超声振动螺线磨削砂轮表面的功率谱密度分析

超声振动螺线磨削过程中,砂轮表面微观形貌的变化复杂.为准确表征其特征,采用功率谱密度分析方法,将砂轮表面的微观结构分解为不同频率、振幅和相位的谐波,对比分析不同磨削行程时普通磨削和超声振动螺线磨削砂轮表面的磨损行为.结果表明:砂轮表面功率谱密度曲线的斜率k随着磨削行程的增大而逐渐减小,即k越小砂轮表面磨损越严重.其中,...     

Application of region growing method to evaluate the surface condition of grinding wheels

Grinding is a time-varying process affected by factors such as wheel construction, dressing parameters, operating parameters, workpiece material and cooling. The influence of these factors on wheel wear can be evaluated by monitoring the wheel condition. Measurement of wear flat area provides information on the condition of the wheel, but unfortunately it can be a tedious, time consuming, and expensive process. In this paper, a new system to measure wear flat area is presented. This system is mounted on the grinding machine and automates the measurement process by using computer control to automatically position the wheel and capture digital images of the wheel between grinding cycles. Image processing software is then used to analyze the digital images and measure the wear flat area. The proposed measurement system was validated using a scanning electron microscope. Experiments were performed on a Brown & Sharpe Micromaster 824 surface grinder to examine the relationship between wear flat area, normal force and depth of cut. The results agree with the literature.     

Influence of different grinding wheel and dressing roller specifications on grinding wheel wear

A targeted adjustment of the dressing results and the methodological influence of the dressing process on the non-stationary wear of a grinding wheel after dressing increases the productivity and the reproducibility of grinding processes. Despite the great economic importance of grinding processes with vitrified corundum grinding wheels and the great relevance of the dressing process for the application behavior of these grinding wheels, quantitative models are missing for the purposeful design of the dressing process. In previous studies, a dressing model was successfully developed which predicts the dressing force in the dressing process as well as the workpiece roughness and the grinding wheel wear behavior in a grinding process for a specific grinding wheel and form roller specification. However, a transferability of this model to other grinding wheel and form roller specifications is not possible because the influence of the grain size and the hardness of the grinding wheel as well as the dressing tool topography on the grinding wheel wear and thus on parameters of the dressing model are not known. The objective of this work was to extend the model to additional grinding wheel and form roller specifications to ensure a broad applicability of the model.     

CFRP砂轮与钢基体砂轮高速磨削过程中的动力学特性

为探究CFRP砂轮与钢基体砂轮在高速磨削过程中的动力学特性,在数控凸轮轴磨床上搭建振动测试试验平台,开展磨削过程的动力学特性试验,研究2种砂轮在不同线速度和不同进给速度下的振动信号变化,并测量磨削后工件的表面粗糙度。结果表明:CFRP砂轮主轴系统的各阶固有频率高于钢基体砂轮主轴系统的各阶固有频率,且磨削过程中激发的优势频率处于高频区域。随着砂轮线速度的增大,GCr15工件表面粗糙度随之发生波动,CFRP基体砂轮磨削表面的粗糙度明显变小,较钢基体砂轮磨削表面的粗糙度减小30%～35%。颤振发生前后,CFRP基体砂轮磨削的表面粗糙度由0.089 μm变为0.091 μm,粗糙度增大2.2%;钢基体砂轮磨削的表面粗糙度由0.135 μm变为0.146 μm,粗糙度增大8.2%。在线速度一定的条件下,随着砂轮进给速度的增加,CFRP砂轮和钢基体砂轮磨削的工件表面粗糙度值都有增加,分别为2.4%和2.9%,但相较于砂轮线速度对工件表面粗糙度值的影响,进给速度对工件表面粗糙度值的影响更小。      

Tool wear monitoring for micro-end grinding of ceramic materials

As grinding process usually is a final step of a machining procedure, excessive grinding tool wear could deteriorate both workpiece surface quality and its dimensional accuracy. This becomes more severe in the case of microgrinding than in conventional grinding because microgrinding wheels are more sensitive to tool wear. An effective tool wear monitoring technique is, therefore, crucial for maintaining consistent machining quality and high efficiency in microgrinding. In this paper, the influence of tool wear and tool stiffness on microgrinding process signals such as grinding force, grinding system vibration, acoustic emission signal and spindle load, are analyzed during end grinding of ceramic materials. To indicate the actual wear status of a microgrinding wheel, this study proposed a new monitoring parameter by fusing grinding force and system vibration signals, based on the concept of varying cutting stiffness. This new monitoring parameter is then experimentally tested in microgrinding a series of ceramic miniature features with consistent and inconsistent geometry.     

