Computer-aided calculation of accident costs

Accurate data about accident costs motivate top managers to improve safety in production. The problem has been, however, to specify costs reliably and easily. This article presents the computer-aided module for calculating accident costs in the TATU-Safety Information System developed by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. The module computes the direct costs and company-controlled total costs of accidents. The calculation is based on the accident consequence tree (ACT) method. The software provides information about accident costs to motivate accident prevention. The authors explain the system design of the software and its use in cost calculation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

化工过程的计算机辅助计算

MATLAB作为新一代的科学计算语言,具有编程效率高、数值算法简单等优点。本文针对化工计算过程的复杂计算问题,提出了一种计算机知识与专业课知识结合解决此类问题的新思路：以流体流动、换热器操作、精馏吸收过程设计和反应器优化等基本单元操作设计为知识点,选用MATLAB、ASPEN PLUS为计算机辅助工具,使拥有化工专业优势的学生具备运用非优势的数学和计算机工具解决实际化工问题的能力。     

化工原理精馏过程的计算机辅助计算

精馏过程为化工原理教学过程中的重点和难点部分,公式多,计算过程复杂,采用传统的板书讲解方式难以达到较好的授课效果。本文利用MATLAB语言强大的运算与图形表达功能,通过剖析精馏计算过程中的典型例题,给出了计算机辅助计算精馏过程的具体思路和方法。论文中还充分展现了采用计算机进行图解法解题的优越性,从而增强教学过程的直观性和可视性,加深学生对精馏单元的理解。     

高浓度吸收的计算机辅助计算

吸收是化工生产特别是石油化工生产中十分常见的过程,在化工原理教学中是一个典型的传质分离单元操作.针对复杂的高浓度吸收计算过程,本文利用MATLAB语言强大的方程求解、曲线拟合和数值积分功能,介绍计算机辅助求解方法的典型例题.结果表明,利用MATLAB解决化工原理工程计算问题快捷、准确和有效.     

化工过程传热的计算机辅助计算

传热计算是化工计算中的重点和难点,其公式众多,计算过程繁琐。本文利用MATLAB语言强大的运算与图形表达功能,研究换热器的操作计算和设计计算,给出了计算机辅助计算的步骤。利用FLUENT软件的流体流动和传热问题的微观模拟功能,找到换热器内部的温度分布。证明有计算机辅助简化了化工过程中传热的计算,且可直观地理解换热器的传热过程。     

化工原理流体流动过程的计算机辅助计算

流体输送过程为化工原理课程中的基础部分,其计算过程繁琐、图示过程众多,采用传统的板书讲解方式难以达到较好的授课效果。本文利用MATLAB语言强大的运算与图形表达功能,剖析了流体流动过程中的典型例题,给出了计算机辅助计算的具体思路和方法。此外,本文也给出了利用计算机对本单元实验数据进行自动处理的方法。这些计算机辅助计算过程,大大增强了教学过程的直观性和可视性,加深了学生对流体流动过程单元的理解。     

Computer-aided controller for glucoregulatory system

A computer-controlled regulation for the glucose in the metabolic system is achieved, and fourth-order digital model, obtained from the state differential equations representing the system metabolism. The sample time is chosen sufficiently large to suit the slow metabolic system. A long time delay, imposed by the autoanalyser used for the monitoring and continuous measurement of the glucose concentration, is introduced. A digital proportional-integral-derivative controller is proposed to control the metabolic system and to obtain a zero steady-state error for the closed-loop dynamics. The controller is shown to be robust, using the bounding polynomials suggested by Kharitonov's stability criterion. A family of well-behaved responses are obtained, together with their corresponding internal states. Pole placement is used to optimize the parameters of the controller and to achieve the main goal of controlling the glucoregulatory system.     

Computer-aided strength prediction using the articulated total body model

The Articulated Total Body (ATB) Model, based on rigid-body dynamics with Euler equations of motion and Lagrange type constraints, has been used to predict the forces and motions experienced by air crew personnel in flight operations. But can be adapted to less abrupt stresses as experienced by typical industrial workers. To provide a more realistic representation of human dynamics, an active neuromusculature was added to the ATB Model via the newly developed advanced harness system. Furthermore, the ATB Model was used to simulate the whole body response to lateral forces utilizing trunk musculature. Although the musculature did not completely prevent the lateral deflection of the body, the response was significantly delayed compared to a control response, with the head and neck maintaining the upright posture for a longer period of time.     

计算机辅助工业放大试验系统

根据工业化发展速度的要求,提出计算机辅助工业放大试验系统设计的功能和软件结构,该系统集成了石油化工技术、流程模拟与优化技术、数据采集和通讯技术,为石油化工工业化试验提高效率、节省费用寻找到了一条途径,2个已经开发和应用的辅助工业放大试验系统,较好地说明了其实际价值。     

Computer-aided RCM-based plant maintenance management system

In most of the industries, classical reliability-centered maintenance (RCM) is employed to decide the maintenance strategies using reliability data without having adequate interaction with the design and operational systems. This means that the RCM process will be conducted with no or limited access to the design and operational data/knowledge. Commonly, the developed maintenance strategies are implemented and managed within the computerized maintenance management system (CMMS), which is usually separate from the RCM automated environment. This paper presents the detailed system design and mechanism of improved RCM process as integrated with CMMS. The proposed solution is integrated with design and operational systems and consolidates some successful maintainability approaches to formulate an effective solution for optimized plant maintenance. The major components of the enhanced RCM process are identified and a prototype system is implemented as integrated with the various modules of the adopted CMMS (MAXIMO™). A case study is used to show the effectiveness of the proposed RCM-based CMMS solution in optimizing plant maintenance over the traditional approaches.     

