New analysis of the Pleistocene carnivores from Petralona Cave (Macedonia, Greece) based on the Collection of the Thessaloniki Aristotle University

New taxonomic study of the “old collection” of Carnivora from Petralona Cave, associated to the well-known hominid skull, housed in the Geology School of the Thessaloniki Aristotle University since 1960, revealed 11 species (Canis arnensis, Lycaon lycaonoides, Vulpes praeglacialis, Ursus deningeri, U. spelaeus, U. arctos, Pliocrocuta perrieri, Pachycrocuta brevirostris, Crocuta crocuta, Panthera leo spelaea, and Felis silvestris), which are described in detail. The species composition is typical of the eastern part of the European Mediterranean and may be divided into three biostratigraphic assemblages: early Middle Pleistocene, late Middle Pleistocene and Late Pleistocene.     

华北更新世人类环境(英文)

三十年来古人类学及其密切相关学科的发展,特别是近十年来,在西藏、周口店、黄土高原及东部沿海平原多学科研究取得的丰硕成果,为进一步认识和研究我国原始人类的生活环境,提供了良好的基础。
文中所谓“华北“,指秦岭、淮河一线以北,包括西北、内蒙、东北、山西、河北、山东以及河南和江苏部分地区。
我国北方已发现含有人类化石的第四纪哺乳动物群大约有30个。通过分析各动物群的组成、所含各生活类型的比例以及南北过渡动物群地理位置变化等并参考其他学科的研究成果表明:在更新世期间,中国北方的原始人类是生活在青藏高原急剧隆起、西高东低的山川大势逐渐形成、气候总的趋于干冷而又具多旋回的自然环境中。
距今约110—100万年,中国北方最早出现的公王岭蓝田人,生活在温暖、近乎亚热带的森林环境中;距今70—50万年的陈家窝蓝田人,生活在一个全球性(距今90—70万年的贡兹)冰期之后的干凉气候下的草原环境;距今约50—30万年,对北方的原始人类来说,是一个温和适宜的生活时期。先后出现了北京人、庙后山人、骑子鞍山人、大荔人等。但是在他们生活的后期,华北的气候又趋于干冷;距今14—10万年,在华北又是一个温暖湿润的时期。距今10万年以后,华北的气候进一步趋向干冷。其间有两个冷峰(距今约6万年和1.5万年）和一个相对湿润（距今约5-3万年的阶段。许家窑人、丁村人出现在第一个冷峰阶段 。 河套人、长武人、径川人、小孤山人等生活在两个冷峰之间,峙峪人、安图人、阎家岗人、青山头人生活在第二个冷峰（也即更新世以来华北最寒冷的）阶段。 距今约1万年, 华北气侯开始回暖, 山顶洞人、扎责诺尔人 … …相继出现。     

大同市小站的旧石器

本文记述了1984年在山西省大同市小站试掘和采集的石制品432件。石器特征和许家窑与峙峪遗址的类似。根据地层和文化遗物的特征,初步确定遗址的时代可能为晚更新世后期,即旧石器时代晚期。     

山西曲沃县西沟新发现的旧石器

本文分析了朝阳西沟遗址出土的石制品、动物化石和人牙化石,并考虑到遗址的地层、地貌、年代学和孢粉分析的资料,西沟遗址的石器工业在技术传统上与许家窑、峙峪文化较为接近;但同时也存在一些丁村文化的成分。其时代为晚更新世,距今约5万年。当时这一带属温带半干旱气候的疏林草原环境。     

安徽巢县发现的人类枕骨化石和哺乳动物化石

1982年在安徽巢县银山发现的化石材料表明,该地点下部堆积的时代为早更新世,上部堆积的时代相当于北京猿人地点的1—4层或稍晚。一块人类枕骨化石出自上部堆积,代表一青年女性个体,很可能是属于早期智人的杭骨。该地点的动物群具有东洋界和古北界的色彩。     

鸽子洞的人类化石

鸽子洞遗址经过1973和1975发掘,发现大量石制品、用火遗迹和动物化石。笔者在鸽子洞所出的动物碎骨中拣出三件人类化石,它们的形态特征及尺寸都和现代人没有区别,属发展阶段的晚期智人,地质时代为晚更新世晚期。     

