,对MOFs材料在CO₂/CH₄吸附分离过程的相关实验研究工作进行了综述。     

Selective transport of CO2, CH4, and N2 in coals: insights from modeling of experimental gas adsorption data

Selective adsorption and transport of gases in coal are important for natural gas recovery and carbon sequestration in depleted coal seams for environmental remediation. Gases are stored in coal mainly in the adsorbed state. In this study, the interaction energies of adsorbates (CO₂, CH₄, and N₂) and micropores with various widths are investigated using a slit-shape pore model. The experimental adsorption rate data of the three gases conducted on the same coal sample are numerically simulated using a bidisperse model and apparent diffusivities of each adsorbate in the macropore and micropore are determined. The results indicate that the relative adsorbate molecule size and pore structure play an important role in selective gas adsorption and diffusion in micropores. Generally, the microporous coals diffusion is activated and the apparent micropore diffusivities of gases in coal decrease strongly with increase in gas kinetic diameters. Apparent micropore diffusivity of CO₂ is generally one or two order of magnitude higher than those of CH₄ and N₂ because their kinetic diameters have the relation: CO₂ (0.33 nm)<N₂ (0.36 nm)<CH₄ (0.38 nm). In contrast to theoretical values, apparent macropore diffusivity of CO₂ is also larger than those of CH₄ and N₂, suggesting that coal has an interconnected pore network but highly constricted by ultra micropores with width <∼0.6 nm. It is also found that the apparent diffusivity strongly decreases with an increase in gas pressure, which may be attributed to coal matrix swelling caused by gas adsorption. Therefore, rigorous modeling of gas recovery and production requires consideration of specific interaction of gas and coal matrix.     

Extra-framework charge and impurities effect,Grand Canonical Monte Carlo and volumetric measurements of CO2/CH4/N2 uptake on NaX molecular sieve

In this work, Monte Carlo simulation of CO₂, N₂, and CH₄ adsorption on zeolite 13X is carried out in grand canonical ensemble. FAU framework was used to reproduce the structure of zeolite 13X. Universal force field was used to calculate the interactions between adsorbates and 13X. Metropolis method was used for calculating adsorption isotherm. Volumetric measurements were carried out to confirm the simulation results. The simulation results using Universal force field showed good agreement with experimental results. Highest CO₂ uptake for this zeolite was found as 5.67 mol/kg from GCMC. Isosteric heat of adsorption was investigated to find the heat released during adsorption of each gas. The simulation result of isosteric heat of adsorption for CO₂, N₂, and CH₄ was utmost 17.00, 4.37, and 6.14 kcal/mole, respectively. Radial distribution graphs were used to find affinity of constituents of zeolite for CO₂. Henry’s constant evaluation was also performed at low pressure to find the selectivity of the structure. Henry’s constant of CO₂ in an equimolar mixture of N₂ and CH₄ was calculated 3.49 and 1.49 mol/kg.kPa, respectively. Finally, simulation results were fitted to Toth and dual-site Langmuir isotherms to find the best fit that belongs to dual-site Langmuir.     

Adsorption of CO2 from dry gases on MCM-41 silica at ambient temperature and high pressure. 2: Adsorption of CO2/N2, CO2/CH4 and CO2/H2 binary mixtures

Adsorption equilibrium capacity of CO₂, CH₄, N₂, H₂ and O₂ on periodic mesoporous MCM-41 silica was measured gravimetrically at room temperature and pressure up to 25 bar. The ideal adsorption solution theory (IAST) was validated and used for the prediction of CO₂/N₂, CO₂/CH₄, CO₂/H₂ binary mixture adsorption equilibria on MCM-41 using single components adsorption data. In all cases, MCM-41 showed preferential CO₂ adsorption in comparison to the other gases, in agreement with CO₂/N₂, CO₂/CH₄, CO₂/H₂ selectivity determined using IAST. In comparison to well known benchmark CO₂ adsorbents like activated carbons, zeolites and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), MCM-41 showed good CO₂ separation performances from CO₂/N₂, CO₂/CH₄ and CO₂/H₂ binary mixtures at high pressure, via pressure swing adsorption by utilizing a medium pressure desorption process (PSA-H/M). The working CO₂ capacity of MCM-41 in the aforementioned binary mixtures using PSA-H/M is generally higher than 13X zeolite and comparable to different activated carbons.     

