生成式程序设计研究概述

随着软件规模越来越大、软件复杂度越来越高,如何高效地开发出高质量的软件以及如何有效地维护和更新软件都是当前软件方法学研究所关注的重点。为了实现这一目标,已经陆续出现一些有效的方法和技术。Krzysztof Czarnecki和U．Eisenecker融合先进方法和技术的精髓,提出了一种新的软件工程范型——生成式程序设计：基于为软件系统族进行建模,对给定的需求规格说明,利用配置知识,把基本的可重用构件根据需求进行自动化的配置以产生高定制、优化的软件产品。生成式程序设计的基础是面向系统族的生成式领域模型,该模型包括三个基本成分：问题域、解域和连接这两个域的配置知识。生成式程序设计包含两个开发周期：一个是设计和实现生成式领域模型,即支持重用的开发;另一个是利用生成式领域模型生产出具体的软件系统,也即利用重用的开发。本文将详细地介绍此软件工程范型的分析与设计方法和实现技术。     

一种可重用构件的设计方法

随着计算机硬件的迅猛发展,软件变得越来越复杂,如何迅速高效地开发出易扩展、易维护、对需求变化具有适应性的软件成为一个急需解决的问题,基于构件的开发是解决这一问题的良好思路,而可重用构件及其结构的设计与优化是其中的关键,首先对现有的构件设施地简要介绍和评价,对构件模型进行卫定义,并给出了玫般情况下构件设计的步骤,然后在此基础上,用定性与定量相结合的方式,给出了玫种标识和设计构件的方法,以及相应的算法     

A domain-specific software architecture for adaptive intelligentsystems

A good software architecture facilitates application system development, promotes achievement of functional requirements, and supports system reconfiguration. We present a domain-specific software architecture (DSSA) that we have developed for a large application domain of adaptive intelligent systems (AISs). The DSSA provides: (a) an AIS reference architecture designed to meet the functional requirements shared by applications in this domain, (b) principles for decomposing expertise into highly reusable components, and (c) an application configuration method for selecting relevant components from a library and automatically configuring instances of those components in an instance of the architecture. The AIS reference architecture incorporates features of layered, pipe and filter, and blackboard style architectures. We describe three studies demonstrating the utility of our architecture in the subdomain of mobile office robots and identify software engineering principles embodied in the architecture     

一种具有组件冗余机制的改进CIDF模型

本文分析了基于CIDF模型实现的DIDS自身存在的安全问题，提出了一种基于组件冗余思想的改进CIDF模型。该模型很好地克服了DIDS的单点失效性。通过一种设计巧妙的组件 状态检测方法，克服了以往状态检测方法开销大的缺点。利用该方法实现了DII)8组件在受到攻击瘫痪后自动切换到备用组件，从而大大提高了DIDS自身的安全性。     

基于QTP的数据库系统测试框架

利用QTP的基本功能进行数据库系统测试时,无法实现测试环境构建、测试结果保留及测试结果判断等测试过程的自动化.针对这一问题,构建一个基于QTP的数据库系统测试框架,该框架由测试用例设计模板、测试配置文件和函数库组成.采用该框架进行测试,只需按测试用例设计模板进行测试用例设计,然后在测试脚本中调用函数库中的函数或过程,即可实现数据库系统测试过程的自动化,从而提高数据库系统的测试效率,降低测试成本.     

基于SystemC的网络处理器体系结构建模方法

随着各种新的网络业务不断出现,网络处理器得到了日益广泛的应用。文章采用基于SystemC的系统设计方法,构建一个用于网络处理器体系结构建模的平台。这个平台由一个可扩展的异构资源库和一个体系结构构造器组成。设计者只需提交配置信息表,体系结构构造器就能自动生成模型实例,得到的模型可以方便地进行细化和性能评价。这种方法能够便捷地完成各种网络处理器的体系结构建模,便于网络处理器的优化设计。     

Synthesis of hierarchical systems

In automated synthesis, given a specification, we automatically create a system that is guaranteed to satisfy the specification. In the classical temporal synthesis algorithms, one usually creates a “flat” system “from scratch”. However, real-life software and hardware systems are usually created using preexisting libraries of reusable components, and are not “flat” since repeated sub-systems are described only once.In this work we describe an algorithm for the synthesis of a hierarchical system from a library of hierarchical components, which follows the “bottom-up” approach to system design. Our algorithm works by synthesizing in many rounds, when at each round the system designer provides the specification of the currently desired module, which is then automatically synthesized using the initial library and the previously constructed modules. To ensure that the synthesized module actually takes advantage of the available high-level modules, we guide the algorithm by enforcing certain modularity criteria.We show that the synthesis of a hierarchical system from a library of hierarchical components is Exptime-complete for μ-calculus, and 2Exptime-complete for Ltl, both in the cases of complete and incomplete information. Thus, in all cases, it is not harder than the classical synthesis problem (of synthesizing flat systems “from scratch”), even though the synthesized hierarchical system may be exponentially smaller than a flat one.     