陶瓷结合剂金刚石砂轮组织结构对其性能的影响

研究单晶硅片磨削用陶瓷结合剂金刚石砂轮的组织结构对砂轮性能的影响,评估砂轮组织结构对砂轮磨损速率、磨床主轴电流、磨削后的单晶硅片表面粗糙度及其表面形貌的影响。试验结果显示:主轴电流随着砂轮组织中孔隙率的增加呈现下降趋势,从最高的7.0 A降低至6.3 A;砂轮的磨损速率则表现出相反的规律,气孔率最大的砂轮的磨损速率是最小的砂轮的近2倍,分别为2.525 2 μm/片和1.423 8 μm/片;砂轮组织结构对磨削后工件的表面粗糙度影响不大,工件的表面粗糙度R_a值分别为7.67、7.47和7.37 nm;但当气孔孔径过大、孔壁变薄时,会造成磨削工件表面出现深划痕,导致硅片磨削质量恶化。      

碟轮修整对单层钎焊金刚石砂轮磨粒形貌影响研究

为揭示修整对金刚石砂轮磨粒形貌的影响规律,利用光学显微镜,分别对不同修整量下的磨粒形貌进行追踪观测;针对磨粒形貌变化,对磨粒磨损形式、磨粒切削刃宽度、顶面面积和刃圆半径的变化规律进行了统计分析。结果显示:在碟轮修整过程中,磨粒主要发生磨耗磨损,小部分发生破碎和断裂,且各种磨损比例均逐渐升高。随着修整量增加,磨粒平均切削刃宽度和平均顶面面积逐渐增大,而平均刃圆半径则呈现先增大后减小的变化规律。      

Wire electrical discharge machining of metal bond diamond wheels for ceramic grinding

The application of cylindrical wire Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) for profile truing of metal bond diamond wheels is presented. Instead of using the mechanical force to break the diamond and matrix in the grinding wheel, the wire EDM process uses the thermal energy or electrical sparks between the wire and rotating grinding wheel to remove the metal bond and form the wheel. The design and manufacture of a corrosion-resistant, precise spindle with the high-electrical current capability for wire EDM truing of grinding wheel is first introduced. Three truing configurations were designed to study effects of wire EDM process parameters and to investigate the level of form accuracy and corner radii achievable by the wire EDM truing of diamond wheels. Results show that the wire EDM process can efficiently generate the μm-scale precision form on the diamond wheels. The wheel, after truing, was used to grind the silicon nitride workpiece. Grinding forces and wheel wear rate were measured. In the beginning of the grinding, high wheel wear rate was identified. The subsequent wheel wear rate was considerably lower and stabilized.     

石材加工中的磨轮磨削工艺

本文是通过实验的方法研究花岗石磨抛工艺,分析磨轮磨损的原因和影响光泽度的因素,探讨磨轮在花岗石磨削过程中的半径补偿,以指导实际生产,提高生产效率和加工精度。通过实验可以得到以下结论：磨轮的磨损主要取决于石材的硬度和石材去除量,石材硬度愈高,磨轮寿命愈短;去除量愈大,磨轮磨损愈大。树脂型磨轮磨抛花岗石,磨轮半径每米要补偿0．01-0．02mm。光泽度与磨粒的粒度和主轴转速有关,磨粒的粒度越小,转速愈高,光泽度愈高。     

钢轨打磨用钎焊金刚石砂轮研究

为解决传统树脂砂轮打磨钢轨时存在的打磨效率低、易烧伤钢轨和粉尘污染大等问题,分析利用钎焊金刚石技术的优势制备新型钢轨打磨用砂轮的可行性。结合磨粒有序排布工艺,制备具有开槽结构的新型钎焊金刚石砂轮,并对U71Mn钢轨钢进行打磨对比试验。结果表明:相较于树脂锆刚玉砂轮,新型钎焊金刚石砂轮能提高50%左右的打磨效率,并有效降低磨削温度,避免钢轨烧伤。在钢轨打磨过程中,新型钎焊砂轮排屑效果显著,基本不发生磨屑黏附现象;但砂轮开槽导致磨削振动增大,加剧金刚石磨粒破碎,并增大钢轨表面粗糙度。新型砂轮磨屑多为带状,磨屑体积大且无熔融小球。      

