丰满流域春季径流水源及产流模式分析

春季径流主要来源于融雪水和冻土条件下的降雨径流,但是,如何定量进行各产流模式阶段划分和各水源量的估算,一直是春季径流研究的挑战。为了评价多年平均状态下的春季水源组成及其产流模式阶段,结合丰满流域1944—2017年的日径流量资料,根据典型年(2017年)春季日径流过程总结出东北春季径流过程由3种产流模式构成,即融雪产流模式、冻土条件下融雪-降雨产流模式、冻土条件下降雨产流模式。通过Eckhardt递归数字滤波法进行基流分割,定义地下径流与总径流之比为基流比,根据总径流量和基流比曲线变化趋势分析产流模式起止日期及历时,并采用箱形图对历年产流模式起止日期及历时进行统计分析。结果表明:丰满流域在多年平均状况下,融雪产流开始日期为3月21日,冻土条件下融雪、降雨产流开始日期为4月21日,融雪产流结束日期为5月11日,冻土消融日期为5月28日;融雪产流模式历时为31 d,冻土条件下融雪、降雨产流模式历时20 d,冻土条件下降雨产流模式历时18 d;多年平均状况下,丰满流域春季总径流中,融雪产流约占39.4%,冻土条件下融雪、降雨产流约占35.3%,冻土条件下降雨产流约占25.3%;丰满流域年总径流中,融雪产流约占10.3%,冻土条件下融雪、降雨产流约占9.2%,冻土条件下降雨产流约占6.6%。研究成果对北方地区流域春汛来水预报具有参考价值。     

内陆河流域山区温度和冻土作用下的径流过程模拟

在我国西北干旱区以季节性积雪融水为重要补给源的山区流域,温度通过影响土壤冻融循环而间接对径流产生影响。为了更好地模拟以积雪融水为重要补给水源的高寒山区的径流过程,判断不同温度指标以及冻土对径流的影响,本研究以开都河流域为例,通过改进基于系统动力学原理构建的水文模型,分析了用正积温和平均温度估算融雪速率,以及是否考虑冻土影响条件下模型对径流的模拟能力,用相关系数、Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数、均方根误差和观测标准差等评价指标对不同方案下模型的模拟能力进行了评价。结果表明用正积温估算融雪速率同时考虑季节性冻土影响情况下模型的模拟能力最高,从而证实了正积温能够更好地计算积雪融水、模拟融雪径流,且在高寒山区季节性冻土广泛发育的地区,考虑冻土的影响十分必要。     

新安江模型参数变化对流域降雨径流过程的影响分析

水文模型可以模拟自然流域的降雨径流过程,在降雨径流过程模拟中,水文模型参数的选择往往会影响模型对流域径流过程的模拟效果.针对新安江模型,以陕西黑河金盆水库流域为研究流域,分析新安江模型参数变化对模拟流域降雨径流过程的影响,以确定新安江模型参数的敏感程度,从而服务于研究流域的汛期水文预报参数修正.模拟结果表明:在研究流域新安江模型参数中KKSS、KKG、WLM、WDM、kg、k为敏感参数,对模拟流域降雨径流过程的影响较大;参数WUM、IMP、B、c、SM、EX为不敏感参数,对模拟流域降雨径流过程影响较小.     

汾泉河平原水文模型在防洪除涝水文计算及水资源评价方面的应用

汾泉河平原水文模型设置了模拟平原区水分下渗运动特点的产流机制,运用土壤水非饱和水分运动理论模拟潜水蒸发机制,运用非线性水库模拟地下水出流机制。模型运用降雨及蒸发资料,可以模拟全年逐日河川径流过程、降雨入渗补给地下水过程、地下水出流过程、土壤植物蒸散发、潜水蒸发过程及地下水过程四方面的实测资料来检验,模型参数合理可靠。模型在淮北平原七个流域进行了扩大检验均取得了好的效果。由于模型的功能较全面,该模     

金沙江中上游下垫面变化的水文过程响应

随着人类活动的加剧,金沙江中上游流域的下垫面条件发生了巨大变化,模拟变化条件下的水文循环过程,对于深刻了解水循环物理机制和制定水土保持治理措施等至关重要.以分布式水文模型为基础,建立了6种覆被变化下的情景模式,针对两种决策方案分别进行了水文过程模拟,对比了变化前后的逐月径流过程以及地表水、地下水等水循环要素,并就8种情景下的覆被变化对水文过程的影响做了定量分析.结果显示,土地利用变化引起的下垫面条件和地表糙度的变化带来了流域水文循环过程和水循环要素的变化,对该流域产流影响较大.     

