新型多功能全位置立向下焊条的开发

开发了一种新型全位置立向下焊条,采用有约束的配方均匀设计,对焊条配方进行了优化,采用GX-Ⅲ高温物性测试仪对焊条药皮的熔化特性进行了研究.结果表明,开发的全位置立向下焊条具有优良的工艺性能,焊缝成形美观,易脱渣,电弧稳定,飞溅率小等;该焊条具有较高的抗拉强度、屈服强度和较高的低温冲击韧性,能广泛应用于重要结构焊接.通过对焊接接头断口、金相组织以及焊缝成分和焊接接头横截面硬度分析表明了焊缝具有较高力学性能.形成了一整套开发全位置立向下焊条的新方法,该方法具有开发周期短、成本低、质量高的特点.     

纳米大理石对D600R堆焊焊条性能的影响

用粒径70～90nm大理石取代堆焊焊条D600R药皮中的微米大理石,制成纳米大理石焊条.利用汉诺威电弧质量分析仪对焊接过程中的电流电压和短路时间进行测试,获得微米大理石焊条和纳米大理石焊条的燃弧特征;通过焊接工艺试验、测氢试验、熔化温度测试、硬度试验、耐磨试验和微观分析,分别对两种焊条的工艺性能和力学性能进行分析.结果表明,用纳米大理石替代微米大理石可降低焊条药皮的熔化温度和堆焊层金属中的扩散氢含量;提高焊条的熔敷效率;降低焊条短路电压、短路电流概率密度和,在短路时间t12.05ms时间段内缩短累计短路时间;改善焊条操作性能;提高堆焊层金属硬度和耐磨性.     

Influences of ceria and yttrium on properties of D127 surfacing electrode

The coating of D127,a surfacing electrode,was added ceria(CeO_2) and yttrium (Y) for possible enhanced electrode properties.The method of orthogonal test was adopted.The coating with different amount of CeO_2 and Y was pressed.The hardness of surfacing layer was carried on by hardness tester,microstructure was investigated by metallograph,and the content of rare earths was analyzed by X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer.The results show that the microstructures of deposited metal can be effectively made fine,accordingly,the hardness and the wear-resistance of deposited metal are also raised.But the addition amount of the rare-earth should be proper.The deposited metal microstructure is the finest and the most homogeneous when the addition amount of CeO_2 is 2 wt.% and Y 1.2 wt.%,and the hardness of the surfacing layer is the highest.     

Effectiveness of cold metal transfer process for welding 7075 aluminium alloys

Abstract

Cold metal transfer (CMT) welding is a promising process to improve the mechanical characteristics of the hard to weld 7075-T6 aluminium alloy owing to its unique advantages in contrast to conventional metal inert gas welding process. The welded joints, using ER5356, were identified and characterised by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Mechanical properties were measured by tensile and hardness tests. Results indicate that CMT provides better joint tensile strength and ductility compared to metal inert gas welding. The softness in the heat affected zone was very low, but a big hardness gap was recognised in the welded metal compared to base metal. The joint had mechanical property coefficients of 77%, 60% and 69% for yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation respectively.     

焊条性能神经网络非线性组合智能预测模型

通过试验测定焊条熔敷金属的断后伸长率和冲击吸收功等力学性能,以多层前馈神经网络(BP)、径向基函数神经网络(RBF)、自适应模糊神经网络(AFNN)3种方法获得的单一预测模型的计算值作为输入参数,建立焊条熔敷金属力学性能神经网络非线性组合预测模型.利用42组试验样本对模型进行训练和验证.结果表明,断后伸长率和冲击吸收功...     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cold Metal Transfer Welding Similar and Dissimilar Aluminum Alloys

Integrating structures made from aluminum alloys in automotive industry requires a large amount of joining. As a consequence, the properties of the joints have a significant influence on the overall performance of the whole structure.Robot cold metal transfer welding is a relatively new joining technique and has been used in this work to join 6082-T4 and5182-O aluminum alloy sheets by using ER5356 and ER4043 filler metals. Microstructure characterization was performed by optical microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and the mechanical properties were measured by tensile and hardness tests. A correlation is made between welding variables, mechanical properties and the microstructure of welded joints. Results indicate that robot cold metal transfer welding provides good joint efficiency with high welding speed, good tensile strength, and ductility. Owing to the low heat input of robot cold metal transfer welding process, the heat affected zone microstructure was quite similar to base metals, and weld metal microstructure was the controlling factor of joint efficiency. The best performing were the 5182/5182 joints welded with ER5356 and these had mechanical property coefficients of 100%, 98%, and 85% for yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation, respectively.     