Mechanisms in the generation of grinding wheel topography by dressing

For the process of dressing vitrified bonded grinding wheels with diamond tools it has been unknown how the wheel topography is generated. Moreover, the influence of the kinematical dressing parameters on the wheel wear behavior has not been quantified. In the course of this article the grinding wheel was dealt with as a porous ceramic composite. In FEM simulations common dressing forces and usual dressing tool geometries were applied. The results were verified by dressing tests and grinding wheel scratch tests which show the wheel wear mechanisms. The common practice of decreasing the grinding wheel surface roughness by a finishing dressing stroke has to be reconsidered, because previous dressing strokes with higher depths of cut can weaken the grinding wheel structure and lead to an unsteady phase with high grinding wheel wear after dressing.     

Effect of joint conditions on the dynamic behavior of a grinding wheel spindle

A numerical model of a grinding wheel spindle was presented to analyze the dynamic behavior of the wheel spindle with respect to joint conditions. Each joint condition of the wheel-spindle assembly was modeled to examine the dynamic behavior change due to disk mode vibration and joint conditions such as the bolt tightening forces between flange and wheel, and the taper tightening force between shaft and flange contact surface. The effects of bolt and taper coupling joint conditions on the dynamic characteristics, natural frequency and damping ratio of vibration modes, were numerically investigated using this model. Experiments were performed to measure modal parameters and compared with the numerical results. The numerical results obtained from the model agreed well, within 5%, with the experimental results. It was found that joint conditions, such as bolt tightening force and taper tightening force, have significant influence on the dynamic characteristics; the maximum natural frequency change was about 60%. It was also shown that the disk mode vibration of the wheel greatly affects the vibration mode of a wheel-spindle assembly.     

基于阶梯分层磨削试验方法的棕刚玉砂轮磨损演变研究

为提高镍基合金K4125的材料加工效率、改善其表面质量,开展棕刚玉砂轮磨削K4125的磨损试验研究。基于阶梯分层磨削、石墨复形的试验方法,探究砂轮的磨损机理,分析砂轮磨损对磨削力、工件表面质量的影响规律。结果表明:当K4125累积材料去除体积由100 mm3/mm增至125 mm3/mm时,砂轮进入剧烈磨损阶段,棕刚玉砂轮的磨削力比增加了70.3%至10.9;砂轮径向磨损量由18.0 μm增至25.1 μm。由于K4125表面氧化物与棕刚玉砂轮亲和性较强,砂轮磨损表面存在大量由黏附磨屑形成的磨耗平台,其材料去除能力急剧降低。综合考虑砂轮的磨损速率与磨削效果,棕刚玉砂轮磨削K4125合金的最佳材料去除体积应控制在100 mm3/mm。      

轧辊磨削过程中砂轮磨损对比与功率监测

为解决磨削大型零件时进刀不均匀、效率低的问题,以轧辊磨削为例,对比CBN砂轮和氧化铝砂轮的主轴功率和加工性能。发现:由于砂轮磨损,轧辊磨削的效率及尺寸精度低;相同条件下,树脂结合剂CBN砂轮的效率比氧化铝砂轮高150%;去除同样轧辊材料时,CBN砂轮的磨损量最多是氧化铝砂轮的1/9。CBN砂轮由于磨粒硬度高、把持力强,可以改善大型零件加工时进刀不均匀、效率低的情况。      

Correlating surface roughness and vibration on plunge cylindrical grinding of steel

Since the wear of a grinding wheel has a direct effect on the workpiece vibration and both have effect on the workpiece quality, the main goal of this work is to study the relation between the process vibration signals and the workpiece quality (mean roughness, circularity and burning) as the grinding wheel gets worn, in an attempt to use these signals to decide the exact moment to dress the wheel. In order to reach this goal, several experiments were carried out in a plunge cylindrical grinding operation of an AISI 52100 quenched and tempered steel, having as input variables the dressing overlap ratio, the spark out time and the workpiece velocity. The output variables were the workpiece surface roughness and circularity and also the process vibration during both, the cutting phase and the spark out phase of the grinding cycle. The main conclusions were: (1) it is possible to have good workpiece quality even with a vibration level much higher than that obtained with a recently dressed wheel; (2) vibration during cutting phase and at the end of complete spark out can be used to monitor the wheel condition at least when high dressing overlap ratio is used; and (3) the decrease in the spark out time makes the vibration at the end of spark out increase a lot, but does not cause such a damage in surface roughness. This fact makes the use of partial spark out feasible in some situations.     

