水解(酸化)反应器在工程应用中的研究与展望

在工业废水处理中,作为预处理单元的水解(酸化)反应器,不但降低了废水的CODCr,而且提高了废水的可生化性。作者论述了水解(酸化)反应器的特点及原理;介绍了水解(酸化)反应器的类型及其在工程应用中的效果;讨论了影响水解(酸化)反应器运行的主要因素及其设计要点;展望了水解(酸化)反应器的应用前景及研究领域。     

水解酸化工艺预处理腈纶废水的研究

采用水解酸化工艺预处理腈纶废水,通过投加微生物固定化载体结合高效微生物对工艺过程进行优化,并对其进行了相关研究。在处理过程中有很多影响因素对水解酸化过程的速度和效率有重要的影响,并直接影响到水解酸化反应器的出水水质及处理效果。实验中主要考察了水力停留时间、进水CODCr负荷和温度等影响因素对水解酸化反应器出水的影响,同时考察了水解酸化反应器稳定运行后对废水可生化性的改善,以水解酸化反应器进出水的CODCr为主要指标进行监测,对类似的废水处理有一定的借鉴价值。     

两种生物反应器处理偶氮染料废水的比较

通过比较CSRT（连续搅拌式）好氧反应器和新型固定-流化复合厌氧反应器研究了偶氮染料废水处理的效果和特点。研究中采用固定-流化复合厌氧水解＋好氧生物工艺对偶氮染料废水进行处理，并取各对照水样做光谱分析，试验者还对新型复合厌氧反应器运行的影响因素进行了研究。研究结果表明，偶氮染料废水直接好氧处理，去除率只有5％左右，直接厌氧水解处理，染料平均降解率60％。水解出水经好氧降解，染料还能降解65％～70％；新型固定-流化复合厌氧反应器达到其设计目标，满足厌氧水解工艺发展的要求，有较好的实用价值。     

浅谈添加甲醛对解吸水解废水的影响

主要针对尿素系统引入的甲醛对解吸水解废水的影响进行详细的描述。通过理论分析与实验相结合,从生产工艺、介质间的化学反应、化验分析几个方面讨论了甲醛对解吸水解废水中pH值、电导率、氨氮等指标的影响,同时分析脱氢反应器的开与停、添加双氧水对解吸水解废水指标的间接影响,提出减少甲醛对废水影响的几点建议。     

重氮盐水解制酚反应器的分析研究

结合重氮盐水解制酚反应机理及动力学,从化学反应工程的角度出发,对现有重氮盐水解制酚的反应器进行了简单阐述,讨论了现有水解反应器的优点及其局限性,并对其今后研究发展趋势进行了展望。     

新型甲醛氧化反应器的设计

简介了国内甲醛氧化反应器的几种结构型式，介绍了新型甲醛氧化反应器的结构特点以及生产中应注意的问题。     

自吸式反应器在湿法炼锌工艺沉铁过程中的应用

对现有湿法炼锌工艺中水解沉铁反应过程存在的需要通入压缩空气、能耗高且分布管容易堵塞等弊端,开发了自吸式搅拌反应器。介绍了自吸式反应器的工作原理和设计过程,并将它应用到沉铁水解槽的工业装置改造中,使得水解沉铁的能力和效率得到大幅提高。     

水解+MBR工艺处理印染废水的研究

针对印染废水成分复杂、废水有机物含量高、可生化降解性差的特点,采用了水解 好氧膜生物反应器(MBR)组合工艺,实验考察了反应器的启动,组合工艺对色度、化学耗氧量(COD)及浊度的去除效果。结果表明:组合工艺COD的去除率保持在90%以上,脱色率为82%;水解酸化池提高了废水的可生化性,改变了难降解染料的分子结构,为后续MBR工艺创造了条件;膜生物反应器中活性污泥浓度是影响反应器处理效果和膜通量的因素之一,污泥浓度在(8~15)g/L之间运行较为合适。     

几种低压甲醇合成反应器在实际生产中的应用

简要介绍了几种低压甲醇合成反应器的结构特点,并分析对比了合成反应器的实际生产应用情况。     

己内酰胺水解聚合过程数学模型化与优化研究进展

综述了己内酰胺水解聚合反应动力学模型，并系统论述了ＰＡ６工业聚合反应器包括高压间歇釜反应器（ＢＳＴＲ）、活塞流反应器（ＰＦＲ）、连续搅拌釜反应器（ＣＳＴＲ）和ＣＳＴＲ与ＰＦＲ组合反应器模型化与优化研究，对数值计算方法也作了简要评价，同时就ＰＡ６聚合过程有待进一步研究的问题提出了几点建议。     

废气治理低温等离子体反应器的研究进展

低温等离子体技术用于废气治理成为近年来的研究热点,而低温等离子体反应器的研制正是其重要内容。本文详细介绍了用于废气治理的各种电晕放电反应器、介质阻挡放电反应器以及等离子体-催化反应器的结构特点和放电特性,综合比较了上述反应器在能量效率、降解产物的选择性和工业应用等方面的特点,并提出了今后的研究方向。     

多相光催化反应器的研究进展

介绍了多相光催化反应器的类型、特点和研究现状.围绕光传递限制和传质限制两方面的问题,结合反应器的新型设计和应用情况展开讨论.通过比较悬浮型和负载型光催化反应器,阐明了研究可分离悬浮型和负载型流化床光催化反应器是实现光催化技术工业化的关键所在,指出了光催化反应器设计中存在的问题和今后的研究重点.     