我国更新世两属鬣狗(Hyaena,Crocuta)的关系与分类

多数学者认为,更新世的两属鬣狗与现生两属鬣狗相比,化石Hyaena不同于现生Hya-ena,而与Crocuta更为相近。本文结合近年来采集的新材料的研究,进一步论证了化石Hya-ena与Crocuta的密切关系,并且赞成把我国的Hyaena licenti和H.sinensis的属名订正为Pachycrocuta。     

山东淄博第四纪裂隙动物群

简要记述产自山东淄博孙家山裂隙群的主要哺乳动物化石,将之分为A、B、C三个动物群。A动物群时代与周口店第18地点相当,为早更新世早期;B动物群时代与周口店第9地点相当,为早更新世晚期;C动物群则可能与周口店第1地点中上部层位的时代相当,为中更新世中晚期。分析不同种类的生态类型并依据最小个体数的统计结果,认为早更新世早期本区为相对温湿的草原环境,附近可能有荒漠化现象;早更新世晚期气候较为温湿,无荒漠化现象;中晚更新世主要为林缘—灌丛环境,气候更为湿润。A动物群是华北地区早更新世早期特有的动物群,略具南北过渡区的特征;B动物群初具现代动物区系的面貌;C动物群基本与现代动物区系一致。     

Phylogeography of Parnassius apollo: hints on taxonomy and conservation of a vulnerable glacial butterfly invader

Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus, 1758) is probably the most renowned Eurasian montane butterfly. Its specialized ecology makes it very sensitive to habitat and climate changes, so that it is now experiencing range contraction and local extinction across most of its range. We sequenced 869 bp of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase I gene in 78 P. apollo populations (201 individuals) in order to: (1) assess the phylogeographic pattern of the species; (2) shed light on the historical biogeographic processes that shaped the distribution of the species; and (3) identify geographic population units of special value for the conservation of the species' genetic diversity. Our analyses revealed a very strong phylogeographic structure in P. apollo, which displays a number of distinctive mtDNA lineages populating geographically distinct areas. Overall sequence divergence is relatively shallow, and is consistent with a recent (late Pleistocene) colonization of most of the range. We propose that P. apollo is best viewed as an atypical glacial invader in southern and western Europe, the isolated, montane populations of which, threatened by climate warming, retain a large fraction of the species evolutionary heritage. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101 , 169–183.     

山东沂源猿人化石

本文记述了山东省沂源县骑子鞍山出土的一件人类头盖骨残片和七枚牙齿化石。它们的形态特征与北京猿人相似,在分类系统上应属直立人,与人类化石伴生的哺乳动物群的性质与周口店动物群相同,地质时代为中更新世。     

我国更新世长臂猿化石的初步研究

通过对广西长臂猿牙齿化石的形态观察,更新世时期至少有两种长臂猿生存于我国,即Hylobates concolor,Hylobates hoolock,这两种均系我国现生长臂猿种类。其中黑长臂猿牙齿的性状,在不同时期的变化甚小,保留了较多的祖先型。由于长臂猿对森林环境的依赖,使它成为探讨更新世时期森林环境的最好指示动物之一。它们在时间分布上,从更新世早期一直延续到全新世。在空间分布上,都较现生者更为广泛。     

蔚县盆地2019-2020年旧石器考古调查

作为广义泥河湾盆地的重要组成部分,蔚县盆地也曾是更新世期间古人类生存活动的重要地区。2019-2020年度在蔚县盆地开展了新一轮的旧石器考古调查工作,发现并确认18处旧石器和动物化石地点,获得35件石制品以及少量动物化石。从文化遗存的出露层位来看,泥河湾河湖相地层和黄土堆积是遗物埋藏的主要地貌部位。石制品类型包括石锤、石核(含细石核)、废片和工具;原料以火山岩、燧石和石英岩为主;石核剥片和工具修理均主要采用锤击法。技术类型总体上包含了简单石核石片技术和细石叶技术两套组合。结合相关地貌、地层对比资料以及石制品的类型特征,初步推测新地点的时代分别为中更新世和晚更新世,其中含细石叶技术制品地点的年代应为晚更新世晚期。     

