EFFECT OF DISSOLVED SODIUM CHLORIDE SALT ON THE LIQUID-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA OF THE TERNARY SYSTEM ISOPROPYL ETHER-ACETIC ACID-WATER

The effect of the addition of the salt sodium chloride on the liquid-liquid equilibrium data of the ternary system isopropyl ether-acetic acid-water has been experimentally investigated at 30°C. Both the solubility (bimodal) curve and the tie-line have been determined for three salt concentrations. The addition of sodium chloride salt enhances the distribution of acetic acid in ether layer. The tie-line data have been correlated by Othmer and Tobias and Hand plots. The ternary solubility and tie-line data at 30°C for this system in the absence of salt have also been experimentally obtained in this work.     

SALT EFFECT IN LIQUID-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA OF ACETIC ACID-WATER-BENZENE SYSTEM

The effect of sodium sulphate, potassium-sulphate and potassium chloride on the distribution of acetic acid between benzene and water at 35°C is reported. Distribution data of the three quaternaries have been determined at salt saturation and unsaturation in each case, as well as the basic ternary in the absence of salt at that temperature. The simple method of Setschenov is used to correlate the distribution data for the salt effect. All the three salts studied are found to have salting out effect for acetic acid in varying degrees.     

MEASUREMENT AND CORRELATION OF LIQUID-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA FOR TERNARY SYSTEMS OF WATER+RUBIDIUM CHLORIDE+PROPANOL

Liquid-liquid equilibria for ternary systems of water + rubidium chloride + 1-propanol and water + rubidium chloride + 2-propanol were measured at T = 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K. The experimental data were correlated using Othmer-Tobias and Bancroft correlations. The salting-out effect of 1-propanol in the two-liquid region was greater than that for 2-propanol, but the effect of temperature on the equilibrium was not significant.     

EFFECT OF DISSOLVED INORGANIC SALTS ON THE VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA AND ENTHALPY OF MIXING OF THE METHANOL-ETHYL ACETATE SYSTEM

The effect of three inorganic chloride salts, namely, sodium chloride, calcium chloride and zinc chloride on the vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) and heat of mixing (h.o.m) of the methanol-ethyl acetate system has been investigated under the atmospheric conditions of 760 ± 3 mm Hg pressure. In the experimentation for VLE a Smith and Bonner type equilibrium still was used while in h.o.m. determination a calorimeter connected to a microprocessor-based control unit (MIPROC) which displays digitally the heat of mixing values in calories was employed. All the three salts dissolved to various concentration levels in the solvent mixture brought about a decrease in the azeotropic composition (expressed in terms of mole fraction of methanol) from 0.75 to values like 0.50, 0.37 and 0.18 depending upon the salt added and its concentration level. The salts sodium chloride and calcium chloride which are more soluble in methanol have been found to salt-in that component but with a peculiarity in that, in methanol-rich region the salting-in effect was substantial while in the methanol-lean region it is only marginal. The addition of salt zinc chloride which is more soluble in ethyl acetate results in an anomalous behaviour.

As for the salt effect on h.o.m., the addition of calcium chloride brought about a significant enhancement in the h.o.m values while the salts sodium chloride and zinc chloride (which could be added only to about 5% by weight concentration due to the experimental difficulties) entailed a decrease and lateral shift respectively in the h.o.m. values.

The VLE and h.o.m data which were found to be thermodynamically consistent have been correlated respectively by NRTL, Wilson and by a model similar to the Scatchard series type equation.     

SALT EFFECT IN HEAT OF MIXING: EFFECT OF DISSOLVED SALTS ON THE HEAT OF MIXING OF 2-PROPANOL-BENZENE SYSTEM

The effect of three dissolved salts namely sodium chloride, calcium chloride and zinc chloride on the heat of mixing (endothermic) of the binary system 2-propanol-benzene has been experimentally investigated. The salts were dissolved in the component in which they were preferentially soluble to concentrations up to 15% by weight wherever possible. The experimentation was done at 30°C using a standard type calorimeter attached to a micro-processor based control unit M1PROC The established experimental procedure was followed. The salts sodium chloride and zinc chloride brought about an enhancement in the heat of mixing values. Calcium chloride on the other hand has been found to produce an opposite effect.     

