牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)外周血单个核细胞的离体培养和电生理特征研究

利用细胞分层液(比重为1.083)进行养殖牙鲆外周血单个核细胞(包括淋巴细胞和单核细胞)的分离、纯化及培养,并采用膜片钳技术观察了单核细胞膜的电生理特征.结果表明,牙鲆外周血单个核细胞在添加PHA(30(u)g/ml)的M199(20?S)培养液中,于25clC塑料培养(Costar,美国)中能够贴壁生长传至6代,存活30天以上.单核细胞呈不规则圆形,细胞长径为(12.30±0.62)μm,短径为(10.29±1.05)μm,并具有较强的吞噬活性,吞噬率(PP)和吞噬指数(PI)分别达到(61.9士3.05)%和1.58±0.51;淋巴细胞多呈圆形或椭圆形,细胞长径为(8.50±0.82)μm,短径为(7.46±1.07)μm,吞噬率和吞噬指数分别达到(42.1±2.33)%和3.17±1.57.膜片钳研究结果表明,牙鲆单核细胞适宜进行膜片钳研究,记录的细胞均表达电压门控钠、钾、钙离子通道.     

一株海洋聚磷菌YSR-3的分离与鉴定

采用平板分离法,从黄海海域分离到一株聚磷菌,编号为YSR-3,对其进行了部分生理生化特性以及分子特性的研究。结果表明,YSR-3菌体呈杆状,大小为3·5μm×1μm,革兰氏染色阴性,好氧生长;显微镜下观察能运动。最适培养条件为:氯化钠浓度3%,生长温度为24℃,起始pH值为6·5。该菌能在细胞内累积多磷酸盐形成异染粒。16SrDNA鉴定结果表明,YSR-3属于γ-变形菌纲、盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)。与盐单胞菌属中的其他已知种比较,YSR-3具有其特性:对氯霉素和卡那霉素敏感、淀粉水解呈阳性、反硝化和几丁质降解呈阴性、能将葡萄糖作为唯一碳源和能源。     

螺旋藻的研究和开发进展

目前发现的螺旋藻约35种,用于工业化生产的螺旋藻有钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulinaplatensis)和极大螺旋藻(S.maxima),本文重点综述了螺旋藻的形态结构,生物学特性,生产开发现状及发展动态。1　螺旋藻的形态学结构及生物学特性1.1　螺旋藻形态学螺旋藻是一种多细胞型丝状微生物,螺旋形是螺旋藻属的特性,但是螺旋参数(螺距及螺旋直径)随品种不同而异。光学显微镜下,钝顶螺旋藻蓝绿色、多细胞型,细胞近方形,细胞宽6～8μm,长2～6μm,螺旋疏松弯曲,螺旋藻宽26～36μm,螺间距43～57μm,藻丝长200～500μm,末端不尖细或略尖细,末端细胞宽圆形,横壁略收缢,…     

杂色鲍血细胞的分类及显微与超微结构研究

对杂色鲍血细胞进行了显微、亚显微及超微观察,根据细胞大小、特性等将其分为颗粒细胞和无颗粒细胞,颗粒细胞的特征是细胞较大,大多数细胞呈圆形或略呈椭圆形,细胞核呈圆形或卵圆形,细胞大小为11.79±1.09μm,核质比为0.56,细胞内具有均质的大颗粒;无颗粒细胞的特征为细胞圆形或卵圆形,细胞较小,核质比为0.71,包含一个或两个明显的透明细胞质区域,细胞大小为6.37±0.49μm.     

栉孔扇贝血细胞的显微和超微结构

通过光镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri血细胞的形态、结构特征,对其分类进行了初步研究。根据细胞的大小、形态和结构特征可将血细胞分成5种类型:Ⅰ型小透明细胞,大小约2.44±0.11μm,约占45%—50%;Ⅱ型大透明细胞,大小约4.83±0.28μm,约占15%—20%;Ⅲ型小颗粒细胞,大小约4.07±0.15μm,约占15%—20%;Ⅳ型中颗粒细胞,大小约7.20±0.26μm,约占20%—25%和Ⅴ型大颗粒细胞,大小约13.87±0.73μm,约占3%—5%。血细胞在血淋巴中的平均密度为(3.03±0.11)×107cell.ml—1,其中颗粒细胞占42.6%,透明细胞占57.4%。透射电镜观察结果表明,颗粒细胞的细胞质颗粒可区分成3种类型:Ⅰ型高电子密度颗粒,Ⅱ型低电子密度颗粒和Ⅲ型中等电子密度颗粒。     