不同遮蔽条件下季节性积融雪过程差异规律对比研究

寒旱区季节性积雪融雪水文过程对气候与环境变化高度敏感,研究影响季节性积雪积累与融雪过程的关键因素并进行适应性调控,对维护变化环境下流域水安全与水资源可持续利用具有重要意义。通过对新疆天山北坡乌鲁木齐河流域试验区2017年12月-2018年3月不同遮蔽条件下(林冠下、开阔地)季节性积雪层分层物理特性进行试验观测,分别分析积雪期、融雪期雪层分层物理特性及差异特征。结果表明:积融雪期内,林冠下积雪平均深度略小于开阔地,分层积雪中深霜层与粗粒雪层深度比重较大;积雪期内,开阔地分层积雪液态含水率呈单峰型变化,林冠下分层积雪液态含水率自上而下呈均匀递增趋势,融雪期不同遮蔽条件下雪层液态含水率均随雪深垂直廓线变化呈单峰型,峰值集中在细粒雪层;积融雪期分层积雪密度垂直廓线变化特征基本一致,均呈单峰型。     

基于霍顿下渗能力曲线的流域产流计算研究

以霍顿下渗能力曲线为基础,根据产流机理,对影响流域产流的降雨强度、土壤含水量、下垫面性质等重要因子进行分析,推导出土壤含水量与土壤下渗能力和地下径流入渗率的曲线方程,进而推导出了一种以流域最大蓄水量、稳定下渗率、初始下渗率3个参数为基础的流域产流计算方法。用算例对该算法进行了检验。结果表明,此方法具有一定的物理基础,符合产流基本规律,计算精度高,可为流域产流计算提供一种新的思路。     

SWAT模型在天山西部山区的应用

以伊犁喀什河流域为研究对象,采用分布式流域水文物理模型SWAT对喀什河流域进行径流模拟,并建立模型所需的土壤、土地利用、气象数据库。应用1990-1996年的月径流资料进行模型参数的率定;1997-2000年月径流资料进行模型的验证,评估了模型在天山西部山区的适用性。模型经过多次的参数率定后,能较好地模拟新疆山区水文过程。结果表明:率定期的径流相对误差RE为8.6%,Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数为0.8,模拟值与实测值之间的拟合程度较好。融雪是新疆径流形成的重要环节,模型中的融雪参数对模拟径流结果的影响较大,适当的调整融雪参数值,可提高模拟精度。     

地下水开采对海河流域水循环过程影响的模拟

利用分布式时变增益水文模型(DTVGM)的产流机制改进CLM3.5(Community Land Model version 3.5)的水文过程参数化,同时嵌入地下水开采对流域水循环影响的模块,并考虑经济社会用水,建立能够描述流域自然-人文过程的大尺度陆地水循环模型(CLM-DTVGM)。以地下水开采严重的海河流域为研究区,以中科院青藏高原研究所建立的中国区域高时空分辨率地面气象要素数据集作为大气强迫驱动,针对海河流域1980年-2010年的水循环过程进行模拟,分析地下水开采活动对流域水循环过程的影响。结果表明:地下水开采活动引起海河流域地表径流和土壤湿度整体有所减少,蒸散发则呈增加趋势,且各水循环要素空间分异较大。     

雅砻河流域补给源及径流变化机制分析

雅砻河是雅鲁藏布江重要支流之一,依据雅砻河某水文站提供的水文资料,运用基流分割法计算出雅砻河流域以地下水补给为主,其次为降水和冰川融水补给.通过多元回归分析表明,该流域消融期径流量的变化与温度、降水相关性极高:温度升高,降雨增多,径流量相应的增加,反之则反,气温对径流起着积极主导作用;非消融期径流与温度、降水关系不密切...     