PHASE-TRANSFER CATALYZED BENZOYLATION OF 4-CHLORO-3-METHYLPHENOL SODIUM SALT IN LIQUID-LIQUID SYSTEM

The reaction of sodium 4-chloro-3-methylphenoxide (ArONa) and benzoyl chloride (ROCl) to synthesize 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl benzoate (ArOOR) was investigated by liquid-liquid phase-transfer catalysis in the present study. The catalytic intermediate was synthesized and its behaviors during the reaction were explored. The product yield was above 97.2% within 0.5 h of reaction at 10°C and 100 rpm using tetrabutylammonium bromide as the catalyst. The benzoylation reaction was governed by the interfacial reaction and the intrinsic reaction in the bulk phase. During the reaction, a fraction (0.55-0.65) of the catalyst was observed in the form of catalytic intermediate, tetrabutylammonium 4-chloro-3-methylphenoxide (ArOQ), and its concentration would be near constant after 6 min of induction period. A reaction mechanism and pseudo-first-order kinetics were proposed to describe this phase-transfer catalyzed benzoylation successfully. Extra additions of NaCl and NaBr in the aqueous phase would increase the concentration of ArOQ in the organic phase to enhance the overall reaction, while a poison effect was observed for extra addition of NaI. A more hydrophilic catalyst, tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate, was also favorable to conduct this type of interfacial intrinsic reaction with the apparent activation energy 7.13 kcal/mol.     

PHASE-TRANSFER CATALYZED BENZOYLATION OF 4-CHLORO-3-METHYLPHENOL SODIUM SALT IN LIQUID-LIQUID SYSTEM

The reaction of sodium 4-chloro-3-methylphenoxide (ArONa) and benzoyl chloride (ROCl) to synthesize 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl benzoate (ArOOR) was investigated by liquid-liquid phase-transfer catalysis in the present study. The catalytic intermediate was synthesized and its behaviors during the reaction were explored. The product yield was above 97.2% within 0.5 h of reaction at 10°C and 100 rpm using tetrabutylammonium bromide as the catalyst. The benzoylation reaction was governed by the interfacial reaction and the intrinsic reaction in the bulk phase. During the reaction, a fraction (0.55–0.65) of the catalyst was observed in the form of catalytic intermediate, tetrabutylammonium 4-chloro-3-methylphenoxide (ArOQ), and its concentration would be near constant after 6 min of induction period. A reaction mechanism and pseudo-first-order kinetics were proposed to describe this phase-transfer catalyzed benzoylation successfully. Extra additions of NaCl and NaBr in the aqueous phase would increase the concentration of ArOQ in the organic phase to enhance the overall reaction, while a poison effect was observed for extra addition of NaI. A more hydrophilic catalyst, tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate, was also favorable to conduct this type of interfacial intrinsic reaction with the apparent activation energy 7.13 kcal/mol.     

水、4-甲基-2-戊酮、4-甲基-2-戊醇三元体系汽液平衡和液液平衡的研究

用改进的双循环平衡釜测定了水、4-甲基-2-戊酮、4-甲基-2戊醇三元体系常压下的汽液平衡,将实测值与由二元体系以NRTL模型推算的三元体系汽液平衡计算值进行了比较,结果比较吻合.提出了一种改进的平衡釜用以测定常压、沸点下该体系的液液平衡.     

2,3-二氯丙烯-环氧氯丙烷-水三元体系液液平衡

测定了2,3-二氯丙烯(1)-环氧氯丙烷(2)-水(3)三元体系于20.0、30.0、58.3、67.9和77.4℃5个温度下的液液平衡数据,并用UNIQUAC方程进行了关联,取得了较满意的结果。     

乙醇-苯乙烯-水三元体系液-液相平衡

引　言苯乙烯在温度高于 90℃时极易发生自聚 ,因此在其分离和精制过程中 ,需要采用较高的精馏真空度和加入一些特殊的高效阻聚剂 ,操作的工艺条件较为苛刻 .由于苯乙烯能分别与乙醇和水形成二元共沸物[1] 且在苯乙烯 -乙醇 -水三元相图中能形成一对液 -液部分互溶区 ,因此 ,有可能利用共沸精馏与水析相结合的新工艺来精制和分离苯乙烯[2 ] .然而该三元体系的液 -液平衡数据目前尚未见报道 ,针对这一问题 ,本文报道了该体系液 -液平衡数据的测定和关联 .1　实验部分1.1　试　剂苯乙烯 :ＡＲ ,99.5 % ,上海试剂一厂 ,经液相色谱分析无杂质峰 …     