Automatic parameter tuning with a Bayesian case-based reasoning system. A case of study

The parameter setting of an algorithm that will result in optimal performance differs across problem instance domains. Users spend a lot of time tuning algorithms for their specific problem domain, and this time could be saved by an automatic approach for parameter tuning.In this paper, we present a system that recommends the parameter configuration of an algorithm that solves a problem, conditioned by the particular features of the current problem instance to be solved. The proposed system is based on a basic adjustment model designed by authors (Pavon, R., Díaz, F., & Luzón, V. (2008). A model for parameter setting based on Bayesian networks. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 21(1), 14–25) in which starting from experimental results concerning the search for solutions to several instances of the problem, a Bayesian network (BN) is induced and tries to infer the best configuration for the algorithm used.However, taking into account that the optimal parameter configuration may differ considerably across problem instances of a specific domain, the present work extends the former incorporating additional information about problem instances and using the case-based reasoning (CBR) methodology as the framework integrator for the different instances from the same problem, where each problem instance deals with a specific BN. In this way, the system will automatically recommend a parameter configuration for a given algorithm according to the characteristics of the problem instance at hand and past experience of similar instances.As an example, we empirically evaluate our Bayesian CBR system to tune a genetic algorithm for solving the root identification problem. The experimental results demonstrate the validity of the model proposed.     

Domain analysis for software reuse

A theory of domain knowledge is proposed that consists of ‘grounded domains' that model a set of cooperating objects that achieve a purpose. Grounded domains have spatial presence in the real world and contain agents that act on objects within a context of structures. More complex meta-domains use grounded domains as their subject matter and describe education, management, etc. The third component of the theory, generic tasks, describes problem solving activity such as diagnosis, searching, planning and scheduling. Generic tasks describe the behavioural components in both grounded and meta-domains. The reusable library of generic models is applied to the design of interactive systems by reusing the models as templates, and to reuse design knowledge in the form of associated design rationale. A process for recognising generic models is described with recognition heuristics structured in a walkthrough type of analysis for identifying key abstractions in new applications. The design process is illustrated with an information retrieval case study developed as a decision support system for emergency management, reusing information searching services. The discussion reviews the prospects for reusable patterns in interactive systems design, and similar approaches in software and knowledge engineering.     

支持软件重用的程序设计语言

本文提出一种支持软件重用的程序语言并给出了重用描述语言翻译器的工作原理。该语言是在宿主语言Ｃ＋＋中加入“重用描述”成分和“装配语句”而形成的。该文件以软件重用库为依托,重用描述用于表达用户在程序中对部件的要求,重用描述语言翻译器则分析这些需求,自动在库中查找提出部件来适应用户。     

Ontological approach to the specification of properties of software systems and their components

A new approach to the organization of life cycles of software systems is proposed that is oriented toward maximally applying reusable assets at all stages of development of new software products. This approach is based on an original mechanism of sharing problem domain ontologies and ontologies pertinent to software engineering processes and reusable solution types. Translated from Kibernetika i Sistemnyi Analiz, No. 1, pp. 180–187, January–February 2009.     

基于Web数据的本体概念抽取

本体论(Ontology)在知识管理及语义网(Semantic Web)中越来越重要,但建造本体往往需要耗费大量的时间,且建造完成后本体的维护对知识管理者来说也是费时的工作。自动创建领域Ontology可以克服手工方法的不足,成为当前的研究热点之一;而概念是本体中最重要的组成部分之一,从半结构化的Web文档中自动抽取概念的效率和准确度的高低,直接决定了自动建造的本体的质量,提出一种自动的本体概念抽取模型,此模型不依赖于领域词典或核心本体,并且能达到快速有效地通过对中文Web文本挖掘自动地构建及更新领域本体概念的目的。     

KEMNAD: A KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING METHODOLOGY FOR NEGOTIATING AGENT DEVELOPMENT

Automated negotiation is widely applied in various domains. However, the development of such systems is a complex knowledge and software engineering task. So, a methodology there will be helpful. Unfortunately, none of existing methodologies can offer sufficient, detailed support for such system development. To remove this limitation, this paper develops a new methodology made up of (1) a generic framework (architectural pattern) for the main task, and (2) a library of modular and reusable design pattern (templates) of subtasks. Thus, it is much easier to build a negotiating agent by assembling these standardized components rather than reinventing the wheel each time. Moreover, because these patterns are identified from a wide variety of existing negotiating agents (especially high impact ones), they can also improve the quality of the final systems developed. In addition, our methodology reveals what types of domain knowledge need to be input into the negotiating agents. This in turn provides a basis for developing techniques to acquire the domain knowledge from human users. This is important because negotiation agents act faithfully on the behalf of their human users and thus the relevant domain knowledge must be acquired from the human users. Finally, our methodology is validated with one high impact system.     