基于自适应模糊神经网络焊接接头力学性能预测

通过对TC4钛合金进行TIG焊,并测定接头的抗拉强度、抗弯强度和断后伸长率,获得网络仿真所需的数据.结合使用BP算法与最小二乘相结合的混合算法,建立了用于焊接接头力学性能预测的自适应模糊神经网络模型.利用该模型进行仿真,其平均误差远小于7%.结果表明,该模型可根据焊接工艺参数对焊接接头的抗拉强度、抗弯强度和断后伸长率等力学性能进行较为准确的预测,并且具有建模快、模型简单、预测速度快、预测精度高,泛化能力强的优点,从而为焊接接头力学性能预测提供了一条有效的途径.     

固溶温度对GH4169合金锻件力学及焊接性能的影响

为了能同时满足某固溶态使用的GH4169合金航天锻件的力学和焊接性能的要求,研究了固溶温度对GH4169合金锻件硬度和拉伸性能的影响规律,并对相应固溶温度下锻件的同种和异种金属的焊接质量进行了表征分析。结果表明,固溶温度对合金的微观组织和力学性能均有显著影响,随着固溶温度的提高,晶界粗大相(主要为δ相)的回溶不断增加,合金的硬度及强度指标显著下降,伸长率显著提高。对经不同温度固溶处理的GH4169合金进行同种金属和异种金属(920 ℃固溶处理GH4169合金和固溶态0Cr18Ni9不锈钢)的焊接试验,其焊缝宏观、微观、X光检测均能满足使用要求,结合力学和焊接质量最终确定固溶态使用的GH4169合金锻件的最佳固溶温度为900~940 ℃。     

焊丝成分对6082-T6铝合金焊接接头组织和性能的影响

采用ER5356和ER5087焊丝对12 mm厚6082-T6铝合金进行熔化极惰性气体保护焊(MIG)后,通过显微硬度测试、拉伸力学性能测试、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和透射电镜(TEM)等研究焊丝成分对焊接接头力学性能与显微组织的影响。结果表明:采用ER5087焊丝焊接的6082-T6铝合金焊接接头焊缝区晶粒更细小;抗拉强度、屈服强度、断后伸长率以及焊接系数均高于ER5356焊丝焊接的6082-T6铝合金焊接接头的;两种焊丝焊接的6082-T6铝合金焊接接头的硬度最低区域与拉伸断裂位置均在距离焊缝中心10~15 mm处的热影响区,该区域β″强化相聚集长大、粗化,导致析出相强化作用减弱,成为焊接接头性能最薄弱区域。     

铁基多元合金堆焊层的组织与力学性能

通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜及材料试验机对焊态铁基多元合金堆焊层的组织与力学性能进行分析与测试,并与经500℃回火后的力学性能进行比较。结果表明,该堆焊层的焊态硬度为41.5HRC,抗拉强度为1278.56MPa,冲击韧度为21.47J/cm2,伸长率为7.58%,断面收缩率为42.13%;经500℃保温2h回火后,堆焊层的强度和冲击韧度较焊态略有降低,伸长率和断面收缩率略有升高,而硬度变化不大。     

TWIP钢TIG焊接接头的组织与性能

研究了TWIP(21Mn24Cr5Ni2Al2Si)钢冷轧板手工TIG焊接后的焊接接头组织和力学性能。结果表明,焊接接头和母材组织均为单一奥氏体,且不形成孪晶,拉伸后的组织有少量形变孪晶。母材的抗拉强度和显微硬度远高于焊接接头,母材伸长率略低于焊接接头;母材断口为准解理断裂,无缩颈;焊接接头为韧窝型韧性断裂,有明显缩颈。母材和焊接接头的性能有巨大差异,且TWIP效应不明显,有必要对其整体进行固溶处理。     

