一种新的车牌字符快速识别方法

针对车牌字符图像的特点,在研究各种特征提取方法适用场合的基础上提出了改进的特征提取方法和字符识别方法。对于英文和数字,使用一种基于模板匹配和神经网络的车牌字符识别方法。该方法采用两级识别,第一级采用模板匹配识别差别明显的字符,第二级采用BP神经网络识别第一级不能确定的相似字符。对于汉字采用小波变换和LDA提取特征。该方法利用小波变换的特性最大程度地提取了字符图像的特征信息。实验结果表明此算法具有较高的识别率和较快的识别速度。     

字符多特征提取方法及其在车牌识别中的应用

针对车牌字符识别中大部分单一特征提取方法在字符识别上的局限性,提出了一种车牌字符多特征提取方法。在经过预处理后的车牌细化字符基础上提取字符4个侧面的笔画特征、拐点特征、轮廓累积特征及字符内部像素特征,构建出一个维度较低的特征向量集,然后分别采用支持向量机、K近邻算法、BP神经网络、径向基神经网络对陆丰高速公路实地拍摄的车牌图片进行测试并分别与模板匹配方法、网格法、基于小波矩方法比较,实验结果表明提出的车牌字符多特征提取方法识别率高,鲁棒性好。     

改进神经网络算法在车牌识别中的应用

研究现代智能交通管理中的车牌准确识别问题.由于车牌图像存在模糊不清、倾斜,分割后字符图像笔画粗细不均、断续不完整等特殊性,导致传统车牌识别算法识别速度慢、识别正确率低,不能适应车牌识别的实时性要求.为了提高车牌识别正确率,提出一种BP神经网络的车牌识别算法.该算法首先对车牌字符图像进行归一化处理,消除图像中无用信息,然后对车牌字符进行特征提取,消除笔画粗细不均、断续不完整等影响,再将提取车牌字符特征输入到BP神经网络进行学习和识别,并采用动量因子和自适应学习速率对BP神经网络进行改进,加快其收敛速度,从而提高识别的实时性.仿真结果表明,改进用BP神经网络提高了车牌识别正确率和识别速度,缩短了识别时间,适合于实时性强的智能交通管理系统应用.     

基于SCG-BP神经网络的车牌字符识别

针对传统BP网络算法存在车牌字符识别速度慢和准确率低的问题,提出了一种SCG优化的BP神经网络车牌字符识别的算法.通过对BP神经网络的输入和算法进行改进实现提高神经网络对字符的识别效率.对输入的优化是使用主成分分析法进行车牌字符特征提取,将提取的特征作为BP神经网络的输入.对算法的优化是使用成比例共轭梯度下降法寻找网络最优连接权重.仿真实验表明,SCG-BP神经网络大幅度缩短识别时间并且提高了准确率,确定隐含层神经元个数为110.该算法对车牌字符的识别率可以达到95％以上,取得结果达到预期,改进的算法有一定的实践可行性.     

一种基于BP神经网络的车牌字符分类识别方法

目前,车牌字符识别算法主要是基于模板匹配、特征匹配或神经网络的方法。本文根据车牌字符的特殊性,提出一种采用特征提取与BP神经网络学习算法相结合的分类识别技术,选取字符的粗网格特征作为字符的识别特征,以改进后的归一化字符原始特征直接输入到BP神经网络分类器中进行车牌字符识别研究。对于易混淆和相似的字符、汉字笔划粘连、字符偏移现象等都提出了自己的解决方法。实验结果说明,本方法可大幅提高车牌识别系统的正确识别率和抗干扰能力。     

基于在线序列极限学习机的车牌字符识别方法

当前基于神经网络方法的车牌字符识别技术都使用固定的训练样本,学习的效果受初始样本限制,对于识别过程中新出现的不同角度、光线等特征的字符图片不能自适应地学习。本文针对这个问题提出了基于在线序列极限学习机(OS-ELM)的车牌字符识别方法。在样本实时更新中使系统自适应调整网络权值,不断提高识别准确率。本文设计了汉字、字母、字母混合数字三个字符分类器,根据车牌字符的排列特征识别相应的字符。通过与传统ELM方法和BP神经网络法对比,结果证明该字符识别技术达到了较高的识别率,在训练速度上也比BP神经网络法提高了2~3个数量级。     

BP神经网络在车牌字符识别中的应用研究

研究车牌字符识别问题,针对传统神经网络在车牌字符识别存在识别准确率低、效率低的问题,提出了一种基于改进神经网络的车牌字符识别方法.该方法首先采用Gabor滤波器提取车牌字符的特征,PCA降维处理消除车牌字符特征之间的冗余信息,然后采用改进的神经网络对提取特征进行训练得到最优识别模型,最后利用最优模型对车牌字符进行识别.仿真实验表明,数字及字母的识别准确率达95.0%以上,汉字的识别准确率达93.1%,与传统识别方法相比,识别准确率和识别速度都有了较大的改进,该方法在车牌识别的应用有着广泛的前景.     

一种基于字符分割与字符识别的LPR方法

对车牌识别(LPR)系统中字符分割与字符识别方法进行探讨.根据车牌字符的特点,首先利用投影法采用水平扫描和垂直扫描进行字符分割,接着对字符图像进行归一化处理,实现对字符的完全分割.在此基础上,利用BP神经网络识别算法实现车牌字符的识别,从而提高系统的识别速度和识别率.数字仿真的识别结果验证了该方法的正确性和有效性.     

一种基于BP神经网络的车牌字符识别算法

车牌识别系统是智能交通中的一个重要分支,本文针对传统的模板匹配算法存在识别准确率低的问题,提出了一种基于神经网络的车牌字符识别算法。该方法对分割、归一化后的字符进行特征提取获取其特征向量,把这个特征向量送到BP网络中进行训练,可以得到训练好的权值,以此权值对车牌字符进行识别。实验表明,本算法对车牌图像的识别率达90%以上。     

基于改进BP网络的车牌字符识别方法研究

针对传统BP算法在车牌字符识别速度较慢和识别准确率较低的问题,提出一种改进的BP网络车牌字符识别方法。通过对BP算法的输入特征数优化,在不降低识别精度的情况下精简了输入层节点数,提升了识别速度。改进后的BP算法采用全参数自动调整,引入自适应学习率、动量因子、坡度因子,增加了BP算法的识别精度;同时通过更好的利用车牌字符特征和BP网络特征,降低了算法结构的复杂性,增强了算法的鲁棒性。实验结果表明,该算法在实际采集的自建整副车牌数据集上的识别率上比传统BP神经网络车牌识别算法提高近6.5%;在识别速度上提高近1.3 s。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).