Computer-aided design system for site layout

A computer-aided design system is presented which allows a site layout to be developed, containing three-dimensional design features. The most important features of this class are roads and buildings. Interaction with a three-dimensional model is achieved by means of a two-dimensional graphics system and its associated devices. The analyses which may be carried out on the computer model of the site are outlined.     

Computer-aided prototyping for a command-and-control system usingCAPS

A case study that shows the feasibility of using computer-aided prototyping to validate a C³I system's requirements is presented, and the enabling technology is described. The C³I prototype developed has characteristics typical of embedded software, including distributed processing, hard real-time constraints, multiple, predefined hardware interfaces, and complex requirements. A color, multiwindow executable Ada prototype that can process tactical data from multiple interfaces in real time was generated. The prototype was used to get feedback about the proposed design's effectiveness, performance, and structure and to evaluate the soundness of the design decisions     

用于监测复杂系统的计算机辅助定性趋势分析

为了对传感器数据的瞬态演化用计算机进行建模,提出了定性趋势分析（Qualitative Trend Analysis）,这种定性的过程趋势描述是一种很有用的方法,已被广泛地用于过程状态监测、数据压缩、故障检测和诊断。首先概述国外QTA的产生背景和发展情况;其次提出有效的QTA趋势提取策略和趋势识别的若干重要问题。结果表明,该方法能够有效和快速地从数据中获取过程趋势。     

Computer-aided system for the database storage structure design

An overview is given of a computer aided system for the design of a schema for a CODASYL DBMS. The system helps the designer to trade off between the conflicting objectives; short retrieval time for a user query, low database updating cost, small storage requirements, and low total cost of the system. Different relative weights can be assigned to each of the users query and update transactions, and the design objectives can be assigned different priorities. The model evaluates the performance of the database for a specified set of input parameters and finds the optimal location mode of each database record type. The designer can interactively change any of the design parameters, priority and weights while performing the analysis. The system has been tested on the design of a department store database.     

Computer-aided diagnosis system: A Bayesian hybrid classification method

A novel method to classify multi-class biomedical objects is presented. The method is based on a hybrid approach which combines pairwise comparison, Bayesian regression and the k-nearest neighbor technique. It can be applied in a fully automatic way or in a relevance feedback framework. In the latter case, the information obtained from both an expert and the automatic classification is iteratively used to improve the results until a certain accuracy level is achieved, then, the learning process is finished and new classifications can be automatically performed. The method has been applied in two biomedical contexts by following the same cross-validation schemes as in the original studies. The first one refers to cancer diagnosis, leading to an accuracy of 77.35% versus 66.37%, originally obtained. The second one considers the diagnosis of pathologies of the vertebral column. The original method achieves accuracies ranging from 76.5% to 96.7%, and from 82.3% to 97.1% in two different cross-validation schemes. Even with no supervision, the proposed method reaches 96.71% and 97.32% in these two cases. By using a supervised framework the achieved accuracy is 97.74%. Furthermore, all abnormal cases were correctly classified.     

Computer-aided design as applied to transit system emergency contingency planning

As shown by the experiences gained in recent energy crises, transit agencies should prepare emergency contingency plans to deal with possible rapid and sharp increases in the demand for transit service. In this paper, contingency plans are developed for two suburban areas, Bellevue and Federal Way, in the Seattle, Washington metropolitan area. Bus transit system designs are developed for three emergency levels: 100, 75 and 50% of the work trips to be carried by buses. Altogether, 10 plans are developed. Six assume no vehicle availability constraints, and four assume only existing Metro and school buses are available. Results indicate that bus vehicle requirements for the 100 and 75% levels far exceed likely vehicle availability levels while the 50% level could be handled with currently available vehicles (Metro fleet combined with school buses). This design work was accomplished rapidly and effectively with an interactive graphic computer program called the Transit Network Optimization Program (TNOP). It would be impossible to do a similar study using conventional transit planning techniques.     

基于增强现实的计算机辅助微创手术导航系统

计算机辅助导航技术在微创手术中扮演着越来越重要角色。针对微创手术的病灶复杂解剖位置以及内窥镜视野的局限性,设计开发了一套基于增强现实的计算机辅助微创手术导航系统。系统首先实现将术前影像重建的3D模型与患者术中视野中的真实器官组织配准重合,然后基于立体内窥镜的视觉跟踪技术来实时获取内窥镜的运动姿态,根据多自由度的变换矩阵使3D模型与真实目标实时重合,以此来定位手术内窥镜的位置,为手术推进提供增强现实的"地图"导航,提高手术操作的精准度。通过仿真实验验证,该系统具有良好的视觉导航效果。