Adsorption and separation of CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 by 13X zeolite

Accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is responsible for increased global warming of our planet. The increasing concentration of carbon dioxide mainly from flue gas, automobile and landfill gas (LFG) emissions are major contributors to this problem. In this work, CO₂, CH₄ and N₂ adsorption was studied on Ceca 13X zeolite by determining pure and binary mixture isotherms using a constant volume method and a concentration pulse chromatographic technique at 40 and 100°C. The experimental data were then compared to the predicted binary behaviour by extended Langmuir model. Results showed that the extended Langmuir theoretical adsorption model can only be applied as an approximation to predict the experimental binary behaviour for the systems studied. Equilibrium phase diagrams were obtained from the experimental binary isotherms. For these systems, the integral thermodynamic consistency tests were also conducted. It was found that Ceca 13X exhibits large CO₂/CH₄ and CO₂/N₂ selectivity and could find application in landfill gas purification, CO₂ removal from natural gas and CO₂ removal from ambient air or flue gas streams. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

Analyses of Adsorption Behavior of CO2, CH4, and N2 on Different Types of BETA Zeolites

The adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of CO₂, CH₄, and N₂ on three types of BETA zeolites were investigated at different temperatures and a defined partial pressure range from dynamic breakthrough experiments. The adsorbed amount followed the decreasing order of CO₂ > CH₄ > N₂ for all studied materials. For the same ratio of SiO₂/Al₂O₃, the Na‐BETA‐25 zeolite showed a higher uptake capacity than H‐BETA‐25, due to the presence of a Na⁺ cationic center. Comparing the same H⁺ compensation cation, zeolite H‐BETA‐25 expressed a slightly higher adsorption capacity than H‐BETA‐150. Regarding the selectivity of gases, based on their affinity constants, H‐BETA‐150 displayed the best ability. The adsorption kinetics was considered using the zero‐length‐column (ZLC) technique. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate the interactions between adsorption parameters and to describe the process.     

Adsorption of H2, CO2, CH4, CO,N2 and H2O in Activated Carbon and Zeolite for Hydrogen Production

Abstract

The design of a layered pressure swing adsorption unit to treat a specified off-gas stream is based on the properties of the adsorbent materials. In this work we provide adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of the pure gases in a SMR off-gas: H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CO, N₂, and H₂ on two different adsorbents: activated carbon and zeolite. Data were measured gravimetrically at 303–343 K and 0–7 bar. Water adsorption was only measured in the activated carbon at 303 K and kinetics was evaluated by measuring a breakthrough curve with high relative humidity.     

Adsorption and separation of CH4/CO2/N2/H2/CO mixtures in hexagonally ordered carbon nanopipes CMK-5

Adsorption and separation of N₂, CH₄, CO₂, H₂ and CO mixtures in CMK-5 material at room temperature have been extensively investigated by a hybrid method of grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation and adsorption theory. The GCMC simulations show that the excess uptakes of pure CH₄ and CO₂ at 6.0 MPa and 298 K can reach 13.18 and 37.56 mmol/g, respectively. The dual-site Langmuir–Freundlich (DSLF) model was also utilized to fit the absolute adsorption isotherms of pure gases from molecular simulations. By using the fitted DSLF model parameters and ideal adsorption solution theory (IAST), we further predicted the adsorption separation of N₂–CH₄, CH₄–CO₂, N₂–CO₂, H₂–CO, H₂–CH₄ and H₂–CO₂ binary mixtures. The effect of the bulk gas composition on the selectivity of these gases is also studied. To improve the storage and separation performance, we finally tailor the structural parameters of CMK-5 material by using the hybrid method. It is found that the uptakes of pure gases, especially for CO_2, can be enhanced with the increase of pore diameter D_i, while the separation efficiency is apparently favored in the CMK-5 material with a smaller D_i. The selectivity at D_i=3.0 nm and 6.0 MPa gives the greatest value of 8.91, 7.28 and 27.52 for S_CO2/N2, S_CH4/H2 and S_CO2/H2, respectively. Our study shows that CMK-5 material is not only a promising candidate for gas storage, but also suitable for gas separation.     