广州天河智慧城SWMM参数敏感性分析

为研究城市雨水模拟中参数对SWMM模拟结果的影响,构建了广州天河智慧城SWMM水文模型,开展降雨径流水量水质同步监测,对模型参数进行率定与验证,并使用Morris方法分析水文水力参数和水质参数的敏感性。结果表明:水文水力参数中最大下渗速率对总径流量敏感性最高,地表曼宁系数对峰值流量敏感性最高,下渗参数为影响水文水力模拟结果的主要参数;水质参数中冲刷指数对污染物模拟结果敏感性最高,前期干旱天数对污染物模拟结果敏感性比总径流量模拟的敏感性高。     

Impacts of Snowmelt on Peak Flows in a Forest Watershed

Using data of long-term observations at three gauging stations and one climatic station in a forest region in southeast Germany, the impacts of snowmelt on peak flow have been investigated in this paper. Results show that the major climatic feature was found to be a precipitation maximum during the hydrological summer, and the major hydrological feature was a discharge maximum during the hydrological winter. Empirical equations describing snow depth and snow water equivalent for the studied climatic station have been developed for both snow accumulation period and ablation period. Through introducing snowmelt-rainfall depth as a new variable, the present work investigates the simultaneous occurrence of snowmelt and rainfall on snow cover, assesses the characteristics of runoff including peak flows, calculates the runoff from the snowmelt and rainfall. A hydrological model has been applied to generate hydrographs resulted from snowmelt and rainfall-on-snow.     

Potential implications of pre-storm soil moisture on hydrological prediction

Numerous hydrological models with various complexities, strengths, and weaknesses are available. Despite technological development, the association of runoff accuracy with the underlying model's parameters in watersheds with limited data remains elusive. Evaluating the soil moisture impacts at the watershed scale is often a difficult task, but it can be vital to optimally managing water resources. Incorporating pre-storm soil moisture accounting (PSMA) procedures into hydrologic models affects the watershed response to generate runoff from storm rainfall. This study demonstrated the impact of pre-storm and post-storm soil moisture in order to circumvent major obstacles in accurate runoff estimation from watersheds employing the conventional curve number (CN) model. The proposed hydrological lumped model was tested on a data set (1,804 rainfall-runoff events) from 39 watersheds in South Korea. Its superior performance indicates that the reconciliation of pre- and post-storm conceptualization has the potential to be a solution for efficient hydrological predictions and to demonstrate the complex and dynamic nature of tractable hydrological processes. The statistically significant results reveal that the proposed model can more effectively predict runoff from watersheds in the study area than the conventional CN model and its previously proposed modifications.     

Strategies to enhance the reliability of flow quantile prediction in the gauged and ungauged basins

The precise reproduction of different flow regimes in both gauged and ungauged watersheds is crucial for managing environmental flow and water quality requirements. However, the ability of hydrological models to reproduce flow quantiles (FQs) is often influenced by the process of calibrating the most dominant parameters through traditional parameter estimation methods. This research proposes a systematic parameter estimation approach to improve the credibility of the hydrologic model in reproducing FQs in gauged and ungauged watersheds through the following steps: (a) implementation of parameter sensitivity analysis to identify the dominant parameters, (b) initial estimation of the sensitive parameter values, (c) an iterative search for the optimal value of the dominant parameter in reproducing FQs and (d) regionalization of parameters to estimate FQs in the ungauged watersheds. The analysis shows the highest sensitivity of the runoff curve number (CN2) in simulating the hydrologic process in all test watersheds. Moreover, the best value of CN2 was found to be different for each flow quantile. Therefore, CN2 was updated for reproduction of FQs, which resulted in an overall average improvement of the regionalized model accuracy (across all test watersheds and flow quantiles) by 37 and 46% during the calibration and validation periods, respectively. The spatiotemporal dynamics of the water balance components that often control the behaviours of FQs in both the gauged and ungauged watersheds were also quantified. The results show a wide range of spatiotemporal variations for the majority of the water balance components.     

Generation of Runoff Components from Exponential Expressions of Serial Reservoirs