海水养殖尼罗罗非鱼尾鳍腐烂病的病原菌性状

对海水养殖尼罗罗非鱼Oreochromis niloticus尾鳍腐烂病(烂尾病)病原菌的形态、生理生化特性进行了研究。经鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌无气亚种Aeromonas hydrophila subsp.anaero-genes Schubert.菌体细胞为直杆,单个,以单极鞭毛运动,革兰氏染色阴性。患病鱼行动迟缓,常浮在水面上游动,鱼体变黑至死亡。     

波纹巴非蛤胚胎与浮游幼虫的形态发育和生长特性

摘要：在人工繁育条件下,在显微镜下对波纹巴非蛤胚胎与浮游幼虫的形态进行活体观察和拍摄,并用内置目微尺进行壳长和壳高的测量．首次报道了波纹巴非蛤胚胎与浮游幼虫的形态发育和生长特点,利用图版和文字描述了波纹巴非蛤早期生活史的形态并对其发育生长特点进行初步探讨．波纹巴非蛤的早期形态体现了浅海性种类的特点,“D”形幼虫期的壳长为90．37±1．53I,zm,壳高为71．86±1．09μm;壳顶后期壳长为130．17±1,83μm,壳高为110．24±1．39μm,与其他帘蛤科种类相比明显较小．     

东海三叶原甲藻的形态特征及其ITS序列分析

报道了首次分离于东海海域的三叶原甲藻(Prorocentrum triestinum Schiller)藻株号(LAMB100721),通过利用光学显微镜、荧光显微镜、扫描电镜及分子生物学方法,对其形态特征、显微结构和分子系统进化进行了详尽描述和鉴定。细胞长卵形或披针形,后端细长且尖,前端圆,最宽部位于细胞中央。顶刺长而显,三角状。壳面光滑,无刺或突起物。刺丝胞孔稀疏而不规则地分布于壳面边缘。叶绿体无具体形状,分布于整个细胞中,细胞核球形,位于中下部。老化的细胞可见细胞边缘的间接带,且间接带表面光滑。细胞长为19~25 μm,平均值为(22.6±0.9)μm;宽为11~16 μm,平均值为(13.2±1.1) μm。所测目标藻株的rDNA ITS序列长度为569 bp,其中GC含量为47.6%。三叶原甲藻系赤潮种,为东海原甲藻春季大规模赤潮的伴随种。加强有害赤潮的预防和监测工作是减少危害的有效途径,而对赤潮原因种的准确识别和鉴定则是基础和关键。     

渤海海域发光细菌的分离鉴定

本文对渤海分离的48株发光细菌,从形态、生理生化、免疫学等方面进行了鉴定,发现它们是同一个种,均属弧茵属,具有广食性和无Na~+生长两个显著特征。     

坛紫菜孢子体和配子体世代之间的SSH分析

坛紫菜(Porphyra haitanensis)是我国特有的栽培品种,主要养殖于福建、浙江和广东等地,其产量约占全国紫菜产量的75%。坛紫菜的生活史包括二倍孢子体和单倍配子体两个异型世代,两者在藻体形态、细胞结构、生化组成、生理特性等方面存在显著差异[1]。对坛紫菜不同世代基因的表达差异的研究,不仅有助于了解不同世代生理生化特性,并对重要经济性状的基础遗传学研究提供分子依据。     

中国鱼类名录Ⅻ--鳚亚目、(鱼衔)亚目、喉盘鱼亚目、鰕虎鱼亚目、微体鱼亚目、刺尾鱼亚目、带鱼亚目、鲭亚目、鲳亚目、金枪鱼亚目、攀鲈亚目、刺鳅亚目

鳚亚目 4 科 33 属 95 种，鰕虎鱼亚目 5 科 98 属 259 种，刺尾鱼亚目 5 科 11 属 65 种，鲈形目 19亚目 104 科 535 属 1799 种。     

The distribution of Mn,Fe, Cu,Ni, Co,Ga, Cr,V, Ba,Sr, Sn,Zn, and Pb,in some soil-sized particulates from the lower troposphere over the world ocean

Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction.     