电镀cBN砂轮高速磨削高温合金的砂轮磨损研究

针对高速磨削的特点,采用电镀cBN砂轮进行了120 m/s高速条件下磨削镍基高温合金GH4169时的砂轮磨损试验研究.随着工件材料去除体积的增加,采用复型技术跟踪了砂轮工作表面在不同磨损时期的形貌变化,并对磨削力的变化进行了分析.研究发现,随着工件材料去除体积的增加,磨削力呈现初期快速增加、随后平稳增加的变化趋势,并且...     

氟化钙对单晶硅片磨削用树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮磨削性能的影响

在单晶硅片磨削用树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮中分别添加不同体积分数的固体润滑剂氟化钙(CaF₂),评估其对砂轮表面结构、砂轮磨损量、磨床主轴电流的影响,并测量和计算单晶硅片的表面粗糙度和表面损伤层厚度。结果显示:随CaF₂用量增加,磨床主轴电流、砂轮磨损量、单晶硅片的表面粗糙度值和表面损伤层厚度均下降;当CaF₂体积分数为25%时,主轴电流降至约6.4 A,砂轮磨损量降到每片0.448 6 μm,单晶硅片的表面粗糙度R_a、R_y和R_z分别为0.056 μm、0.382 μm和0.396 μm,表面损伤层厚0.559 6 μm。加入CaF₂固体润滑剂可有效改善树脂金刚石砂轮的性能,提高单晶硅片表面的加工质量,且CaF₂体积分数为25%时效果最佳。      

非球面磨削过程中圆弧形砂轮的磨损分析

针对砂轮磨损会严重影响非球面磨削质量的问题，基于非球面磨削的运动方式，解析了非球面磨削过程中的材料去除体积和砂轮磨损体积公式，并结合砂轮磨损实验，探究非球面磨削用圆弧形金刚石砂轮的磨损规律。结果表明:圆弧形金刚石砂轮在磨削非球面过程中由于磨损会导致其径向尺寸减小，在砂轮失效前其直径变化主要存在3个阶段:即直径快速变化阶段、缓慢变化阶段和微量变化阶段。圆弧形砂轮表面的结构特性，使得砂轮圆弧顶端的结合剂对顶端区域的磨粒把持力要低于其他磨粒的，导致该区域的磨粒和结合剂被快速磨损，直至圆弧形金刚石砂轮的几何结构不再影响其结合剂对磨粒的把持力，此后其磨损过程与平面金刚石砂轮磨损类似。      

The influence of grinding process on forced vibration damping in headstock of grinding wheel of cylindrical grinder

The paper describes theoretical analysis of dynamics of system: machine–tool–workpiece for cylindrical plunge grinding. The functional as well as mathematical model of grinder equipped with hydrostatic bearing of grinding wheel spindle and hydrostatic slideways has been presented in the paper. Simulations based on that model allow qualitative investigation of grinding force characteristics and its influence on forced vibrations in grinder. Results of simulation supported the thesis, that grinding force significantly influences the forced vibration damping of headstock of grinding wheel.     

工程陶瓷小砂轮轴向大切深缓进给磨削加工的砂轮磨损分析

小砂轮轴向大切深缓进给磨削以较大切深实现了较高的材料去除率,且使用的砂轮直径比常规磨削用砂轮小很多,我们针对这一特点开展了研究。实验通过改变砂轮转速、工件转速和磨削深度等加工参数,对轴向大切深缓进给磨削加工后的砂轮表面进行了形貌观测和磨损分析。分析表明,砂轮各部分的磨损形式与其在磨削过程中所起的作用有关:砂轮端面是磨削加工的主磨削区,磨粒和结合剂主要发生较大程度的磨损;砂轮圆周面主要对已加工表面进行修磨,因而结合剂和磨粒磨损为主要磨损形式;砂轮拐角作为过渡磨削区,承受的磨削力也比较大,而且由于磨粒与结合剂的结合力相对较小,因此易发生磨粒和结合剂的脱落。