新型拓展流道PEMFC传质模拟与性能研究

该文提出一种带有拓展区域的新型PEMFC流道，拓展区域长度分别设计为1、2和4 mm。采用COMSOL软件建立三维等温稳态模型并进行数值计算。结果表明：新型拓展流道PEMFC性能均优于传统直流道PEMFC，其最佳拓展长度为2 mm。在高电流密度下，拓展流道使氧气分布更加均匀，提升水的去除能力。当取最佳拓展长度时，增加拓展区域数量能进一步提升燃料电池性能，与传统直流道相比，双拓展区域的流道使PEMFC峰值功率密度提高了18.44%。     

平板式太阳能空气集热器流道改进的试验研究和数值模拟

对传统平板式太阳能空气集热器的流道进行了改进,把对角型进出口流道改为多进出口式流道。对改进的集热器的性能进行了试验测试。新的进出口流道消除了吸热板和空气换热不均的现象,出口温度提升明显。在相同条件下,集热器的瞬时效率增加约20%。用CFD方法对集热器内部的流场结构和传热进行的数值模拟对比表明,传统集热器内部存在流动死区,中心截面温度分布不均匀,吸热板上有局部的高温区域,改进后的集热器流场和温度场分布得较均匀。     

大攻角平面压气机叶栅内的PIV应用

本文利用二维PIV测量系统,在低速风洞中对NACA65翼型在大攻角情况下的流场结构进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,在10°左右攻角下,叶栅流道中存在很强的非定常流动,叶片吸力面附近存在大面积分离;近尾迹处则是以典型的集中涡为主导的流动现象,流动形态复杂,流场变化大。     

矩形窄缝流道内过冷沸腾汽泡行为的可视化

采用高速摄像仪,对矩形窄缝流道内过冷沸腾时的汽泡行为进行了可视化实验研究.分析了工况参数对汽泡成核起始点及其脱离直径的影响.结果表明:高过冷沸腾时,窄缝流道内加热面上产生了沿近壁面滑移的汽泡,这种滑移汽泡对窄缝流道内的换热产生了积极的作用,而且汽泡的滑移现象与主流流体的温度有着密切的关系,分析了产生这种滑移现象的原因.     

设计透平跨音速叶栅时出气角的确定

本文综述了在设计透平跨音速叶栅时气流出气角的各种计算方法和相应的公式,并和试验结果进行了对比。文中还提供了收缩——扩张形流道的跨音速叶栅出气角计算时所用的曲线。     

流道因素对熔融物堆内滞留压力容器下封头外的冷却能力影响试验研究

流道因素是熔融物堆内滞留压力容器下封头外的冷却(IVR-ERVC)能力的关键影响因素之一。在全高度非能动ERVC试验装置REPEC-II上,针对各种流线型流道的几何条件,研究不同流道形状、流道进出口阻力变化以及流道障碍物等因素对临界热通量(CHF)的敏感性影响。试验结果表明:下封头外壁面CHF随外壁面方位角增大而增大,且其增大趋势随增大而减缓;ERVC流道间隙变窄对靠近入口处一定范围内的CHF具有一定的增强作用;对于出口附近区域而言,增加间隙宽度有助于增强CHF,但影响十分有限;在一定范围内,ERVC流道进出口阻力增大将使得高角度区域CHF略有降低,而且达到CHF时对应的循环流量随进出口阻力增加而降低,出口阻力的影响更显著;在ERVC流道中加装向加热面凸起的障碍物,可增大当地CHF,但该效应是局部的,这一措施会导致附近区域CHF降低。     

预旋角对径流涡轮背盘射流冷却的影响

采用背盘射流冷却技术对径流式涡轮机热负荷较大的区域进行冷却。采用气热耦合的方法,研究了该冷却技术在预旋角为60°～120°内对背盘冷却特性的影响。结果表明:背盘射流冷却可以大幅提高径流涡轮背盘的冷却效率;预旋角为60°时背盘冷却效果最好,随着预旋角的增加,背盘冷却效果变差;相同径向位置时,冷却系数在0.01～0.02,预旋角每增加15°,背盘平均冷却效率约降低0.003,当冷却系数为0.02～0.04时,预旋角每增加15°,背盘平均冷却效率降低0.016～0.050;冷却流体流入涡轮主流流道后,涡轮机效率受到冷却流体的影响而降低,当预旋角为60°时,冷却流体对涡轮机效率影响最小。     