生物质稀酸水解动力学及其反应器的研究进展

木质纤维素类生物质经过稀酸水解可制取可发酵性糖,进而形成糖平台,生产纤维素乙醇等能源和化工产品。不同类型和结构的反应器中,原料的水解行为不同,被水解的效果也就不同。本文从稀酸水解反应器和反应动力学两方面入手,综述了近年提出的木质纤维素类生物质稀酸催化动力学模型和反应器。通过比较不同反应器的水解效果,推测出多步处理、逆流过程、动态反应是木质纤维素类生物质稀酸高效水解反应的发展趋势。     

草甘膦水解脱溶过程计算机控制

介绍计算机控制系统在草甘膦水解脱溶生产过程中的应用。根据水解脱溶反应器的特性，开发了一种简单实用、精度高、鲁棒性强的基于规则的智能控制策略，用于反应器温度程序控制，获得满意的效果。     

Hydrolysis of fats and oils with moist oat caryopses

To improve the economic feasibility of hydrolyzing fats and oils with moist oat caryopses, various factors affecting the efficiency of the process were studied. Caryopses produced with an impact-type dehuller exhibited greater lipase activity than those produced by a wringer-type dehuller. Abrasion of oat caryopses against each other in a fluidized bed released particles rich in lipase. Such lipase concentrates could be added to moist caryopsis reactors to speed fat hydrolysis. Beef tallow, lard, soybean oil and crambe oil were hydrolyzed more efficiently than corn oil, castor oil and milk fat. The poor hydrolysis of castor oil was attributed to the formation of esters with the hydroxy group of ricinoleic acid, and the hydrolysis of castor oil was increased by dilution of the substrate with hexane. Diglycerides inhibited the hydrolysis and accounted for the slower hydrolysis of corn oil. Hydrolysis of milk fat by moist oat caryopses resulted in preferential hydrolysis of C₆ to C₁₀ acids. Erucic acid was released from crambe oil at significantly slower rates than the other acyl groups. High conversions of fats and oils to free fatty acids could be attained by (i) exposing the fats and oils to two to three lots of moist caryopses, (ii) the use of special oat varieties with elevated lipase content, (iii) the addition of oat lipase concentrates to moist caryopsis reactors, and (iv) dilution of the substrate with hexane. Estimates of the cost of producing free fatty acids with these processes indicated that the first three should be profitable. Growth ofClostridium sporogenes spores could not be demonstrated in caryopsis reactors. During the incubation of moist oat caryopses immersed in oil, the free fatty acid content of the internal caryopsis lipid increased only slightly, but there were changes in its fatty acid composition.     

Reactors for hydrogenation of edible oils

Due to the characteristics of the hydrogenation of edible oil, by far the most common type of reactor has been the batch-type shurry hardener. Although continuous reactors offer several advantages compared to batch reactors, they are seldom used in the industry. This review paper describes the most commonly used full-scale reactors, both batch and continuous. Several different laboratory reactors are also described. The experimental results obtained from those reactors indicate that it is possible to achieve selectivites and reaction rates in a continuous reactor as high as in a slurry batch reactor.     

Flow Characteristics and Transport Phenomena in Toroidal Loop Reactors

Loop reactors are especially convenient for fluid systems requiring defined flow conditions in the whole reactional zone. Torus reactors are submitted to a directed circulation achieved by a propeller. The flow characteristics and axial dispersion are analyzed in rectangular and circular loop reactors. The power consumption and the heat transfer capacity in torus reactors are also determined.     

气升式环流反应器的特性及应用

综述了气升式环流反应器的特性及其主要影响因素研究,简要介绍了这种反应器的应用情况,并提出了今后研究工作的方向。     

Design of immobilised glucoamylase reactors using a simple kinetic model for the hydrolysis of starch

A comparative study is reported of the three main types of continuous reactors, continuous feed stirred tank reactor (CFSTR), packed bed reactor (PBR) and fluidised bed reactor (FBR), for the conversion at 50°C of a 30% (w/w) corn syrup 40 DE using glucoamylase (exo-1,4-D-glucosidase, EC 3.2.1.3) immobilised on carbonyl derivatives of titanium(IV)-activated porous silica by a method developed previously.^1–3 The hydrolysis of starch in these reactors is described by a simple kinetic model⁴ which involves the intrinsic kinetic constants as well as mass transfer and dispersion effects, and allows the computation of enzyme activity values under continuous operation. FBR appears to be more effective for the hydrolysis of starch. This reactor also confers a better operational stability (t_1/2=775h) on the immobilised enzyme than the other immobilised glucoamylase reactors (PBR, t_1/2=629h; CFSTR, t_1/2=239h).