掺氢天然气层流火焰传播速度试验研究

为准确测量掺氢天然气层流预混火焰传播速度,并研究掺氢比对掺氢天然气层流预混火焰传播特性的影响,通过本生灯法对比试验研究自然光及纹影拍摄条件下掺氢天然气层流预混火焰的传播速度,根据化学动力学机制模拟计算并讨论不同掺氢比条件下的预混燃料层流火焰传播特性。研究表明:利用纹影系统拍摄获得的火焰传播速度更接近燃烧学定义的层流预混火焰传播速度;随着掺氢比的增加,掺氢天然气层流预混火焰传播速度及绝热火焰温度均不断增加,且层流预混火焰传播速度峰值所对应的当量比显著向富燃料侧移动;燃料中氢气组分的不断增加使得H自由基的摩尔分数以及OH自由基的生成速率均显著增加。     

甲烷射流扩散火焰结构试验研究

利用不同口径、不同流量的甲烷射流扩散火试验研究了射流扩散火焰结构特征,得到了射流火从层流燃烧到湍流燃烧再到吹熄的一般规律.结果表明,不同口径射流火在层流扩散燃烧与湍流扩散燃烧时火焰高度的变化各有不同.火焰最大高度出现在湍流扩散燃烧阶段.某些工况下燃烧出现脉动火焰现象,此时的火焰高度较小.     

基于浓度敏感性分析和遗传算法的甲烷燃烧机理简化与优化

采用良搅拌反应器模型和层流预混火焰模型计算甲烷/空气燃烧过程,通过元素流通法和浓度敏感性分析法,对甲烷燃烧详细化学动力学机理GRIMECH 3.0进行简化。利用遗传算法,以甲烷/空气详细机理获得的组分浓度和一维层流火焰速度为目标,对简化机理进行优化。结果表明,相比于优化之前的简化机理,优化后的简化机理在描述甲烷/空气燃烧反应的组分浓度、层流火焰速度以及反应物和产物的时空分布方面,具有更高的精度。     

基于Damkohler数的氢气层流扩散火焰抑制模拟研究

通过对未添加及添加1%的Br2对氢气同向流扩散火焰的影响进行数值模拟,研究抑制剂对氢气层流扩散火焰温度及主要自由基的影响,并通过计算两种火焰的化学特征时间及混合特征时间得到Damk?hler数,提出基于抑制剂的标量耗散率,研究抑制剂的扩散作用及化学作用对氢气同向流扩散火焰的影响。研究发现抑制剂的火焰抑制循环使火焰中化学作用增强,而抑制剂的扩散作用对火焰整体的扩散作用有较显著的影响。添加抑制剂后在径向大部分区域火焰的Da数均低于未添加情况下,抑制剂减少火焰燃烧区域,并使燃烧区域的反应剧烈程度下降。从火焰根部到火焰顶端,抑制作用逐渐减弱。     

基于Damk?hler数的氢气层流扩散火焰抑制模拟研究

通过对未添加及添加1%的Br_2对氢气同向流扩散火焰的影响进行数值模拟,研究抑制剂对氢气层流扩散火焰温度及主要自由基的影响,并通过计算两种火焰的化学特征时间及混合特征时间得到Damk?hler数,提出基于抑制剂的标量耗散率,研究抑制剂的扩散作用及化学作用对氢气同向流扩散火焰的影响。研究发现抑制剂的火焰抑制循环使火焰中化学作用增强,而抑制剂的扩散作用对火焰整体的扩散作用有较显著的影响。添加抑制剂后在径向大部分区域火焰的Da数均低于未添加情况下,抑制剂减少火焰燃烧区域,并使燃烧区域的反应剧烈程度下降。从火焰根部到火焰顶端,抑制作用逐渐减弱。     

聚合物燃烧火焰辐射及其温度的估算

受限空间中，通风对于燃烧状况和火焰辐射特性有重要影响。本文根据火焰中炭颗粒的生成及其受通风的影响，提出了关于聚合物燃烧火焰辐射和平均辐射温度的估算方法。计算了几种典型聚合物的火焰辐射及其平均辐射温度，并讨论了通风、燃料组成、炭颗粒和燃烧尺度的影响，旨在加深认识通风条件对于火焰温度及其有关辐射特性的影响，为受限空间中燃烧过程的分析提供依据。     