萨拉乌苏组中发现的肿骨鹿化石

作者认为在萨拉乌苏组中发现的下颌骨肿厚的鹿类化石,与周口店第1地点的肿骨鹿化石较为接近,建议将它归于肿骨鹿。     

Mandible and Taxonomy of the Earliest European Homo

Although variability of the mandible makes it problematic for taxonomy, the holotypes of three of the oldest European species, Home georgicus, H. antecessor, H. heidelbergensis, are mandibles. Moreover, the distinctive validity of these three species cannot be established from these particular mandibles. The holotype of H. georgicus is pathological and similar to H. erectus in some important features, while others features are so widely spread that they are of little taxonomic value. H. antecessor shows juvenile mandibular features which are chronologically and geographically widespread, and similarities with H. pekinensis do not appear significant. The mandible from Mauer, H. heidelbergensis, is generally plesiomorphic, but similar to Neanderthals in a few important features. Neanderthals are a highly peculiar human group from the anatomical, geographical and chronological points of view. They are genetically different from H. sapiens and they seem to emerge in Europe during Middle Pleistocene. Mauer could be one of their earliest representatives.     

蔚县盆地2017-2018年旧石器考古调查简报

蔚县盆地地处泥河湾盆地（广义）的东南端,是更新世人类活动的重要区域。2017-2018年,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所等在盆地内开展系统的旧石器考古调查,新发现并确认了27处旧石器地点。相关地貌、地层对比显示,新地点年代可大致分为中更新世和晚更新世晚期两个阶段,文化遗物分别埋藏于泥河湾河湖相堆积和黄土堆积中。中更新世石制品类型包括石核、石片、石器和断块等,原料以火山岩为主,均采用锤击法进行剥片和修理石器;晚更新世晚期遗址包括石核、石片和细石叶等,原料以白云岩和燧石居多,火山岩次之,以硬锤锤击法为主要剥片技术,软锤技术少量发现。对石制品初步分析表明,蔚县盆地中更新世地点表现出了一套与阳原盆地早-中更新世不同的原料及石制品组合,且在蔚县盆地晚更新世晚期存在小型石片石器和细石器两种工业。本次调查扩大了泥河湾盆地古人类活动的地理范围与文化内涵,为揭示泥河湾盆地（广义）早期人类的迁徙与适应行为提供了有价值的线索。     

Variation and evolutionary trends in the dentition of late pleistocene Mcrotus pennsylvanicus from three levels in bell cave,Alabama

Dental remains of the meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus, were recovered from three superposed day units (zones) and four excavations (pits) in Bell Cave, Alabama. Bone collagen ¹⁴C dates of 26,500 + 480/ ‐ 500 and 11,800 + 480/‐ 500 yr BP. are associated with the bottom and top units, respectively. Length, width, number of closed triangles (five or six), and a measurement to determine the amount of closure of the sixth triangle were taken on the first lower molar (M₁) from the three zones in Pits 1 and 4. Length and width of the third upper molar (M₃) were also determined for the three zones in Pit 4. Analysis of Variance revealed no effect of pit origin or number of triangles on M₁ length or width. A trend from large to small size in M³ is documented, but is not statistically significant The same trend is evidenced by length and width of M₁. Size changes in length and width of M₁ from Pit 4 are statistically significant, but those from Pit 1 are not Although there is no difference in the lengths or widths of five versus six triangle M¹s from any pit or zone, there may be a trend towards increase in isolation of the sixth triangle from the remainder of the anteroconid complex. This trend is statistically significant for zone when ANOVA is performed on the variable, called closure, including both pit and zone origin, but is not significant when teeth from each pit are tested separately. An independent test of the length of M₁ from additional zones in Pits 2 and 3 confirms the low probability that directional size change is due to accidental sorting of fossil materials. These data demonstrate statistically significant intraspecific differences during a 15,000 year period of the late Pleistocene, and also provide evidence of variation that can be expected due to the combined effects of depositional reorganization, sampling and either stochastic processes or selection. The slight dwarfing recorded, while not particularly supportive of any evolutionary mode, may be correlated with climatic modification during the Wisconsinan glacial period. The evolutionary rate of dwarfing, as measured by mean reduction in length of the first lower molar, is 4.47 darwins. Although faster than many rates for fossil vertebrates and invertebrates calculated over longer periods of time, it is probably not unusual for Quaternary mammals during the time interval represented.     

云南省迪庆州更新世早期哺乳类化石的发现

本文简述横断山脉中段中甸尼西的哺乳类化石九种,能鉴定到种一级的只有1/3,其中(亻莫)鼠是新种.