喷淋泵流道式导叶型线的水力优化设计

以流道式导叶内损失最小、效率最高为目标,对1 000 MW级核电站用喷淋泵流道式导叶型线进行水力优化设计。单级优化结果表明,流道式导叶采用均匀过渡的外缘型线时,流动损失小,波动持续区域较短,有较长的压力平缓变化区域;所设计的四种外缘型线中D的导叶模型扬程最高、效率最高,导叶内部流动转化过程均匀,从过渡段到出口部分,压力持续平稳。利用分析所得的最优方案重新绘制流道式导叶,对整机进行数值验证,分析表明导叶内的流动损失降低了40.6%,效率提高了7.71%。     

带有冷气掺混的三级透平气动性能数值研究

借助NUMECA数值仿真软件,以某型燃气轮机的三级透平作为计算模型,对其在冷却气体掺混前后的流场进行了数值模拟。考虑到工质物性的影响,采用了变比热高温燃气作为计算工质。同时,针对燃气轮机透平进口的变工况问题,选取不同的透平进口总压值进行数值计算。结果表明,冷却气体的加入使得级损失增大,每列叶片流道出口速度或相对速度减小,下游叶片进口气流角减小;在三级透平冷气掺混时改变进口总压值,每列叶片流道的进口气流角几乎不变,除第三级动叶的激波损失与尾迹损失增大外,其余叶片流道的能量损失变化不明显。     

基于PIV测试技术的涡轮动叶栅流场可视化研究

针对某设计转速为1 500 r/min的涡轮动叶叶栅在780-1 680 r/min之间的4个转速工况,利用干冰作为示踪粒子进行了内流场的PIV(粒子图像测速技术)实验研究,获得了动叶叶栅流道中间截面及其下游区域的速度场和涡量场的二维分布并进行了比较分析。研究表明:利用PIV技术测量的瞬态结果可以很好地捕捉动叶栅尾缘分离涡的形成和发展过程;在所研究的实验工况以内,动叶出口及其下游区域速度随着动叶转速的增大而不断增大,流道内部气流速度随转速增加会出现先增大后减小的特点,叶轮输出功率与流道内部气流速度随转速变化的规律一致;在设计转速工况附近动叶流道的涡量场强度较弱,随着叶轮转速降低,叶栅流道内特别是动叶吸力面下游区域的涡量强度明显增强。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Controls on the Karaha–Telaga Bodas geothermal reservoir,Indonesia

Karaha–Telaga Bodas is a partially vapor-dominated, fracture-controlled geothermal system located adjacent to Galunggung Volcano in western Java, Indonesia. The geothermal system consists of: (1) a caprock, ranging from several hundred to 1600 m in thickness, and characterized by a steep, conductive temperature gradient and low permeability; (2) an underlying vapor-dominated zone that extends below sea level; and (3) a deep liquid-dominated zone with measured temperatures up to 353 °C. Heat is provided by a tabular granodiorite stock encountered at about 3 km depth. A structural analysis of the geothermal system shows that the effective base of the reservoir is controlled either by the boundary between brittle and ductile deformational regimes or by the closure and collapse of fractures within volcanic rocks located above the brittle/ductile transition. The base of the caprock is determined by the distribution of initially low-permeability lithologies above the reservoir; the extent of pervasive clay alteration that has significantly reduced primary rock permeabilities; the distribution of secondary minerals deposited by descending waters; and, locally, by a downward change from a strike-slip to an extensional stress regime. Fluid-producing zones are controlled by both matrix and fracture permeabilities. High matrix permeabilities are associated with lacustrine, pyroclastic, and epiclastic deposits. Productive fractures are those showing the greatest tendency to slip and dilate under the present-day stress conditions. Although the reservoir appears to be in pressure communication across its length, fluid, and gas chemistries vary laterally, suggesting the presence of isolated convection cells.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.