KI50X特高压变压器油火灾特性参数分析

为了获得KI50X特高压变压器油火灾特性参数,在大空间试验厅中,通过在不同尺寸油盘中燃烧KI50X型特高压换流变压器油,测量了燃烧速率、火焰平均高度、羽流轴向温度等燃烧特性参数。详细讨论了燃料初始温度、燃料厚度、油池直径等对燃烧速率、火焰平均高度、羽流轴向温度的影响。燃料厚度对质量损失速率有较大影响,燃料厚度为20mm时,可以观察到包括:(Ⅰ)初始增长、(Ⅱ)准稳态燃烧和(Ⅲ)衰减至熄灭3个典型燃烧阶段,因此燃料厚度都设为20 mm。当初始燃料温度从25℃升高到90℃时,会出现整体沸腾现象,导致质量损失率出现第二个峰值。此外,分别提出了在常温(25℃)和高温(90℃)下,油池直径与稳定阶段燃烧速率的关联式参数。通过对试验数据的拟合,在过渡火焰和总湍流火焰条件下,KI50X型特高压换流变压器油的燃烧速率符合液体燃料燃烧速率与油池直径的一般关系。火源上方无量纲高度处的轴向无量纲温度分布与Z/D成正比。拟合得到的轴向平均温度分布关系式表明,随轴向高度与KI50X变压器油池直径之比的增大,轴向无量纲温度升高比生物柴油和正庚烷油池快。最后系统地给出了25℃及90℃下KI50X型特高压变压器油燃烧特性拟合公式的一系列参数。     

煤与生物质燃烧生成碳黑团聚物的形态分析

为分析碳黑团聚物对大气环境监测、气候预测等领域的影响,对其形态进行分析。用分形参数来表征碳黑团聚物的形态变化,将煤与生物质燃料燃烧生成的烟气取样后洗涤、离心、干燥并制成膜片,通过透射电镜(JEM-2100)获得膜片镜下图片,利用IMAGEJ测量电镜图片中团聚物的几何参数,通过几何参数推断出团聚物的分形参数,得出分形维数D_f在0.68~3.42变化,前向因子K_g在0.09~3.71变化,分形参数值越大,碳黑团聚物形态越趋于球形。     

浸油沙层火焰传播速度研究

使用0#柴油和沙层作为燃料和地面模型,通过实验研究了泄漏液体燃料渗透在地面之后的火焰传播现象.详细研究了燃料床中沙粒直径、燃烧盘宽度及一端施加辐射热对火焰传播速度的影响,并使用热电偶测量了沙层表面火焰前沿到达时的温度以及沙层表面能够达到的最高温度.结果表明,燃料渗漏在地面的火焰传播速度明显低于液池火灾的火焰传播速度,且改变沙油质量比、燃烧盘的宽度及外界热辐射直接影响火焰传播速度.     

水蒸气对层流甲烷/空气扩散火焰中烟黑生成的影响

空气中水的存在会严重影响烷烃类扩散火焰中烟黑的生成,研究氧化剂流中水对烷烃类火焰的影响,对污染物控制及火灾扑救具有重要意义。模拟采用24步简化机理的有限速率化学反应模型、Moss-Brookes烟黑模型及Discrete Ordinates(DO)辐射模型,研究在空气中加入水对甲烷/空气层流伴流扩散火焰的影响,其中烟黑模型包括烟黑的成核、表面增长和氧化。结果表明,伴流空气中的水蒸气会降低火焰的温度、抑制烟黑的生成。这是因为:一方面,水蒸气降低了甲烷燃烧的温度,火焰温度的降低导致化学反应速率减慢,烟黑成核和表面生长速率随之降低,火焰中烟黑质量分数便减少;另一方面,由于水蒸气的加入使化学反应OH+H_2 H+H_2O(R(15))逆向反应加速,继而导致OH生成量增加。但由于氧气浓度降低使火焰体积增大,OH的浓度降低。从而导致烟黑的氧化速率降低,烟黑生成量增加。由于水蒸气的化学效应小于其温度效应,总体上烟黑质量分数降低。最后对比了模拟结果和试验结果。     

