Catalytic oxidation of hydrogen sulphide by air over an activated carbon fibre

Activated carbon fiber (ACF), FN-200CF-15, made from coal tar, oxidized hydrogen sulphide effectively to sulphuric acid at an inlet concentration of 200 ppm and space velocity (SV = flow rate/packing volume) of 100 h⁻¹ (sulphur load 11 g-S/day kg-fiber) for one and a half months only by keeping the moisture content of ACF more than 50%. This phenomenon is different from granular activated carbon (GAC) reported previously.     

Catalytic wet air oxidation of aqueous solution of 2-chlorophenol over Ru/zirconia catalysts

Ru loaded zirconia catalysts (Ru/ZrO₂) were found to be active in the catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) at relatively mild temperature. To optimize the reaction conditions, the effects of different operating parameters, such as the rotation speed, the reaction temperature, the total pressure, the initial concentration and the pH of the initial 2-CP solution on the catalytic activity of 3 wt.% Ru/ZrO₂ were evaluated. The activation energy for the CWAO of 2-CP over Ru/ZrO₂ was calculated to be 36 kJ mol⁻¹. The 2-CP removal rate is zero order with respect to the initial 2-CP concentration. The CWAO of 2-CP changes from first order (oxygen diffusion control) to zero order (kinetic control) with respect to the oxygen partial pressure when the total pressure is higher than 4 MPa. The conversion of 2-CP increases with the pH of the initial 2-CP solution. The dechlorination reaction is promoted at higher pH. However, too high pH limits the total mineralization of 2-CP because the adsorption of the reaction intermediates is hindered. It was also confirmed that Ru(NO)(NO₃)₃ is better than RuCl₃ to act as a ruthenium precursor.     

Catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol using active carbon: performance of discontinuous and continuous reactors

Catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) of an aqueous phenol solution using active carbon (AC) as catalytic material was compared for a slurry and trickle bed reactor. Semi‐batchwise experiments were carried out in a slurry reactor in the absence of external and internal mass transfer. Trickle‐bed runs were conducted under the same conditions of temperature and pressure. Experimental results from the slurry reactor study showed that the phenol removal rate significantly increased with temperature and phenol concentration, whereas partial oxygen pressure had little effect. Thus, at conditions of 160 °C and 0.71 MPa of oxygen partial pressure, almost complete phenol elimination was achieved within 2 h for an initial phenol concentration of 2.5 g dm^?3. Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, the slurry reactor performed at much higher initial rates with respect to phenol removal than the trickle bed reactor, both for a fresh active carbon and an aged active carbon, previously used for 50 h in the trickle bed reactor, but mineralisation was found to be much lower in the slurry reactor. Mass transfer limitations, ineffective catalyst wetting or preferential flow in the trickle bed alone cannot explain the drastic difference in the phenol removal rate. It is likely that the slurry system also greatly favours the formation of condensation polymers followed by their irreversible adsorption onto the AC surface, thereby progressively preventing the phenol molecules to be oxidised. Thus, the application of this type of reactor in CWAO has to be seriously questioned when aiming at complete mineralisation of phenol. Furthermore, any kinetic study of phenol oxidation conducted in a batch slurry reactor may not be useful for the design and scale‐up of a continuous trickle bed reactor. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Regeneration of spent activated carbon by wet air oxidation

The regeneration of activated carbon was studied using the wet air oxidation process in the temperature range of 150–240°C and oxygen partial pressure range of 0.2 to 1.0 MPa. Phenol was used as substrate. The overall mechanism of regeneration has been analysed and the different steps taking place during the regeneration process were individually investigated. Kinetics of oxidation of phenol and oxygen mass transfer coefficients have been estimated in the ranges of temperature and pressure studied. Oxidative degeneration characteristics of activated carbon were also studied. The conditions of temperature and pressure have been found at which the extent of regeneration is favourable.     