利用模糊神经网络技术预测焊接接头力学性能

探讨一种自适应模糊神经网络(adaptive fuzzy neural networks,ANFIS)预测焊接接头力学性能的方法.通过测定TC4钛合金TIG焊接头的抗拉强度、抗弯强度和延伸率,结合焊接工艺参数建立了用于焊接接头力学性能预测的自适应模糊神经网络模型.利用该模型,并使用BP算法和BP算法与最小二乘相结合的混合算法,采用不同的输入变量隶属度函数、模糊子集数、迭代次数,对焊接接头力学性能进行了ANFIS仿真.结果表明,当采用混合算法,且模糊子集数为3时,网络训练和预测结果平均误差均远小于7%.能够满足实际生产的要求.使用MATLAB和Visuall C 混合编程开发了基于ANFIS焊接接头力学性能预测软件,可根据焊接工艺参数对焊接接头的抗拉强度、抗弯强度和延伸率等力学性能进行较为准确地预测,为焊接接头的质量预测与控制提供了一条简捷、有效的新途径.     

基于DIC的镍基焊材焊接接头局部力学性能研究

本文通过显微组织分析、数字图像相关技术（DIC）试验以及硬度测试,系统研究了15CrMoR母材与镍基焊材焊接接头各区域的局部力学性能。基于DIC方法获取了镍基焊材焊接接头拉伸过程的全场应变云纹发现：焊缝区域应变较小且不均匀,母材区域应变量大,热影响区均匀过渡。在此基础上构建了焊接接头不同区域的局部应力应变曲线,并揭示了焊接接头局部力学性能参数的分布规律。由焊接接头显微组织的分析可知,局部力学性能参数的分布与显微组织的分布存在密切联系。最后,结合显微硬度与强度参量在焊接接头的分布规律,构建了两者的关联方程,便于镍基焊材焊接接头局部力学参数的估算。     

热处理工艺对M390/304 CMT焊接接头微观组织及力学性能的影响

基于改善M390高碳马氏体不锈钢与304奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头的力学性能特别是提高焊接接头硬度,以达到高端刀具生产的要求,对冷金属过渡焊接M390高碳马氏体不锈钢与304奥氏体不锈钢获得的焊接接头进行不同工艺的热处理研究.采用拉伸、维氏显微硬度测试及扫描电镜(SEM)表征不同热处理工艺的焊接接头力学性能及微观组织演变,统计了不同热处理工艺下焊接接头中M390母材、M390细晶区和M390粗晶区等区域的碳化物分布,研究了不同热处理工艺下焊接接头的断裂机理.研究结果表明,在1 150℃水淬热处理工艺下焊接接头既满足刀具钢硬度的要求,又具有良好的力学性能,可以作为M390/304焊接接头的最佳热处理工艺,对应焊接接头的抗拉强度和断后伸长率为502 MPa和20.8%,抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别是焊态的98%和95%. 1 150℃水淬热处理工艺的M390母材、细晶区和粗晶区中碳化物平均尺寸最小,碳化物形貌以细小的块状均匀分布.淬火温度升高,抗拉强度和断后伸长率均呈现出先下降后升高的趋势,随着冷却速度的减小,抗拉强度和断后伸长率均呈现出下降的趋势.不同热处理工艺下焊接接头的断裂位置在M390粗晶区...     

Explosively welded copper‐stainless steel bimetal and an example of its application

Summary

Friction welding was carried out under various welding conditions using high strength 7075 aluminium alloy; an investigation into the structure and the mechanical properties of joints thus obtained leads to the following conclusions: The fibrous structure at the heat affected zone changed to align in the direction of flash expulsion and the fibrous structure at the weld zone disappeared and a non-directional fine grain structure was evident. The hardness at the weld interface had a lower value than that of the base metal and an even more softened zone than the weld interface was noted at the heat affected zone. The hardness values at the weld interface and the softened zone were seen to recover after friction welding due to natural ageing but did not recover fully. Both the values of the tensile strength and the elongation declined compared with the base metal in joints made under the conditions that gave the maximum value of tensile strength; the former was 81% and the latter was 83% that of the base metal. The joint impact value of a specimen with a notch on the weld interface was 73% that of the base metal.     

Microstructure evolution and tensile properties of friction-stir-welded AM50 magnesium alloy

Friction stir welding(FSW) technique was utilized to weld cast AM50 magnesium alloy plates.The microstructures in the base metal(BM) and the weld joint were observed by optical microscopy.The mechanical properties were investigated by using hardness measurement and tensile test,and the fractographs were observed by scanning electron microscopy.The results show that the microstructure of the base material was characterized by bulk primaryαphase,α-matrix and intermetallic compoundβ(or Mg_(17)Al_(12)),and t...     