基于双色法的层流扩散火焰温度场和烟黑浓度场重构

高温和烟气是火灾事故中造成人员伤亡的两个重要因素,能快速准确地获取火焰温度和烟黑浓度的分布,是对燃烧产热量和发烟量的控制方法进行深入研究的前提。根据双色法的理论基础,结合火焰单元的划分方法,整理并简化了火焰温度和烟黑浓度求解过程。利用自主开发的软件进行重构计算,并选取甲烷/空气轴对称层流扩散火焰为例进行试验。重构结果表明,烟黑浓度和温度的分布在轴向方向上均呈现双峰到单峰的特点。将重构结果和数值模拟的结果进行对比,发现温度峰值和烟黑浓度峰值的相对误差分别低于1.59%和6.08%,表明重构结果和模拟结果具有较好的一致性。因此,可认为该重构方法具有可行性。     

松针炭载铈材料对罗丹明B的吸附性能研究

在氮气氛围下热解制备松针炭,采用浸渍法将硝酸铈负载到松针炭上,在300℃氛围中焙烧2 h,制得铈改性松针炭。用罗丹明B溶液模拟染料废水,分别研究松针炭和铈改性松针炭对罗丹明B的吸附效果。实验表明:加热温度为300℃、升温速率为10℃/min、加热时间为2 h时,制备的松针炭对罗丹明B的去除率为68.8%;浸渍浓度为0.02 mol/L、焙烧温度为300℃时制备的Ce/PC复合材料对罗丹明B的去除率为81.6%。松针炭经铈改性后,吸附性能大幅提高。     

A sneak peek into the phenomenology of fuel mist explosions: The key role of vapor fractions

The modern world depends greatly on hydrocarbons, which are ubiquitous, indispensable fuels used in nearly every existing industry. Although important, their use may trigger dangerous incidents, whether in their production, handling, storage, or transporting phase, especially when aerosolized. In light of proposing a standard procedure to assess the flammability and explosivity of fuel mists, a new test method was established based on the EN 14034 standards series. For the previous purposes, a gravity-fed mist generation system was designed and employed in a modified 20 L explosion vessel. This test method allowed the determination of the ignition sensitivity of several fuels. In addition, their explosion severity was represented by the explosion overpressure P_ex, and the rate of pressure rise dP/dt_ex, two thermo-kinetic parameters determined with a specifically developed control system and custom software. Nonetheless, a noticeable difference in the ignition sensitivity and the explosion severity was perceived when changing suppliers or petroleum cuts of some fuels. Moreover, sensitivity studies showed that both the droplet size distribution and the temperature of the droplets play a significant role in fuel mist explosion. These parameters can be directly related to the vapor fraction surrounding a droplet during its ignition. Consequently, this study focuses on the influence of varying the composition of three well-known and abundantly used fuels. Different petroleum cuts were introduced in different fractions into isooctane, Jet A1 aviation fuel, and diesel fuel mixtures, which were then aerosolized into a uniformly distributed turbulent mist cloud and ignited using spark ignitors of 100 J. Subsequently, complementary tests were executed in a vertical flame propagation tube coupled with a high-speed video camera allowing the visualization of the flame and the determination of the spatial flame velocity, and a tentative estimation of the laminar burning velocity. The latter was also estimated from the pressure-time evolution in the 20 L sphere using existing correlations. Indeed, the determination of the laminar burning velocity can be useful in modeling such accidents. Finally, highlighting the essential role of the mist and vapor fraction during their ignition has led to a better understanding of their explosion mechanisms.     

Experimental investigation on explosion flame propagation of wood dust in a semi-closed tube

In order to explore flame propagation characteristics during wood dust explosions in a semi-closed tube, a high-speed camera, a thermal infrared imaging device and a pressure sensor were used in the study. Poplar dusts with different particle size distributions (0–50, 50–96 and 96–180 μm) were respectively placed in a Hartmann tube to mimic dust cloud explosions, and flame propagation behaviors such as flame propagation velocity, flame temperature and explosion pressure were detected and analyzed. According to the changes of flame shapes, flame propagations in wood dust explosions were divided into three stages including ignition, vertical propagation and free diffusion. Flame propagations for the two smaller particles were dominated by homogeneous combustion, while flame propagation for the largest particles was controlled by heterogeneous combustion, which had been confirmed by individual Damköhler number. All flame propagation velocities for different groups of wood particles in dust explosions were increased at first and then decreased with the augmentation of mass concentration. Flame temperatures and explosion pressures were almost similarly changed. Dust explosions in 50–96 μm wood particles were more intense than in the other two particles, of which the most severe explosion appeared at a mass concentration of 750 g/m³. Meanwhile, flame propagation velocity, flame propagation temperature and explosion pressure reached to the maximum values of 10.45 m/s, 1373 °C and 0.41 MPa. In addition, sensitive concentrations corresponding to the three groups of particles from small to large were 500, 750 and 1000 g/m³, separately, indicating that sensitive concentration in dust explosions of wood particles was elevated with the increase of particle size. Taken together, the finding demonstrated that particle size and mass concentration of wood dusts affected the occurrence and severity of dust explosions, which could provide guidance and reference for the identification, assessment and industrial safety management of wood dust explosions.     