Distribution, abundance, and growth of larval tautog, Tautoga onitis, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day^?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l^?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.     

Cadmium,cobalt, copper,iron, lead,nickel and zinc in Indian Ocean water

Results of trace-metal analyses of water samples obtained during a cruise with the Soviet R.V. “Akademik Kurchatov” in the Indian Ocean are presented. The determinations were performed on board with atomic absorption spectrophotometry after a two-stage dithiocarbamate—Freon extraction procedure. Trace-metal concentrations found are in the same range as those found recently for similar open-ocean areas by other workers. The values for lead and zinc are probably high due to contamination. Vertical profiles indicate biogenic processes as controlling factors for the increase of cadmium, copper and nickel concentrations with depth. Iron shows an irregular depth distribution as a result of large random variations in concentration.     

The behavior of Zn,Cd, Cu,Ni, Co,Fe, and Mn in anoxic baltic waters

In June 1981, dissolved Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn were determined from two detailed profiles in anoxic Baltic waters (with extra data for Fe and Mn from August 1979). Dramatic changes across the O₂H₂S interface occur in the abundances of Cu, Co, Fe, and Mn (by factors of ?100). The concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Ni at the redox front decrease by factors between 3 to 5.Equilibrium calculations are presented for varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and compared with the field data. The study strongly supports the assumption that the solubility of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni is greatly enhanced and controlled by the formation of bisulfide and(or) polysulfide complexes. Differences between predicted and measured concentrations of these elements are mainly evident at lower ΣH₂S concentrations.Cobalt proved to be very mobile in anoxic regions, and the results indicate that the concentrations are limited by CoS precipitation. The iron (Fe²⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺) distribution in sulfide-containing waters is controlled by total flux from sediment-water interfaces rather than by equilibrium concentrations of their solid phases (FeS and MnCO₃). The concentrations of these metals are therefore expected to increase with prolonged stagnation periods in the basin.     

Arsenic,barium, germanium,tin, dimethylsulfide and nutrient biogeochemistry in Charlotte Harbor,Florida, a phosphorus-enriched estuary

Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (NO₃, PO₄, Si), germanium species, arsenic species, tin, barium, dimethylsulfide and related parameters were measured along the salinity gradient in Charlotte Harbor. Phosphate enrichment from the phosphate industry on the Peace River promotes a productive diatom bloom near the river mouth where NO₃ and Si are completely consumed. Inorganic germanium is completely depleted in this bloom by uptake into biogenic opal. The $\text{Ge}\text{Si}$ ratio taken up by diatoms is about 0·7 × 10^?6, the same as that provided by the river flux, confirming that siliceous organisms incorporate germanium as an accidental trace replacement for silica. Monomethylgermanium and dimethylgermanium concentrations are undetectable in the Peace River, and increase linearly with increasing salinity to the seawater end of the bay, suggesting that these organogermanium species behave conservatively in estuaries, and are neither produced nor consumed during estuarine biogenic opal formation or dissolution. Inorganic arsenic displays slight removal in the bloom. Monomethylarsenic is produced both in the bloom and in mid-estuary, while dimethylarsenic is conservative in the bloom but produced in mid-estuary. The total production of methylarsenicals within the bay approximately balances the removal of inorganic arsenic, suggesting that most biological arsenic uptake in the estuary is biomethylated and released to the water column. Dimethylsulfide increases with increasing salinity in the estuary and shows evidence of removal, probably both by degassing and by microbial consumption. An input of DMS is observed in the central estuary. The behavior of total dissolvable tin shows no biological activity in the bloom or in mid-estuary, but does display a low-salinity input signal that parallels dissolved organic material, perhaps suggesting an association between tin and DOM. Barium displays dramatic input behavior at mid-salinities, probably due to slow release from clays deposited in the harbor after catastrophic phosphate slime spills into the Peace River.     

海洋沉积物中铁、锰、锌、铬、铜、镍、钴、铅和镉的原子吸收测定

海洋环境及沉积地球化学的调查研究,常需同时了解多种元素在海洋底质中的含量及其分布规律.对于某些非金属及半金属元素,我们曾研究过应用碱性有机染料的萃取-光度测定法[1-3].原子吸收分光光度法则可以快速、准确地测定海洋沉积物中的许多种金属的含量[4-6],一般不需要大量的预处理.