溶剂对苯丙酮酸钠结晶的影响

实验表明溶剂的互溶性和粘度对苯丙酮酸钠的反应结晶的动力学特性和形貌有明显的影响。使用水溶性较好，粘性较小的溶剂对提高苯丙酮酸钠结晶的品质有利。     

VAPOR-LIQUID AND LIQUID-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA OF THE SYSTEM OF 4-METHYL-2-PENTANOL AND WATER

IntrodUCtion 今Methyl一2一Pentanol 15 a very imPortant solvent for eoPPer,iron and eoal floating.The mutual solubility of it with water 15 exeeedingly small at ordinary Pressure.50 far in the1 iterature available we ean find only the LLE(Liquid一Liquid Eq…     

APPLICATION OF THE SCLC MODEL TO THE SALT EFFECT IN VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA

The ability of the rationalized SCLC model to correlate data on the salt effect in vapor-liquid equilibria is examined in this work. For a system consisting of two miscible solvents the effect of salt in altering the relative volatility is represented by the model with four adjustable binary interaction parameters. The model is shown to correlate vapor-liquid equilibria of several alcohol-water-salt systems satisfactorily.     

盐湖生产氯化镁的研究

依据相图知识,提出利用运城盐湖苦卤生产氯化镁的工艺流程、工艺条件及操作方法。研究表明,从苦卤提取 MgCl_2,工艺是可行的,达到了节约能源、降低成本的目的。     

PHASE EQUILIBRIA OF THE CYCLOHEXANE-TOLUENE-SULFOLANE AND HEXANE-TOLUENE-SULFOLANE TERNARY SYSTEMS

Liquid-liquid equilibrium data for two ternary systems were obtained. The experimental data were measured for cyclohexane-toluene-sulfolane at 17, 25 and 50°C, and for hexane-toluene-sulfolane at 18 and 25°C. The NTRL and UNIQUAC models were used to correlate the experimental results and to calculate the phase compositions of the ternary systems. The agreement between the experimental results and the fitted values was equally good with both of the models.     

亚硝酸乙酯-乙醇-水三元体系汽液平衡的测定与关联

报道了一种测定汽液平衡的实验装置,在15.0℃～30.0℃的温度范围内测定了低压下亚硝酸乙酯──乙醇──水三元体系汽液平衡数据．并用NRTL方程进行了关联,计算值与实验值吻合较好．     

溶氧对生物转化螺旋霉素的影响

研究了溶氧对生米加链霉菌变株生物转化螺旋霉素的影响,确定这种生物转化反应是显著的需氧过程,发酵过程具有与一般抗生素发酵不同的两个摄氧率高峰．根据溶氧对菌体生长和转化反应的双重影响,初步建立了分阶段溶氧控制的发酵过程,终转化率提高了８％,并将发酵时间缩短了约１／６．     

三氯化铁对聚丙烯光氧化降解的作用

用红外及紫外光谱法研究了三氯化铁(FeCl_3)对聚丙烯(PP)光氧化降解的影响。实验结果表明,FeCl_3对聚丙烯光氧化有显著的促进作用,但促进作用与FcCl_3含量之间不成线性关系,存在一促进作用的极大值(在本实验条件下,FeCl_3含量为0.5％时,促进作用最大)。实验还表明,FeCl_3的作用可能包含了通过光解产生自由基引发PP光氧化反应、催化分解氢过氧化物以及光屏蔽等几种作用。根据FeCl_3的作用机理,解释了FeCl_3对PP光氧化降解的促进作用与其含量的依赖关系中存在的极位现象。     

DETERMINATION,CORRELATION AND PREDICTION OF LIQUID-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM DATA OF n-BUTYL ALCOHOL-WATER-BUTYL ACETATE TERNARY SYSTEM

Liquid-liquid equilibrium(LLE)data have been determined for the n-butyl alcohol-water-butyl acetateternary system and the related binary systems at 293.15,303.15 and 313.15 K.The experimentally determinedLLE data for the n-butyl alcohol-water binary system have been found to be in satisfactory agreementwith the available literature data.The correlation and prediction of the LLE data have been done byusing NRTL and UNIQUAC models.The model parameters of binary systems have been identified witha thermodynamic criterion.In the correlation of ternary LLE data,two objective functions(mole fractionand distribution constant)have been used for purpose of comparison.The effect of weighting in the firstobjective function has been examined.In predicting the ternary LLE with different sets of parameter valuesobtained for each of the constitutent binary systems,improved prediction results have been obtained bycomparing the results of different combinations of the sets of parameter values and choosing those givingthe best result.