Design reuse oriented partial retrieval of CAD models

As a huge number of 3D CAD models is generated each year, retrieval of 3D CAD models is becoming more and more important for achieving design reuse. However, the existing methods for partial retrieval of 3D CAD models are very few and far from the requirements of design reuse. In this paper, we present an approach to partial retrieval of 3D CAD models for design reuse. The criteria for determining whether a subpart of 3D CAD models is reusable for design is defined first. Based on the criteria defined, all the design reusable subparts involved in the 3D CAD models in the library are automatically extracted and stored in the library as reference models. Moreover, each design reusable subpart in the library is represented by all its local matching regions in a hierarchical way so as to support multi-mode partial retrieval. In our approach, three partial retrieval modes including normal retrieval, exact retrieval and relaxed retrieval are defined to meet various partial retrieval requirements of design reuse such as the incomplete and vague queries during the early design stage. And the multi-mode partial retrieval is achieved by performing multi-mode matching and similarity assessment between the query and the design reusable subparts in the library indexed by bitmap. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.     

Information Extraction from Web Pages Using Presentation Regularities and Domain Knowledge

World Wide Web is transforming itself into the largest information resource making the process of information extraction (IE) from Web an important and challenging problem. In this paper, we present an automated IE system that is domain independent and that can automatically transform a given Web page into a semi-structured hierarchical document using presentation regularities. The resulting documents are weakly annotated in the sense that they might contain many incorrect annotations and missing labels. We also describe how to improve the quality of weakly annotated data by using domain knowledge in terms of a statistical domain model. We demonstrate that such system can recover from ambiguities in the presentation and boost the overall accuracy of a base information extractor by up to 20%. Our experimental evaluations with TAP data, computer science department Web sites, and RoadRunner document sets indicate that our algorithms can scale up to very large data sets.     

支持基于Web的信息发布系统开发辅助模型

随着网络技术的发展，基于Web的信息发布系统迅速增加。传统开发模式中由于客户需求变化快而引起重复开发次数多，导致系统开发成本高，无法保证开发质量。针对这一问题，设计并开发了信息发布系统开发辅助模型。通过将信息发布系统功能分类开发出系统公用辅助程序，实现将系统大多数程序代码由辅助程序完成，减少了开发人员的重复工作。该模型实现了软件代码复用和系统开发的灵活定制。     

Structured design,consistency analysis and failure reasoning of business workflows with activity-control templates and causal ordering

The design, analysis, control and diagnosis of business workflows have been major challenges for enterprise information system designers. We propose a structured framework for workflow design, formal semantics, consistency analysis, execution automation and failure reasoning targeting E-commerce applications. A business workflow is modeled by using a visual tool named activity-control (AC) diagram. Frequently occurring business procedures are captured by the adoptions of reusable AC templates. With formally defined semantics by a combination of first-order logic and happen-before causal ordering in distributed system theory, workflow consistency can be mechanically analyzed at design time while failure reasoning can be applied at execution time for problem diagnosis. A completely specified model is automatically converted to a workflow by an iterative traversal algorithm that maps an AC diagram to an XML workflow specification which can then be executed automatically by an XML workflow engine. A failure reasoning and diagnosis algorithm is devised to find all possible causes of a failed execution when problems occur. Preliminary proof-of-concept implementation and evaluation results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of our framework and techniques.     

可重用的IP认证平台的设计

随着SoC出现,出现了大量可重用的IP库。这些IP可能来自公司内部的不同部门,也有可能来自外部的IP供应商。一方面为了使IP用户可以在芯片设计中更好地使用一些可重用的IP块,另一方面IP供应商也需要对IP的可重用性进行估计,以便通过不断改善设计方法学和设计技术最终能设计高可重用的IP块,因此需要对IP的可重用性进行评估,相应的就需要有一套完善的IP可重用性的评估系统。在分析了重用方法学手册和OpenMORE的基础上,讨论了可重用的IP认证平台的设计与开发,指出了已有系统的不足,提出了用数据库理论和使用VisualBasic6.0来实现,并进一步对系统设计中的ADO技术、树型目录结构等一些关键技术提出了实现方法。