改性活性炭脱除二氧化碳中的微量苯

将工业废气中的CO2回收利用,使之变废为宝具有重要的意义。研究了活性炭(AC)分别经湿氧化和N2还原改性后对苯吸附性能,并测定了改性活性炭的孔结构和表面官能团。结果表明,AC经N2还原改性能增大其比表面积,减少表面含氧官能团,增强其表面非极性,有利于苯的吸附。孔径分布是影响苯吸附的主要因素,吸附剂的孔径分布在0.6nm范围内时,有利于对苯的吸附。     

微波诱导活性炭纤维氧化处理亚甲基蓝废水

以活性炭纤维为催化剂,采用微波诱导氧化工艺处理亚甲基蓝废水,考察了活性炭纤维用量、微波辐射时间、溶液浓度、pH值、盐含量、过氧化氢加入量等因素对处理效果的影响。结果表明,0.05 g活性炭纤维与400 mg/L 25 mL废水混合,在微波功率1 000 W,辐射时间120 s的条件下,亚甲基蓝的去除率达到98.2%,pH、盐和过氧化氢加入量对处理效果有不同的影响。微波诱导氧化、活性炭纤维吸附、单独微波辐射和沸水浴加热四种不同工艺的对比实验表明,微波诱导氧化工艺具有明显的优越性,不会对环境造成二次污染,机理是通过吸附和高温氧化协同作用。氧化动力学过程符合一级反应规律。活性炭纤维催化活性随着使用时间增加而减弱,连续使用29 min,催化能力几乎消失。     

Direct oxidation of hydrogen sulphide to sulphur using impregnated activated carbon catalysts

Low concentrations of H₂S were directly oxidized to sulphur and small quantities of SO₂, over seven different activated carbons with or without impregnation. The effectiveness of virgin activated carbon was tested at 175°C, 700 kPa, and O₂/H₂S ratio with 5% greater than stoichiometry. The conversion of H₂S was 99.9 mol% with SO₂ production of 3–6%, for 360 min runtime for Fisher coconut shell activated carbon and 648 min for Envirotrol bituminous (EB) activated carbon. Then the activated carbons became deactivated due to deposition of sulphur on the surface. Under these conditions mesoporous activated carbons such as EB and Hydrodarco had the longest breakthrough time. The addition of 5.5 wt% ammonium iodide, potassium iodide and potassium carbonate individually to EB decreased the production of SO₂ while having minimal effect on the overall H₂S conversion. The addition of 5.5 wt% NH₄I decreased the average SO₂ production from 2.5% to 0.9%. The activation energy for the H₂S oxidation on the 5.5 wt% NH₄I on EB activated carbon was determined to be 40 kJ/mol.     

Catalytic oxidation of hydrogen sulphide on activated carbons

Activated carbon is a suitable adsorbent for removal of hydrogen sulphide from natural, synthesis or other product gases. The process depends predominantly on physical adsorption, though catalytic oxidation is also involved. During catalytic oxidation the H₂S is converted in the presence of oxygen to elemental sulphur, which is adsorbed onto the internal surface of the activated carbon, thus leading to a sulphur load of up to 120% by weight. The oxidation rate depends on the partial pressure of both reactants, H₂S and O₂ and is largely controlled by the characteristics of the activated carbon. The activity of the catalyst can be improved by impregnating the activated carbon with promoters such as iron and iodine. The regeneration of spent carbon is currently carried out using hot gas desorption methods at temperatures around 450 °C.     