Taiwan frequently experiences heavy rainfall events during the summer. The rainfall–runoff regeneration is an important job in specific areas where excessive rainfall causes serious flooding. The primary goal of this study is to generate and understand runoff components of the watershed outlet by using a conceptual model of three linear cascade reservoirs. The conceptual model is needless to determine direct runoff and excess rainfall in advance. Every linear cascade reservoir has an independent response function with an exponential expression. The outflows of the linear reservoirs represent streamflow components of a watershed outlet during rainfall–runoff processes, in which surface runoff is considered as quick runoff, whereas subsurface and groundwater runoffs are slow runoffs. In the simulation process, mean rainfall as model inputs were estimated using the block Kriging method. Available recordings of 68 rainfall–runoff events during 1966–2002 were used as the study sample. Fifty-four events were calibrated to determine the best hydrograph parameters and were used to compare simulation precision resulting from the model with those based on the Nash with NLP. The efficacy of the proposed model was verified using the remaining 14 observed rainfall–runoff data from an actual basin. The seven averaged parameters, which were applied for verification, show that the IUH shape of quick flow is more sharp-pointed with the peak shifted forward than that of slow flow. In rainfall–runoff processes, peak discharge of quick runoff is far larger than that of slow runoff, the time it takes for the peak discharge for a quick flow is earlier than that for a slow runoff, and the base time of a slow flow is longer than that of a quick flow. Furthermore, this study also found: (1) the base time of a slow runoff hydrograph is the same as that of a total runoff hydrograph; (2) the base time of a quick runoff hydrograph is contrariwise to the value of the soil antecedent moisture; (3) an amount of quick runoff is directly proportional to that of total runoff. These analytical results reveal that the model used in this study is suitable to evaluate hydrological conditions in this and other watersheds and can be further applied to watershed management in Taiwan.     

冰冻圈水文过程对黑河上游径流的影响分析

黑河上游处于高寒山区,开展冰冻圈水文过程对径流的影响研究,对于判断该地区径流变化趋势及其可持续性具有重要意义。本文应用基流分割、逐步多元回归等方法,分析了1960—2013年黑河上游出山径流量的变化及其原因,重点估计了融雪、冰川融化对径流的贡献,探讨了土壤冻融过程对径流变化的可能影响。分析结果表明,黑河上游山区河川径流在近54年间呈现上升趋势,其中以基流部分的上升为主。降水与气温变化对河川径流上升均有较大贡献。导致春季径流增加的主要因素为温度、降水次之;导致秋季径流增加的主要因素为降水、温度次之。夏季黑河上游东支的雨强有显著增大趋势(日雨量增幅为0.9 mm/10 a),对于河川径流贡献的比例约为15%。黑河山区的逐年降雪量变化不显著,冰川融化对径流增加的贡献小于10%。由此推断气温上升导致基流增加的主要原因是:气温升高导致高寒山区冻土活动层增厚,增加了土壤蓄水容量,从而导致降雨下渗量增加和基流量增大。由于黑河上游冻土分布广泛,未来气温持续上升的情况下,这种产流机制变化导致的基流增加具有可持续性。     

Hourly Analyses of Hydrological and Water Quality Simulations Using the ESWAT Model

Detailed analyses of hydrological and water quality variables are very important to study the dynamic processes in a river basin. In this study, we have further modified the Enhanced Soil and Water Assessment Tool (ESWAT) model by incorporating hourly evapotranspiration and overland flow routing modules. Results from comparison of the performances by two ESWAT versions indicate that the modified version performed better than the original model. The modified ESWAT model has reasonably reproduced observed time series runoff and most commonly collected water quality data. In addition, input data availability at required spatial and temporal resolutions is the major bottleneck in implementing many detailed hydrological models. In this paper, we have also developed a robust methodology to successfully disaggregate daily rainfall data into hourly datasets. Furthermore, we have assessed the implications of such daily rainfall disaggregation schemes on subsequent simulation of hydrological and water quality variables at river basin level. The outcomes suggest that the multivariate rainfall disaggregation scheme better reproduced observed rainfall and runoff data.     

泾河流域土地利用/覆被变化对径流情势的影响

通过建立泾河流域SWAT分布式水文模型,重点模拟分析了河流径流情势对土地利用/覆被变化的响应,对比了不同气候条件及人类活动综合影响下研究区水文过程的变化。结果表明:1996年以前土地利用/覆被变化是影响水文过程的主要人类活动影响源,径流量年际变化平稳,属有小幅增加的正偏;年内影响以枯水季节为主,年内分配更趋均匀,径流集中度降低,集中期略有滞后,且趋于平稳;土地利用/覆被变化导致流域蒸散发量、冠层和落叶层截留量减小,入渗量增加,河川基流量和地表径流量相应增大,并在时域上耦合形成了水文过程的新变化;1996年以后,气候条件驱动下泾河年径流量呈现明显的增大趋势,人类活动亦从以土地利用/覆被变化为主转变为以人类水事活动为主的综合影响模式,且人类水事活动超过气候变化和土地利用/覆被变化成为影响水文过程变化的主因。