包含环境影响的能量系统Yong经济学理论分析

能量生产过程中总会有残留物质和能量排放到大气中，对环境产生影响。本文从能量系统的烟平衡出发，将系统对环境的排放火用损失中分离出来，依据符号火用经济学的原理建立了包含环境影响在内的系统火用，火用成本和火用经济成本分析模型，并以燃气轮机功热并供（CGAM）系统为例推导出了矩阵求解方程，从而得出了能量系统的技术、经济和环境的火用经济综合分析模型。     

包含环境影响的能量系统火用经济学理论分析

能量生产过程中总会有残留物质和能量排放到大气中,对环境产生影响.本文从能量系统的火用平衡出发,将系统对环境的排放火用从火用损失中分离出来,依据符号火用经济学的原理建立了包含环境影响在内的系统火用、火用成本和火用经济学成本分析模型,并以燃气轮机功热并供(CGAM)系统为例推导出了矩阵求解方程,从而得出了能量系统的技术、经济和环境的火用经济综合分析模型.     

能量系统分析优化中排弃火用计价探讨

在火用分析及火用经济分析的基础上,说明了排弃火用与待回收火用的关系,就不同的回收情况,系统地研究了能量系统中排弃火用的计价问题;指出对于能量的逐级回收利用,传统的按物流的序贯分析计价方法并不适用于排弃火用的计价,基于能量系统双子系统模型,提出了当量计价的概念以解决排弃火用的计价问题。最后以催化裂化烟气能量回收方案的演变过程及排弃火用计价的变化表明了此计价方法的实际应用情况。     

能量系统的热经济学分析的统一代数模式

本文系统地介绍了文献[２］所提出的　成本及热经济成本分析模式，并在数学形式的表达上使其更趋完善，引入了“热经济效益率”这一评价原则，并称其为能量系统的热经济学分析的统一代数模式。     

价值因子在热经济学分析中的应用

本文在热力学分析和火用效率分析的基础上，将火用价值因子应用于热经济分析。从动态价值角度及能级角度对用能过程的合理性，方案的可行性及系统的最优性进行分析。通过理论分析和实例研究，指出火用价值因子方法进一步完善了热经济学分析，有推广使用价值。     

核电机组常规岛热力系统分析

以某核电机组常规岛为研究对象,运用分析法对热力系统中的热力设备或热力过程的损失和效率的分布进行了计算.基于汽轮机做功过程和加热器换热过程指明了影响汽轮机和加热器的损失和效率的热力参数,对所得经济指标的分布规律进行了阐释.结果表明:在常规岛热力系统中,汽轮发电机组的损失最大,低压缸具有一定的节能潜力;汽轮机末级长叶片设计对核电机组热经济性的影响较大;核电机组的节能潜力可通过冷端系统优化进行挖掘.     

输油泵站的平衡与能量平衡

本文通过对输油泵站的 平衡与能量平衡测试数据的比较,指出了 分析方法的优越性,并根据测试的结果提出了提高输油泵站能源利用率的一些措施,对指导输油泵站的节能有一定的帮助和借鉴作用。     

热泵系统的分析

用分析法对热泵供热循环进行了分析,评价了热泵系统的能质利用和损失状况,指出在环境温度、压缩机效率和两器(蒸发器和冷凝器)换热温差一定时,热泵循环存在一个可使循环效率达到最大的冷凝温度,可在实际中加以利用。     

折合辨析

通过对折合火用定义及其公式的分析 ,指出其使用在某些方面出现的矛盾 ,利用物系U环境的大系统概念 ,说明了折合火用中火无的归属 ,纠正了折合火用效率可能大于 1的错误 ,并给出了正确的计算方法。     

基于效率的综合能源系统能效分析模型

基于热力学第一定律的"能量分析"与基于热力学第一以及第二定律的"分析"方法是两种主要的热效率评价方法。以能源互联网能源侧重要组成部分-综合能源系统为研究对象,构建了不同类型综合能源系统能量分析与分析数学模型,对北京市亦庄路南区能源互联网项目综合能源系统规划方案进行了能量效率和效率计算,得出不同规划方案能源系统与系统子模块的能量效率和效率。研究结果表明,不同规划方案的能源系统能量效率为71%~93%,效率为34%~40%。对于包含电、冷、热不同形态能源的区域综合能源系统,分析方法是评价系统热效率较为有效的方法。     

Application of Exergoeconomics to the Analysis and Optimization of Process Systems

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Definitions and nomenclature in exergy analysis and exergoeconomics

This paper presents the definitions of some terms used in exergy analysis and exergy costing, discusses options for the symbols to be used for exergy and some exergoeconomic variables, and presents the nomenclature for the remaining terms.     

Environmental impacts of harvesting

Intensive harvesting for energy production removes a disproportionate amount of nutrients, relative to biomass, and may also lead to site degradation or off-site impacts resulting from use of heavy equipment on sensitive soils. Scientifically-designed long-term field trials are required to accurately determine the impacts of harvesting on long-term site productivity, and to enable the design of more environmentally-sensitive silvicultural systems and ameliorative treatments. Design criteria for long-term site productivity studies and recommendations for “minimum data sets” and relevant process studies are discussed. International communication and collaboration is required to ensure that studies are relevant and that science funding is used as effectively as possible.     