镀锌钢/铝添加中间夹层Cu、Pb的激光搭接焊研究

对1.2 mm厚DC56D+ZF镀锌钢和1.15 mm厚6016铝合金平板试件进行了添加中间夹层Cu、Pb的激光搭接焊实验研究,利用体视显微镜、卧式金相显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、微机控制的电子万能试验机等手段研究了钢/铝焊缝的表面成形性、接头各区域的金相组织、界面元素分布、断口形貌、主要物相与接头力学性能。结果表明:添加中间夹层Cu、Pb,焊接接头的平均抗拉强度分别为49.44、73.51 MPa,伸长率分别为1.63%、2.37%,与未添加夹层相比,抗拉强度和伸长率提高,其中Pb提高效果优于Cu;不加夹层,钢/铝试样断口呈明显脆性断裂特征;加入夹层Cu,脆性断裂特征不明显;而加入夹层Pb,试样断口呈韧性断裂特征;添加夹层Pb,钢/铝界面连接处Fe、Al、Zn、Mg、Pb元素变化剧烈,混合区宽度大,新生成Mg2Pb金属间化合物的结构比FeAl金属间化合物稳定,能抑制脆性FeAl金属间化合物生成。这是添加夹层Pb明显改善钢/铝焊接接头力学性能的重要原因。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of the joint of 6061 aluminum alloy by plasma-MIG hybrid welding

Plasma-MIG (metal inert gas arc welding) hybrid welding of 6061 aluminum alloy with 6 mm thickness using ER5356 welding wire was carried out.The microstructures and mechanical properties of the welded joint were investigated by optical microscopy,X-ray diffraction (XRD),energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS),tensile test,hardness test and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to judge the type of tensile fracture.The results showed that the tensile strength of welded joint was 142 MPa which was 53.6％ of the strength of the base metal.The welding seam zone was characterized by dendritic structure.In the fusion zone,the columnar grains existed at one side of the welding seam.The fibrous organization was found in the base metal,and also in the heat affected zone (HAZ) where the recrystallization occurred.The HAZ was the weakest position of the welded joint due to the coarsening of Mg2Si phase.The type of tensile fracture was ductile fracture.     

35CrMo调质钢超窄间隙MAG焊接头组织分析

介绍在低温预热条件下35CrMo调质钢厚板的超窄间隙MAG环缝对接焊的设备与工艺。通过焊接接头的金相观察、硬度测量和拉伸试验,分析其组织分布和力学性能。发现焊缝区和热影响区内的微观组织均为细晶形态,硬度值较高。焊接接头的拉伸实验结果表明,断裂均发生在硬度值较低的焊缝区,但对应强度大大高于该焊丝的抗拉强度。应用超窄间隙MAG焊较低热输入焊接工艺,有利于形成细晶粒的焊缝和热影响区组织,能够通过细晶强化大幅度提高熔敷金属的抗拉强度,这对低合金调质高强钢的工艺设计与应用具有重要的参考价值。     

基于Incoloy800H钨极氩弧焊接头组织及其性能分析

在2 mm厚800H合金钨极氩弧焊试验的基础上,研究焊接接头的微观组织和析出相成分,并分析焊接接头的力学性能和抗晶间腐蚀性能,观察拉伸断口和晶间腐蚀试样的形貌。结果表明:焊缝组织为柱状晶和等轴晶,热影响区晶粒明显长大,焊接接头中有少量的TiN和富Cr相(Fe,Cr)_(23)C_6析出相存在;母材、热影响区和焊缝的HV硬度分别为1730、1526和1590 MPa;室温抗拉强度和延伸率分别为565.0 MPa、31.8%,均超过ASME标准关于800H合金规定值(450.0 MPa和30.0%),拉伸断裂为韧性断裂;焊接接头高温(650℃)抗拉强度和延伸率分别为394.5 MPa、15.5%,其断口是混合型断口;较接头组织,母材腐蚀更为严重,表面晶界开裂并伴有少量且尺寸较小的腐蚀坑,基体中TiN缺陷处易引起点蚀。