Evaluation of capital cost data: Liquid moving equipment

Capital cost correlations are given for liquid moving equipment. Correlations available in the literature and current data from suppliers, contractors, consultants and industry are compared on a consistent basis. Forty-three graphs show the relative magnitudes of the different correlations, and the recommended correlation for each type of equipment is given. Some factors are given on the costs of installing liquid moving equipment.     

Evaluation of capital cost data: Drives

Capital cost correlations are given for electric and gasoline motors, steam, gas and combustion-gas driven turbines, power transmission units and power converters. Correlations available in the literature and current data are compared on a consistent basis. Thirty-eight graphs show the relative magnitudes of the different correlations and the recommended correlation for each type of equipment is summarized in a table.     

Evaluation of capital cost data: Heat exchangers

Capital cost correlations are given for heat exchangers and furnaces. Correlations available in the literature and current data are compared on a consistent basis. Forty-six graphs show the relative magnitude of the different correlations and the recommended correlation for each type of equipment is summarized in a table. Some data on the costs of installing heat exchange equipment are given.     

Evaluation of capital cost data: Heat exchangers

Capital cost correlations are given for heat exchangers and furnaces. Correlations available in the literature and current data are compared on a consistent basis. Forty-six graphs show the relative magnitude of the different correlations and the recommended correlation for each type of equipment is summarized in a table. Some data on the costs of installing heat exchange equipment are given.     

Evaluation of capital cost data: Offsite utilities (Supply)

Capital cost correlations are given for units supplying utilities: steam, refrigeration, cooling and treated water, electricity. Correlations available in the literature and current data are compared on a consistent basis. Thirty-two graphs show the relative magnitudes of the different correlations, and the recommended correlation for each type of equipment is given. Some factors are given on the costs of installing the package units.     

Evaluation of capital cost data: Onsite utilities (industrial gases)

Capital cost correlations with capacity or with total investment are given for units supplying onsite industrial gases: compressed air, oxygen, nitrogen, inert atmospheres, high purity hydrogen, synthesis gas, ozone and acetylene. Costs are also given for units to remove carbon dioxide and water from gas streams. Correlations available in the literature and current data are compared. Graphs show the relative magnitudes of the different correlations, and the recommended correlation for each type of equipment is given. Some unit usages are given for producing some of the gases.     

Evaluation of capital cost data: Part 8: Liquid waste disposal with emphasis on biological treatment

Capital cost correlations are given for aeration basins, mechanical aerators, diffused aeration, conventional activated sludge process, extended aeration, contact stabilization, oxidation ditch, rotating biological contactor, trickling filter, aerobic lagoons, facultative lagoon, aerated lagoons and liners. Most of the correlations are accurate to ±30%, expressed in Canadian dollars and adjusted to a Marshall and Swift value of 1000. Details as to what components are included in the cost are given. Data are given for the labour and material costs to create a working process module. Data for oxidation ditches are accurate to ±50%. To put the current data into perspective, several hundred sources of cost data were analyzed. The major correlations are compared, on a consistent basis, with current data.     

Evaluation of capital cost data: Part 9: Liquid waste disposal with emphasis on chemical treatment

Capital cost correlations are given for chemical feed systems, chlorination, ozone disinfection, ultraviolet light disinfection, ion exchange, flocculation, and carbon adsorption. Most of the correlations are accurate to ± 30%, expressed in Canadian dollars and adjusted to a Marshall and Swift value of 1000. Details as to what components are included in the cost are given. Data are given for the labour and material costs to create a working process module. To put the current data into perspective, several hundred sources of cost data were analyzed. The major correlations are compared, on a consistent basis, with current data.     

Evaluation of capital cost data. part 7: Liquid waste disposal with emphasis on physical treatment

Capital cost correlations are given for oil-water separators, equalization basins, primary clarifiers, clarifiers and clarifier mechanisms, reverse osmosis unit, ultrafiltration units, gravity filters and miroscreens. Data are included for raw sewage, intermediate and recirculation pumping stations and for preliminary treatment (or bar screens, grit removal, overflow and bypass chamber and Parshall flume), for grit removal, comminution and gas stripping. The correlations are accurate to ± 30%, expressed in Canadian dollars and adjusted to a Marshall and Swift value of 1000. Details as to what components are included in the cost are given. Data are given for the labour and material costs to create a working process module. For inflation indices, a critique of the Engineering News Record, EPA small city, Marshall and Swift, Chemical Engineering and Southam inflation indices suggested that the Marshall and Swift index is most appropriate for the construction and process equipment studied here. Concerning the currency exchange, for the equipment and processes in this study, equipment costs the same whether expressed directly in US or Canadian dollars. To put the current data into perspective, several hundred sources of cost data were analyzed. The major correlations are compared, on a consistent basis, with current data.     