Spatial variation of environmental impacts of regional biomass chains

In this study, the spatial variation of potential environmental impacts of bioenergy crops is quantitatively assessed. The cultivation of sugar beet and Miscanthus for bioethanol production in the North of the Netherlands is used as a case study. The environmental impacts included are greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (during lifecycle and related to direct land use change), soil quality, water quantity and quality, and biodiversity. Suitable methods are selected and adapted based on an extensive literature review. The spatial variation in environmental impacts related to the spatial heterogeneity of the physical context is assessed using Geographical Information System (GIS). The case study shows that there are large spatial variations in environmental impacts of the introduction of bioenergy crops. Land use change (LUC) to sugar beet generally causes more negative environmental impacts than LUC to Miscanthus. LUC to Miscanthus could have positive environmental impacts in some areas. The most negative environmental impacts of a shift towards sugar beet and Miscanthus occur in the western wet pasture areas. The spatially combined results of the environmental impacts illustrate that there are several trade offs between environmental impacts: there are no areas were no negative environmental impacts occur. The assessment demonstrates a framework to identify areas with potential negative environmental impacts of bioenergy crop production and areas where bioenergy crop production have little negative or even positive environmental impacts.     

火电厂热力系统Yong分析

应用Yong分析方法,对火电厂热力系统进行了诊断。分析了系统中各主要设备和环节的热力学完善性,找出系统中的薄弱环节,并与使用传统的热平衡法取得的结果进行了比较,为火电厂的运行优化和节能技改提供了较为科学的依据。     

Evaluation of negative environmental impacts of electricity generation: Neoclassical and institutional approaches

Neoclassical and institutional economics have developed different theories and methodologies for evaluating environmental and social impacts of electricity generation. The neoclassical approach valuates external costs, and the institutional approach uses social cost valuation and MCDM methods. This paper focuses on three dimensions: theoretical and methodological backgrounds; critical review of specific studies: methodologies, results, and limitations; and discussing their results and implications for environmental policy and further research. The two approaches lead to a common conclusion that fossil fuels and nuclear power show the highest environmental impact. Despite the common conclusion, the conclusion has limited implications for environmental policy because of the weakness of their methodologies.     

Renewable and nuclear electricity: Comparison of environmental impacts

Given the widely acknowledged negative impacts of fossil fuels, both on human health and on potential climate change, it is of interest to compare the impacts of low carbon alternative energy sources such as nuclear energy, hydropower, solar, wind and biomass. In this paper, we review the literature in order to summarise the impacts of the different technologies in terms of their materials and energy requirements, their emissions during operation, their health effects during operation, the accident risks, and the associated waste streams. We follow up these comparisons with some more anecdotal evidence on selected impacts that are either particularly topical or are important but less commonly addressed. These include impacts of wind turbines on persons and on bird life, the underestimated problems with biomass, and concerns about biodiversity reduction. Finally we address the public attitudes towards both renewable energy technologies and to nuclear power. The conclusion is drawn that energy policies of many countries are perhaps more strongly influenced by public and political perceptions of available technologies than they are by rational assessment of the actual benefits and drawbacks. Policy recommendations follow from this conclusion.     

The energy consumption and environmental impacts of SCR technology in China

Energy and environment are drawing greater attention today, particularly with the rapid development of the economy and increase consumption of energy in China. At present, coal-fired power plants are mainly responsible for atmospheric air pollution. The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology is a highly effective method for NO_X control. The present study identified and quantified the energy consumption and the environmental impacts of SCR system throughout the whole life cycle, including production and transportation of manufacturing materials, installation and operation of SCR technology. The analysis was conducted with the utilization of life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology which provided a quantitative basis for assessing potential improvements in the environmental performance of the system. The functional unit of the study was 5454 t NO_X emission from an existing Chinese pulverized coal power plant for 1 year. The current study compared life cycle emissions from two types of de-NO_X technologies, namely the SCR technology and the selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) technology, and the case that NO_X was emitted into atmosphere directly. The results showed that the environmental impact loading resulting from SCR technology (66810 PET₂₀₀₀) was smaller than that of flue gas emitted into atmosphere directly (164121 PET₂₀₀₀) and SNCR technology (105225 PET₂₀₀₀). More importantly, the SCR technology is much more effective at the elimination of acidification and nutrient enrichment than SNCR technology and the case that NO_X emitted into atmosphere directly. This SCR technology is more friendly to the environment, and can play an important role in NO_X control for coal-fired power plants as well as industrial boilers.     

Regulatory,design and methodological impacts in determining tidal-in-stream power resource potential

Tidal-in-Stream energy has been heralded by many as a significant potential source for clean power, a scheme where kinetic energy is extracted from tidal currents. A number of estimates have suggested that tidal power may become a sizeable fraction of overall electricity generation, however these estimates have been largely based on a resource assessment methodology that dramatically oversimplifies the physical phenomenon at play. This paper develops a model that considers the effect of energy extraction on the bulk flow, showing that tidal energy inventories that assess solely kinetic energy flux may represent both an order-of-magnitude overestimation of the resource and a significant oversimplification of regulatory impacts.