改性活性炭催化过硫酸盐处理甲基橙废水

为获得低成本、高效率的偶氮染料废水处理方法,采用改性活性炭催化过硫酸盐(PS)氧化降解甲基橙染料废水。通过单因素实验分别研究改性活性炭、PS及Fe²⁺浓度对甲基橙降解的影响,降解过程遵循拟一级动力学模型,反应速率常数为0.0757~1.7178 min^-1。采用Box-BehnkenDesign响应面研究各因素及其交互作用对甲基橙降解的影响,各因素贡献排序为:催化剂投加量>PS浓度>Fe²⁺浓度,最佳反应条件:催化剂投加量为0.73 g/L、PS浓度为2.0 mmol/L、Fe²⁺浓度为1.08 mol/L。对改性活性炭催化PS氧化降解甲基橙染料废水的机理进行探究,电子顺磁共振波谱实验表明降解体系中存在羟基自由基和硫酸根自由基,自由基猝灭实验表明改性活性炭表面的羟基自由基在甲基橙降解过程中起重要作用。     

Catalytic wet air oxidation of low molecular weight carboxylic acids using a carbon supported platinum catalyst

Aqueous solutions of low molecular weight carboxylic acids, such as acetic, propionic and butyric acids, were treated by catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) using a carbon supported platinum catalyst. Oxidation in the presence of the catalyst, in a stirred reactor, was carried out at 200°C and 6.9 bar of oxygen partial pressure, with conversions (after 2 h) ranging from 59.4 to 75%, and selectivities to gaseous products of up to 100%. Initial rates for conversion varied from 184 (butyric acid) to 260 mmol h⁻¹ g_Pt⁻¹ (propionic acid). The activation energy for butyric acid conversion was found to be 56.7 kJ mol⁻¹.     

活性炭强化臭氧氧化丙烯酸及酯废水的研究

生化后的丙烯酸及酯废水COD为550 mg/L,需进行深度处理才能达标排放。研究了活性炭强化的臭氧氧化工艺对该废水的处理效能,考察了废水碱度、活性炭装填高度、臭氧浓度和废水柱外循环流量对COD去除率的影响。实验结果表明,在最佳条件下反应2 h,废水COD可降至35 mg/L,达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)中的一级标准要求。     

Wet oxidation of phenol, cresols and nitrophenols catalyzed by activated carbon in acid and basic media

A commercial activated carbon, Industrial React FE01606A, was used as catalyst in the wet oxidation, in both acid and basic media, of phenolic pollutants, such as phenol, cresols and nitrophenols, currently found in industrial wastewaters. Reaction runs were carried out in a fixed-bed reactor (FBR) with concurrent upflow by feeding a 1000 mg L⁻¹ aqueous solution on each pollutant concurrently with a gas oxygen flow. Temperature and oxygen pressure of the reactor were set to 160 °C and 16 bar, respectively. The basic medium was maintained by using 500 ppm sodium bicarbonate as buffer reagent to keep the pH in the range 7–8. The initial pH 3.5 was set by adding sulphuric acid. Oxidation intermediates were identified and their distribution with respect to the pollutant oxidation progress was measured. Utilizing these results, oxidation routes for each phenolic compound were deduced. The intermediates produced were diverse in acid and basic media and their composition explains the evolution of the corresponding toxicity measured at the reactor effluent. While under acidic conditions hydroxybenzoic acids, dihydroxyl benzenes and quinones were obtained as primary products, these last two compounds (more toxic than the original pollutant) were not detected in basic conditions, and with such media lower toxicities at the reactor exit were obtained. Moreover, the catalyst was found to be stable in the time range studied (300 h).     

活性炭负载催化剂臭氧催化氧化处理印染废水研究

以堇青石蜂窝陶瓷、硅藻土、活性氧化铝和活性炭作为载体、金属氧化物(FexOy、CuO、NiO、MnxOy、BaO)作为催化活性组分,对臭氧催化氧化印染废水进行了试验对比,并对影响载铁型活性炭催化剂臭氧催化氧化印染废水的因素进行了研究。结果表明,载铁型的催化剂活性相对较高,当焙烧温度为750℃时,催化性能最好。利用载铁型活性炭催化剂,在臭氧质量浓度为10mg/L、pH值为6、反应时间为60min的条件下,催化氧化具有最佳的效果,COD去除率达86%;催化剂的重复利用性好,连续使用12次,COD的去除率仍可达64%。     