Mixed matrix membranes based on 6FDA polyimide with silica and zeolite microsphere dispersed phases

Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) prepared with 6FDA‐DAM polymer using ordered mesoporous silica MCM‐41 spheres (MSSs), Grignard surface functionalized MSSs (Mg‐MSSs) and hollow zeolite spheres are studied to evaluate the effects of surface modification on performance. Performance near or above the so‐called permeability‐selectivity trade‐off curve was achieved for the H₂/CH₄, CO₂/N₂, CO₂/CH_4, and O₂/N₂ systems. Two loadings (8 wt % and 16 wt %) of MSSs were tested using both constant volume and Wicke–Kallenbach sweep gas permeation systems. Besides single gas H₂, CO₂, O₂, N₂, and CH₄ tests, mixed gas (50/50 vol %) selectivities were obtained for H₂/CH₄, CO₂/N₂, CO₂/CH₄, and O₂/N₂ and found to show enhancements vs. single gases for CO₂ including cases. Mg‐MSS/6FDA‐DAM was the best performing MMM with H₂/CH₄, CO₂/N₂, CO₂/CH₄, and O₂/N₂ separation selectivities of 21.8 (794 Barrer of H₂), 24.4 (1214 Barrer of CO₂), 31.5 (1245 Barrer of CO₂), and 4.3 (178 Barrer of O₂), respectively. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4481–4490, 2015     

Fabrication of Homogenous Polymer‐Zeolite Nanocomposites as Mixed‐Matrix Membranes for Gas Separation

Interfacial void‐free mixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs) of polyimide (PI)/zeolite were developed using 13X and Linde type A nano‐zeolites and tested for gas separation purposes. Fabrication of a void‐free polymer‐zeolite interface was verified by the decreasing permeability developed by the MMMs for the examined gases, in comparison to the pure PI membrane. The molecular sieving effect introduced by zeolite 13X improved the CO₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ selectivity of the MMMs. Separation tests indicated that the manufactured nanocomposite membrane with 30 % loading of 13X had the highest permselectivity for the gas pairs CO₂/CH₄ and CO₂/N₂ at the three examined feed pressures of 4, 8 and 12 atm.     

Transient measurements of adsorption and diffusion in H-ZSM-5 membranes

A transient permeation method presented here not only determines the adsorption and diffusion properties of the pores that are the transport pathways through zeolite membranes, but nondestructively estimates the effective thickness of the membrane. Transient responses of the permeate concentration to step changes in the feed were measured on two H-ZSM-5 tubular membranes and modeled assuming Maxwell-Stefan diffusion and Langmuir adsorption. The adsorption isotherms determined from these transient measurements at 298 K of N₂ and CO₂ were nearly identical to those measured by calorimetry on H-ZSM-5 powders. The CH₄ isotherm at 298 K was similar to isotherms measured by calorimetry and gravimetric techniques on Na-ZSM-5 and silicalite powders. The similarity of the isotherms indicates that transport of these light gases occurs mainly through zeolite pores. The Maxwell-Stefan diffusion coefficients D_MS depended on concentration and were higher for higher feed partial pressures. Average D_MS values for the two membranes were 7.5, 5 and 1.5×10⁻¹⁰ m²/s for N₂, CH₄, and CO₂, respectively; these are in the same range and order as diffusion coefficients measured in zeolite crystals.