Safety parameters for oxygen-enriched flames

The utilization of low-quality gaseous fuel from biomass gasification and the abundance of oxygen-rich streams obtained as a by-product of nitrogen-air separation by membrane technology has incentivized the development of sustainable oxygen-enriched combustion technologies in the last decades. However, a dearth of experimental and numerical analysis addressing the reactivity and safety aspects of these mixtures at initial low temperatures can be observed in the current literature.In this work, the heat flux burner was adopted for the measurement of the laminar burning velocity of methane in oxygen enriched air at different equivalence ratios. Results were compared with numerical data obtained by means of detailed kinetic mechanisms developed at the University of Bologna and the Gas Research Institute (GriMech3.0). Simplified correlations for the estimation of the laminar burning velocity with respect to the oxygen content at any equivalence ratio were developed, tested and evaluated.An elemental reaction-based function was found appropriate for the estimation of the overall reactivity of the investigated mixtures. Besides, numerical analyses were performed to characterize the flame structures in terms of temperature and product distribution under several initial conditions. These results gave further insights into the reaction mechanisms of gaseous fuels in the case of oxygen-enriched air, highlighting potential bottlenecks for kinetic model refinements. Eventually, relevant safety parameters were estimated, in particular the flammability range of the fuel/oxidant mixture, in terms of lower and upper flammability limits.     

Emission of Oxygenated Species from the Combustion of Pine Wood and its Relation to Soot Formation

Combustion tests of pine wood cribs have been performed in different airflows in a fire test chamber. VOC in the flue gas has been monitored on-line using FTIR. Soot was collected at different heights above the bed on to quartz fibre filters and was characterized using pyrolysis-GC-MS. Correlation between combustion conditions and emission profiles were elucidated. The soot contained significant amounts of adsorbed oxygenated material derived from pyrolysis of the wood. Three types of material were identified: pyrolysis products, pyrolysis recombination products and PAH, and significant proportions of O-PAH are also present. Oxygenated PAH increased with temperature and higher air flow rate whereas oxygenated phenolic type material increased with lower temperature and lower air flow rate. Cooler flames from oxygen-starved fires akin to conditions in household fires produce significant higher proportions of phenolic material.Oxygen appears to play a significant role in the production of soot and there appear to be two routes by which PAH material can be synthesized. Firstly through conventional hydrocarbon mechanisms such as the HACA method and secondly through a route involving the polymerization of biomass pyrolysis fragments. A number of important species are identified which could be intermediates between these pyrolysis products and PAH.     

Thermal radiation from vapour cloud explosions

The current study estimates the radiation flux emitted from hot extended gas clouds characteristic of vapour cloud explosions along with the corresponding level of irradiance posed on particles suspended in the unburnt part of the cloud ahead of an advancing flame front. The data presented permits an assessment of the plausibility of combustion initiation by such particles due to forward thermal radiation. The thermal radiation will depend on the emissivity of the burned volume, which relates to the concentration of gaseous and particulate combustion products. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out to account for variations in the equivalence ratio, mixture pressure and radiative heat losses. The spatial distribution of irradiance ahead of the flame front has been computed by introducing appropriate geometrical factors to explore the impact of cloud size. Using fuel rich ethylene-air mixtures it has been shown that high flame emissivities can be achieved at path lengths of order 1 m even in the presence of very low soot volume fractions. The emissivity of gas-soot mixtures will hence be mainly determined by the soot concentration and to a lesser extent by the mixture temperature. Our analysis suggests that the role of forward thermal radiation as a contributing factor to flame propagation in large scale vapour cloud explosions can not currently be ruled out.