活性炭负载铁催化剂催化氧化聚乙烯醇废水

为解决膜技术处理聚乙烯醇(PVA)废水时出现的膜材料孔道堵塞、设备反洗频繁等问题,以等体积浸渍法制备了Fe/活性炭(AC)催化剂,并采用H_2O_2催化氧化法预处理PVA模拟废水。结果表明,Fe/AC催化剂在H_2O_2催化氧化PVA废水工艺中能够高效降解水中的PVA,将0.2 g Fe/AC催化剂和4 m L H_2O_2加入到200 m L质量浓度为500 mg/L的PVA模拟废水中,PVA去除率达到91%。     

金属负载活性炭催化氧化处理印染废水

用自制金属负载活性炭催化剂(Cu/AC、Fe/AC、N i/AC、Mn/AC)对印染废水进行了空气和C lO2催化氧化实验比较,并对影响催化氧化效果的几个因素:不同活性成分、pH值、反应时间、催化剂投加量进行了分析。结果表明:在pH为5~7、反应时间为60 m in、载铜活性炭催化剂投加量6 g/L、C lO2投加量40 mg/L时,催化氧化效果最佳,CODC r去除率可达80%以上。     

Fenton试剂再生活性炭的试验研究

采用Fenton试剂再生被苯酚吸附饱和的活性炭,研究H2O2和Fe2+的投加量、pH值、温度、振荡速率、反应时间等因素对再生效果的影响,并确定最佳再生条件.试验结果表明,当H2O2投加量为7.5mL、FE2+投加量为400mg/L、反应pH值为3、温度为25℃、振荡速率300r/min、反应时间60min时,再生活性炭...     

The effect of K addition on Au/activated carbon for CO selective oxidation in hydrogen-rich gas

The effect of K addition on Au/Activated carbon (AC) catalyst for CO selective oxidation in hydrogen-rich gas was investigated in this paper. It was found that K addition resulted in activity promotion for selective CO oxidation. The results of XRD and XPS characterization indicated that K addition produced the highly dispersed Au species and retarded the sintering of Au species on the catalyst surface during the reaction.     

活性炭纤维氧化改性后的脱硫性能

为了将活性炭纤维（ACF）应用于空调领域实现新风的过滤优化以及提高吸附极性分子SO₂的效率,对ACF进行液相氧化改性制成了具有极性的折叠式复合体滤网,并进行了SEM、BET和FTIR分析;搭建了直流式系统实验台,选用甲醛吸收-副玫瑰苯胺分光光度法检测室外空气进入滤网前后SO₂的浓度,定量研究了在不同初始SO₂浓度下改性前后滤网的动态脱硫效率。结果表明：① ACF经HNO₃氧化改性处理后,表面微观结构有显著变化,比表面积、孔容、孔径分别由653.70m²/g、0.43cm³/g、2.64nm降低至488.84m²/g、0.32cm³/g、2.58nm,O—H和C—O的透射率分别由96%、95%降低至65.5%、75%,即表面酸性含氧官能团（羟基、羧基和醚基）含量增加;② 改性前后ACF对低浓度SO₂的平均动态脱硫效率分别为33%和75%,即改性后ACF的表面极性增强,滤网的动态脱硫效率提高了42%,应用于空调过滤网可有效改善室内空气品质。     

用于降低卷烟烟气中CO含量的Pd-Cu/活性炭催化剂

用浸渍法制备用于降低卷烟烟气中CO含量的Pd-Cu/活性炭催化剂,考察该催化剂对模拟卷烟烟气[4.4%CO-4.2%H2O-19.2%O2-72.2%N2(体积分数)]中的CO常温催化氧化性能,研究催化剂活性组分及其负载量、催化剂栽体、原料气中CO浓度和气体空速对催化剂的CO常温氧化活性的影响.研究表明,生产成本较低的...