Capital and total cost targets for mass exchange networks: Part 1: Simple capital cost models

This paper presents a method for targeting the capital and total cost of a mass exchange network. This part of the paper considers stagewise systems and uses a simplified capital cost correlation in order to convey the fundamentals. The method starts by determining the number of stages required, using the y−x composite curve plot presented previously, and then converts this to a capital cost. This target is combined with utility targets to give a target for the total annual cost. Simple design guidelines are presented, which allow these targets to be approached to within a few percent. The method is applied to a coke-oven gas sweetening example, which is a case involving two mass separating agents (MSAs) which do not overlap. It is also applied to an example involving phenol removal, in which there are overlapping MSAs. A final example deals with multicomponent transfer by extending the coke-oven gas problem. The paper introduces a new graphical tool, the y−y* composite curve plot, for handling systems with overlapping MSAs. The paper demonstrates that, contrary to previous belief, using the minimum number of units does not necessarily lead to a minimum cost design.     

化工设备维修费用的管理和控制

结合离子膜法制烧碱设备管理的工作实际,给出管理和控制设备维护费用的具体方法:①重视设备的采购管理,包括设备的选型、机型的统一,和易损件的采购;②选择适宜的维修方式;③提高设备的有效作业率;④精心维修与保养设备;⑤建立完善、科学合理的规章制度;⑥制定科学、先进的技术经济指标;⑦加强成本管理教育;⑧提倡修旧利废,节能降耗;⑨加强技术改进工作;⑩建立监控体系,突出设备的经济管理。     

高频电刀测量结果的不确定度评定

高频电刀测量结果的不确定度评定,主要内容就是评定功率测量的不确定度。本文分析了影响高频电刀功率测量值的不确定度因素,主要包括:测量重复性、高频电刀输出电流、电阻有效值,进而引入这些因素对高频电刀功率测量进行不确定度评定,为高频电刀的检测提供参考依据。     

降低甲醇生产装置天然气消耗的技术措施

在天然气生产甲醇的工业过程中,合理选用高效NC306型合成催化剂,可使甲醇合成转化率提高5%;通过控制转化炉烟气氧含量在2%~2.5%,维持炉膛负压在-3~-4 mm H2O,燃料气压力由0.20 MPa提高至0.24 MPa等方法,可提高转化炉的的热效率1%~2%,降低燃料天然气的消耗量170 Nm3/h;锅炉水排污量由5%降低至2%,废锅可增加蒸汽产量约1.3 t;转化反应水碳比由3.7降低至3.5,可减少工艺蒸汽约1.5 t。另外,进行转化输气总管和废热锅炉的技术改造,降低合成、精馏的冷后温度以及回收塔底水的甲醇含量,减少系统加工损失,也可提高甲醇产量,从而降低天然气的消耗量。     

榆林气田气井缓蚀剂评价

文章针对榆林气田气井的腐蚀,主要是CO2腐蚀和溶解盐腐蚀,对缓蚀剂进行筛选与评价。     

Design standardization of unit operations for reducing the capital intensity and cost of small-scale chemical processes

A methodology is proposed to reduce the cost and capital intensity of small-scale chemical processes by creating new opportunities for economies of numbers through standardizing the equipment designs across multiple processes. We depart from asynchronous design of single-processes and adopt a common-functionality based simultaneous design of multiple processes that use similar unit operations. A generalized cost function is used to appropriately balance the trade-offs between economies of scale and economies of numbers. An optimization-based framework for design standardization is developed and illustrated using two case studies. The first involves the simultaneous synthesis of methanol and ammonia processes, and the second addresses the optimal synthesis of multi-column natural gas liquid (NGL) fractionation processes for different natural gas sources. We observe that considerable reduction in capital intensity of small-scale processes is possible through equipment standardization.     

Gas filtration in granular moving beds — an experimental study

An experimental study was conducted of gas filtration in cross-flow moving-bed granular filters. Variables examined included both the gas and solid velocities as well as filter-grain size. The triboelectric effect was found to play an important role in determining the extent of particle collection.     

Gas Jack撬装式压缩机在苏里格气田的应用效果评价

叙述了Gas Jack压缩机结构及原理,并分析了其在苏里格气田进行干管增压的应用效果。现场应用表明,Gas Jack压缩机工况能满足集中增压气井生产后期继续开采的需求,有效降低气井废弃压力,延长气井生产时间,提高气井最终采收率。