初中化学“微粒观”建构的教学实践研究——以“分子”教学为例

着眼于中学化学的学习和学生未来发展,引导初三学生从微观角度认识物质及其变化规律,建构微粒观已成为初中化学课堂教学中重要的研究内容。本文在对“微粒观”基本理解的基础上,结合学生的具体认知水平,以“分子”教学为例,进行了教学设计及实施研究,在反思和总结中提出了促进初中化学微粒观建构的课堂教学策略。     

初中化学实验复习应做到三"必须"

初中化学实验是初中化学学习过程中必须掌握的四大重点内容之一,如何在较短的时间内有效地、全面而系统地对实验基础知识、基本操作和实验基本技能进行复习,进而提高自身的观察能力、创新能力、实验能力等,是我们每个同学在进入实验复习之     

用经典影视片段设计教学主线的创新尝试——以“氯化钠的专题复习”为例

以“氯化钠的专题复习”为例,论述了经典影视片段在初中化学复习课中的运用,并从教学主线的确立和教学内容的取舍、电影片段的呈现和教学情境的运用2个角度,对课堂教学的设计和实施进行了反思。     

基于云班课实施即时反馈适应性教学的尝试——以初中化学复习课“酸的性质”为例

基于云班课,以初中化学复习课“酸的性质”教学为例,尝试JiTT教学模式,实现教与学间的即时互动、资源推送和作业任务,通过云服务实时记录学生的学习行为,实现过程性评价和个性化教学。     

《义务教育化学课程标准(2022年版)》解读——物质的组成与结构

“物质的组成与结构”是《义务教育化学课程标准(2022年版)》的五大学习主题之一,具有独特的育人价值与功能。分析了“物质的组成与结构”学习主题的素养发展功能,系统阐释了其内容要求、学业要求的特点和变化,并结合教学提示及当前初中化学有关物质组成与结构内容的教学现状提出了教学策略,为深入理解和实施新课标提供了指引。     

微课程教学的设计与应用:以初中化学为例

以初中化学教学为例,从目标的确定、内容的选择、策略的运用和评价的实施4个方面探索和总结微课程教学的设计。从正式学习和非正式学习的视角讨论了微课程教学的应用途径,以支持学生的个性化学习,将学习与生活高度整合,利用"碎片"时间进行在线学习或移动学习,促使学生产生"更加聚焦的学习体验"。     

知识发展、教材编排与学生学习的三序结合*——以“分子和原子”为例

“分子和原子”是九年级《化学》上册第三单元课题1的内容,是学生学习初中化学物质构成的启蒙。本文论述了“分子和原子”的知识研究发展顺序、教材编排顺序和学生学习顺序,针对该部分内容提出了在教学中三序结合的方式与建议。     

化学学科核心素养为本的高三化学深度复习*——以沉淀滴定为例

以沉淀滴定为例阐述在高三教学中进行化学学科核心素养为本的高三化学深度复习。分析了教学背景和复习目标,详细呈现了教学过程,并对教学效果进行了检测和反思。素养为本的高三化学深度复习关键是:创设真实情境,激发学习欲望;解决真实的问题,发展高阶思维;教、学、评一体化,促进素养提升。     

基于starC平台的初中化学双轨教学模式的探索

以starC云端一体化学习平台为基础,从双轨教学模式内涵出发,结合个人的教学应用实践,对基于starC平台的初中化学双轨教学模式进行了建构与探索,并通过一节“酸、碱、盐”复习课“奔跑吧酸碱盐”为例,阐述该教学模式的具体实施过程。以期为适应未来教育的发展趋势提供一些思考和借鉴。     

初中化学教学中培育社会责任素养*——以“燃料及其利用”复习教学为例

在分析“社会责任”素养内涵和研究现状的基础上,制订了初中化学“燃料及其利用”复习教学课的“社会责任”素养目标,并设计了以“秸秆综合利用的变迁”以及“历史悠久的薪柴燃料-使用方便的化石燃料-清洁环保的新型燃料”的燃料“进化史”为主线的教学流程。从“燃料及其利用”复习教学来看,初中化学教学可以通过真实情境、创新实验和有意义的学习经历等实践路径让学生获得“社会责任”体验,形成“社会责任”素养。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径--光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。